Understanding Culture,

Society, and Politics

Quarter 2 – Module 1:
State and Non-state Institutions
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: State and Non-state Institutions
First Edition, 2020

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Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mekisa V. Amores
Editors: Leuvina D. Erni
Dr. Imelda V. Boquiren
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Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
State and Non-state Institutions

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on State and Non-state Institutions.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st-century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher.

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics’ Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on State and Non-state Institutions!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create, and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity, or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentences/paragraphs to be filled into the
process of what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity that will help

you transfer your new knowledge or skill into
real-life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment This is a task that aims to evaluate your level
of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends to the
retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module, you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module is created with diverse learners in mind. Thus, the activities and
reading materials made hold the intention to help students analyze the function of
state and non-state institutions and their implications on the lives of people in
society.
Moreover, the topic under state institutions is divided into four lessons
such as:
a. Political and Leadership Structures

b. Economic Institutions
Then, the Lesson on non-state institutions will include the discussion of its
five diverse classifications such as:
a. Banks and Corporations
b. Cooperative and Trade Unions
c. Transnational Advocacy Groups
d. Development Agencies
e. International Organization
.
Lastly, after going through the module, you are wished to:
a. Explain the concept of redistribution using your own experience.
b. Classify and identify the Non-state Institution in the Society.
c. Reflect and familiarize important concepts about social functions of Non-state
Institutions to the Society and People
d. Conceptualize a perspective towards the social implication of the Non-state
Institution to the community.

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 What is It

STATE INSTITUTIONS

Political and Leadership Structures

According to Max Weber as cited by Santarita & Madrid, 2016, Political structure or
institution is defined as the organized way in which power is allocated and decisions are
made within society. Below is the organizational chart of the Philippine Government .

Photo link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_government.png

The Executive branch is comprised of the President and the Vice President who
are chosen by direct popular vote and fulfill a term of six years. The Constitution
grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a
large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.
The Legislative branch can make laws, alter, and reverse them through the power
bestowed in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and
the House of Representatives
The Judicial branch maintains the power to resolve disputes concerning rights
that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch decides whether there
has been a serious abuse of judgment amounting to lack or excess of authority on
the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court
and lower courts.
The Constitution explicitly permits the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review
as the power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement, law,
presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation
unconstitutional

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 Power on the other hand is the capacity to realize desired ends despite
opposition from others. The utilization of power is the business of government,
which is defined as a formal organization that directs the political life of a society
(Macionis, 2012) Therefore, governments demand compliance on the part of a
population.
According to Macionis (2012) “No government, Weber explained, is likely to
keep its power for long if compliance comes only from the threat of brute force. Even
the most brutal dictator must wonder if there can ever be enough police to watch
everyone—and who would watch the police? Every government, therefore, tries to
make itself seem legitimate in the eyes of the people. This fact brings us to Weber’s
concept of authority, a power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive”
(p.394)
TYPES OF AUTHORITY
1) Traditional Authority
respect for a long-standing cultural pattern is used to legitimize power.

2) Rational-Legal Authority or also known as bureaucratic authority; legally

created rules and regulations are used to legitimize power.

3) Charismatic Authority
extraordinary personal skills that inspire devotion and obedience are used to
legitimize power.

Economic Institutions

Human beings are driven to satisfy their basic necessity which includes food,
water and shelter however human beings also aim for goods and services which can
be attained through help from the many or known as collective effort (Santarita &
Madrid, 2016) This make economic activity essential in Human’s life because it can
influence the complexity of society and the character of its cultural and social life.
Imagine if there is an alteration or change in the means of production as well
as the redistribution and exchanges of deliverables or services, it can strongly affect
the overall functioning of society. For instance, the continuous increase in price in a
petrol can also have a massive effect on the price of goods such as fruits and
vegetables for the supplier must also take into consideration petrol and its market
value because they will be using petrol for transportation of fruits and vegetables.
This scenario might result in a possible change of market value among the above-
mentioned products.

Gilliard et al., (2000) argued that an economic institution is being defined

as an enduring organization, practice, or relationship created by individuals to
handle and cope with basic economic dilemmas.

Now that we established the definition and importance of economic

institutions, let us now discuss the forms of redistribution and exchange of products.
Read and carefully analyze the table and graphic organizer below because these
might help you to better understand the subject matter.

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 Table 1. Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of Products
Forms Meaning Examples
1. RECIPROCITY ➢ Transaction between two ➢ The dowry given by a Muslim groom
socially equal parties to his prospective bride is a
having the same status transaction between two socially
with regards to values of equal parties having the same
goods or services. status with regards to values of
goods or services. Tantamount to
the wealth and educational
attainment possessed by the latter.
Types of Reciprocity

1.1 GENERALIZED
RECIPROCITY ➢ A form of transaction ➢ In the Philippines, most often than
which utilizes gestures not, the eldest child expresses
that expresses personal generalized reciprocity to his or her
relationships than family by graduating, and in
economic transactions. exchange, they will be providing
means to sustain the academic
needs of their other siblings.

1.2 BALANCED ➢ In this form of ➢ One good example is the business

RECIPROCITY transaction, the giver is transaction between Filipino artists
expected to gain and advertisement companies.
something in return Artists will perform activities that are
although it does not have required of him or her by the said
to be given instantly. advertisement company in exchange
for publicity and exposure.

➢ This transaction is being ➢ Example business ventures offered

1.3 NEGATIVE practiced using deceiving to you by persons you do not have a
RECIPROCITY ways to gain profit. In this personal relationship with.
form of transaction,
individuals involved try to
gain as much as
conceivable while paying
the least amount possible

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 The process by which
products produced out from
➢ Taxes are collected from
the community is sent to a
individuals based on their
2. REDISTRIBUTION place where they are stored,
income. The money collected is
counted, and later distributed
distributed to other members of
back to the people.
society through different
It is usually the leader of the government programs.
community who oversees the
process. (Santarita & Madrid,
2016)The said authority may
➢ Charitable donation functions
be a single individual, (e.g., a
similarly.
chief, or a group of people, or
temple priests)

The central authority uses

the distribution of goods and
services to generate
interdependence between the
parties involved.

3. MARKET The price of the transactions

EXCHANGE of deliverables and services
➢ A transaction that uses money in
are supposedly governed by
exchange for goods or services.
the rules of supply and
demand.

What’s More

MATCHING TYPE

DIRECTIONS: For each item in column A (terms), select the statement in column B
(responses that best define the terms in Column A). Write the letter of the correct
answer on the space before each number.

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 COLUMN B
COLUMN A
A. Transaction between two socially equal parties having
_____1. Reciprocity
the same status with regards to values of goods or
_____2. Redistribution
services.
_____3. Power B. The process by which product produced out from the
_____4. Charismatic Authority community is sent to a place where they are stored,
_____5. Rational-Legal Authority counted, and later distributed back to the people.
C. This transaction is being practiced using deceiving ways
to gain profit. In this form of transaction, individuals
_____6. Traditional Authority
involved try to gain as much as conceivable while paying
_____7. Economic Institutions
the least amount possible.
D. A form of transaction which utilizes gestures that
_____8. Balanced Reciprocity
expresses personal relationships than economic
_____9. Negative Reciprocity transactions.
E. Sometimes called bureaucratic authority, it is also
_____10. Generalized Reciprocity
known as power legitimized by legally enacted rules and
regulations.
F. It is the power legitimized by extraordinary personal
abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
G. It is known as the power legitimized by respect for long-
established cultural patterns.
H. In this form of transaction, the giver is expected to gain
something in return although it does not have to be given
instantly.
I. An enduring organization, practice or relationship
created by individuals to handle and cope with basic
economic dilemmas.
J. The capacity to realize desired ends despite opposition
from others.

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 What is It

Activity II: COMPLETE ME!

DIRECTIONS: Complete the table below by writing perspectives regarding the
social implications of non-state institutions to individuals in the community during
the enhanced community quarantine.

Non-state Descriptions Social Implications

Institutions
➢ A bank is a financial institution that
receives deposits from the public and
generates credit.
BANKS
Commercial/Retail Banks
➢ Manage withdrawals and deposits as well as
supplying short-term loans to a person and
small-scale businesses.
Investment Bank

➢ A bank that purchases large holdings of

newly issued shares and resells them to
investors.
Insurance and Companies

➢ Offers insurance policies to the public

either by selling them directly to a person or
through an employer’s benefit plan.
➢ A corporation is a legal unit that is distinct
CORPORATION from its owners. Moreover, a corporation
has the right to enter contracts, loan and
borrow money, hire employees, own assets,
and pay taxes.

➢ Cooperatives are jointly owned enterprises

engaging in the production or distribution
COOPERATIVES of goods or services. Cooperatives are
usually operated by farmers or consumers
for their mutual benefit.

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 ➢ Trade unions or also known as labor unions
are consist of workforces who have come
TRADE UNIONS together to attain mutual goals like
protecting the integrity of its trade,
improving safety standards, achieving
higher pay and benefits like health care,
and retirement

➢ Organizations that are devoted to

manipulating political, economic, social,
TRANSNATIONAL and institutional decisions across country
ADVOCACY borders.
GROUPS

➢ These are independent organizations whose

goals are to help develop and support
economic growth especially for the poor and
DEVELOPMENT marginal portion of the society. So, they
AGENCIES may have opportunities for income and
decent employment

➢ Include both governmental and non-

governmental organizations.

INTERNATIONAL International Non-governmental organizations

ORGANIZATIONS
➢ transcend borders in pursuit of a common
cause.
Examples of INGO’s

International Red Cross and other

humanitarian teams deployed in areas hit by
natural and man-made disasters.
International Governmental Organizations

➢ refer to a grouping established by states

and are based on treatise, have formal
structures, and meet at regular intervals
(Santarita & Madrid, 2016)
Example of IGO’S

Peace-keeping forces sent by the United

Nations to warring states.

Table 1. Non-state Institution in The Society

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 Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE

DIRECTIONS: Read and answer the questions properly then tick (/) the letter that
corresponds to your answer.

1. Kevin Corpuz is known for his extraordinary personal abilities that inspire
devotion and obedience among his subordinates. This type of authority is known as:

A. Rational-Legal Authority
B. Charismatic Authority
C. Government Authority
D. Traditional Authority

2. A company requires Nadine Lustre to perform during their charity event in

exchange for publicity and exposure. What kind of reciprocity exists in the scenario?
A. Generalized
B. Balanced
C. Negative
D. Positive

3. The following are classification of non-state institutions except

A. Red Cross
B. Metro bank
C. Market exchange
D. Jollibee corporations

4. A non-state institution that receives deposits from the public and generates credit.
A. Bank
B. Corporations
C. Cooperatives
D. Trade Union

5. The following are examples of redistribution, except:

1. Dowry 2. Payment 3. Tax 4. Charitable Donations
A.1
B. 1,2
C.1,2,3
D.1,2,3,4

6. Which of the following situations is correct about the concept of redistribution?

A. Sophie paid 65 pesos for her jolly spaghetti and drinks.
B. Kevin has the responsibility to finance his younger siblings’ education as
a form of his gratitude to his parents’ support.
C. Mark bought medical supplies from a pharmaceutical company and resell
them at a higher price to gain profit.
D. Mr. Amores donated 5,000 pesos to GMA Foundation. The GMA
Foundation used the donation to provide relief goods such as rice grains,
blankets, canned goods, and toiletries to the victims of Bagyong “Ambo.”

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7. Which of the following concepts is not true about reciprocity?
A. It is the transaction between two socially equal parties having the same
status with regards to values of goods or services.
B. Transactions between individuals wherein they try to gain as much as
conceivable while paying the least amount possible.
C. This transaction is limited only to money in exchange for goods or services.
D. The giver is expected to gain something in return.

