Understanding Culture,

Society and Politics

Quarter 1 – Module :2
The Concept, Aspects and
Changes in/of Culture, Society
and Politics
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Discuss the Nature, Goals, and Perspective in/of Anthropology,
Sociology and Political Science
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Jonathan F. Batac
Content Editor: Leuvina D. Erni
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Reviewers: Librado F. Torres and Normina B. Hadji Yunnos
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Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Concept, Aspects and
Changes in/of Culture, Society
and Politics
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Analyze the Concept, Aspects and Changes in/of Culture,
Society and Politics: Starting Points for Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
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Notes to the Teacher

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You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
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learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Analyze the Concept, Aspects and Changes in/of Culture,
Society and Politics: Starting Points for Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
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This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
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competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

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check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
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What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

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sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

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 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

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to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

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module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

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this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
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 What I Know
I. What’s in Your Pizza?

DIRECTIONS: Choose the appropriate TOPPINGS (WORDS) from the

box below that best describes the characteristics of ‘society’, ‘culture’ and ‘politics’
to complete each flavor. Write down your answers inside the triangular shape.

Pepperoni POLITICS Bacon & SOCIETY

Hawaiian CULTURE

Toppings (characteristic) