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    Heredity Notes

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    ashwinsachdeva22

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    Heredity Notes

    Uploaded by

    ashwinsachdeva22
    27 views13 pages

    Original Title

    Heredity Notes (1)

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    27 views13 pages

    Heredity Notes

    Uploaded by

    ashwinsachdeva22

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13

    HEREDITY

    Introduction

    - All living organisms give rise to new individuals (offspring) by a


    process of reproduction.
    - The offspring produced as a result is similar to their parent but not
    identical i.e. they also show some differences.
    - The mechanism of transmission of character is called Heredity or
    Inheritance while the differences seen among individuals is called
    variations

    Accumulation of Variation during Reproduction

    Variation

    - The differences in the characters (or traits) among the parents and
    their offspring, the offspring or the individuals of same specs is
    called as variation.

    - Some amount of variation is produced during asexual reproduction


    while the number of successful variations are maximized by the
    process of Sexual Reproduction.

    Importance of Variation
    - Depending on the nature of variation, different individuals of a
    species can have different advantages. E.g; Bacteria that can
    withstand heat will survive better in a heat wave.

    - Main advantage of variation to a species is that it increases the


    chances of its survival in a changing environment.

    Heredity

    - The transmission of characters from parents to offspring is


    called heredity.

    Traits
    Rule of Inheritance of Traits -

    Gregor Mendel

    - Considered as the "Father of Genetics".

    - He was the first Scientist to make a


    systematic study of patterns of inheritance.

    - He used pea plants Pisum sativum for his


    experiments.

    Tall Short Round Yellow Green


    Wrinkled Seed Color
    Plant Height

    Important Terms

    Factor/Gene - It is a segment of DNA that determines a particular


    character. Genes are represented by letters. A capital letter shows that
    the gene is dominant, and a small one that it is recessive.

    Alleles - Alternate forms of a gene. E.g, Pea plant height - Tall(T) & Short
    (t) Allele
    Dominant Allele - A dominant allele expresses itself in the presence or
    absence of recessive allele. Example - Allele for tallness (T).
    Recessive Allele - A recessive allele is able to express itself only in the
    absence of a dominant allele. Example – Allele for shortness (t)

    Genotype – It is the genetic composition of an individual. Example TT, Tt


    or tt

    Phenotype – It is the characteristic which is visible in an organism.


    Example Tall or Short plant height.

    Homozygous – An individual having identical alleles. Example TT or tt

    Heterozygous – An individual having contrasting alleles. Example Tt

    Monohybrid Cross

    - In monohybrid cross, we consider one pair of contrasting trait.

    1. Mendel selected true breeding tall pea plant (TT) and crossed
    it with Short (tt) plant.

    2. The plants formed as a result of the cross represented first


    filial or F1 generation.

    3. All the F1 plants obtained were tall.

    4. Mendel self-pollinated the F1 plants (selfing) and observed that


    plants in the F2 generation were 75% tall and 25% Short i.e.
    phenotypic ratio 3:1
    Parental Generation Tall X Short

    TT tt

    Gametes T T t t

    F1 Generation Tt Tt Tt Tt

    Phenotype – All tall Genotype - Tt

    Selfing F1 Tall X Tall


    Generation Tt Tt

    Gametes T t T t

    F2 Generation

    Phenotypic Ratio - 3 Tall : 1 Short Genotypic Ratio - 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt

    3:1 1:2:1
    Dihybrid Cross

    - In Dihybrid cross, We consider two pairs of contrasting traits.


    (Seed shape and Seed Colour)

    Experiment

    1) Mendel crossed pea plants bearing Round & Yellow seeds (Rryy)
    with wrinkled green (rryy).

    2) He obtained F1 generation with all pea plants having Round and


    Yellow seeds (RrYy).

    3) On Selfing F1 offspring, Mendel obtained 4 different types of


    progeny in F2 generation: Round & Yellow, Round and Green,
    Wrinkled & green and Wrinkled green in the ratio 9:3:3:1
    Parental Generation Round & Yellow X Wrinkled & Green

    RRYY rryy

    Gametes RY Ry ry ry

    F1 Generation
    Phenotype –

    Round & Yellow

    Selfing F1 RrYy X RrYy


    Generation

    Gametes RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry

    F2 Generation RY Ry rY ry

    Round & Yellow 9


    RY
    Round & Green 3

    Wrinkled & Yellow 3

    Ry Wrinkled & Green 1

    rY Phenotype Ratio-
    9:3:3:1

    ry
    Mendel's Laws

    Law of Dominance -

    Mendel's Law of dominance states that in a heterozygote, one


    trait will conceal the presence of another trait.

    E.g. Tall (TT) X Short (tt)

    Tall (Tt)

    Law of Segregation -

    When an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one


    gene copy, which is randomly. This is known as the law of
    Segregation.

    E.g. - Tall (Tt)

    Gamete T t

    Law of Independent Assortment -

    Mendel's law of independent assortment that the alleles of two


    more (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes
    independently of one another.

    E.g. - In a dihybrid cross, the shape of seed doesn't depend on


    the colour of seed.
    How do traits get expressed?

    - Cellular DNA is the information source for making proteins in the


    cell.

    - A part of DNA that provides information for one particular


    protein is called a gene for that protein.

    - Example
    Height of a plant depends upon growth hormone which in turn is
    controlled by the gene. If the gene is efficient and more growth
    hormone is s ecreted, the plant will grow tall. If the gene gets
    altered and less hormone is secreted, then the plant will remain
    short. Thus, genes control characteristics or traits.

    Sex Determination

    - The process by which sex of a new born individual is determined is


    called Sex Determination.
    Factors determination Sex Determination

    Non - Genetically Genetically

    - Environmental cues : In - In humans, genes inherited


    turtles, Alligators, Crocodile, from parents decide the sex
    temperature at which of the offspring.
    fertilized eggs are kept
    determines sex.

    - In Snails, individuals can


    change sex.

    Sex determination in humans

    - In humans, sex of the child depends on the


    father or we can say, the male gamete that
    fuses with the female gamete.

    - Humans possess 23 pairs of chromosomes


    out of which one pair comprises the sex
    chromosomes.
    (XX in females - perfect pair)
    (XY in males - Mis-matched pair)
    - At the time of fertilization, the egg cell
    fuses with sperm resulting in the formation
    of Zygote.

    - During fertilization,

    i) If the egg cell carrying X chromosome


    fuses with sperm carrying X
    chromosome, the offspring would be a
    girl.
    ii) If the egg cell carrying X chromosome
    fuses w ith sperm carrying Y
    chromosome, the offspring would be a
    boy.

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