8. Which of the following best describes insurance and companies?

A. Transcend borders in pursuit of a common cause.
B. Develop and support economic growth especially for the poor.
C. Propose insurance policies to the public either by selling them directly to a
person or through an employer’s benefit plan.
D. Manage withdrawals and deposits as well as supplying short-term loans to
a person and small-scale businesses.

9. Which of the following statements are correct about corporations?

1. A corporation is a legal unit that is distinct from its owners.

2. A corporation has the right to enter contracts, loan and borrow money, hire
employees, own assets, and pay taxes.
3. The primary goal of a corporation is to develop and support economic growth
especially for the poor and marginal portion of the society.
4. Corporations manipulate political, economic, social, and institutional
decisions across country borders.

A. 1
B. 1and 2
C.1,2 and 3
D.1,2,3 and 4

10. How can developmental agencies contribute meaningfully to society?

A. By utilizing jointly owned enterprise.

B. Through selling insurance policies through an employer’s benefit plan
C. By providing support for economic growth especially for the poor and
marginal portion of the society.
D. Via manipulation of political, economic, social, and institutional decisions
across country borders

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 Additional Activities

MATCHING TYPE

DIRECTIONS: For each item in column A (terms), select the statement in column B
(responses that best define the terms in Column A). Write the letter of the correct
answer on the space before each number.

COLUMN B
COLUMN A
A. Also known as labor unions and is consist of workforces
_____1. BANKS who have come together to attain mutual goals.
_____2. COOPERATIVES
B. Frequently operated by farmers or consumers for their
_____3. TRADE UNION mutual benefits.
_____4. DEVELOPMENT C. A financial institution that receives deposits from the
AGENCIES public and generates credit.
_____5. TRANSNATIONAL
D. The goal of this institution is to help the poor and
ADVOCACY GROUPS
marginal portion of the society. So, they may have
_____6. CORPORATION opportunities for income and decent employment.
_____7. INTERNATIONAL E. Organizations which are devoted into manipulating
ORGANIZATIONS political, economic, social, and institutional decisions
_____8. INSURANCE AND across country boarders.
COMPANIES F. Manage withdrawals and deposits as well as supplying
short-term loans to a person and small-scale businesses.
_____9. INVESTMENT BANK
G. A bank that purchases large holdings of newly issued
_____10. RETAIL BANKS shares and resell them to investors.

H. Offers insurance policies to public either by selling it

directly to a person or through an employer’s benefit plan.

I. International Red Cross is an example of this non-state

institution.

J. A legal unit that is distinct from its owners. Moreover,

corporation has the right to enter contracts, loan and
borrow money, hire employees, own assets, and pay taxes.

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References

Candelaria, Anne Lan, Jose Jowel Canuday, Czarina Saloma, Nico N. Aquino,
Kalenna Lorene S. Asis, Evelyn V. Avila, Elisa Bustamante, Reynola
Laurenciano, Jeffrey Anthony F. Reyes, and Neil Vincent Sandoval. 2016.
"Understanding Culture Society and Politics (Teacher's Guide)."
https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/pdf-
view/12240?fbclid=IwAR3xCj7gcyBQRM5b2m0EUboV-
Sxt81GYTe1GNttD__aQMJLJu1eShbPJmoM.
Fiecas, Dan Kloyd. 2017. "Non-state Institutions." Prezi. October 1. Accessed June
3, 2020. https://prezi.com/yt3n8qno-xax/ucsp/.
n.d. Lumen Learning.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/culturalanthropology/chapter/economi
c-organization-distribution-2/.
Macionis, John J. 2012. "Sociology." Pearson Education, Inc. The United States of
America.
Santarita, Joefe B., and Randy M. Madrid. 2016. Understanding Culture, Society
and Politics. Quezon City: Vibal, Group Inc.
Saunders, Phillip, and June Gillard. 2000. A Framework for Teaching Basic
Economic Concepts with Scope and Sequence Guidelines K-12. National
Council for Economic Education. New York.

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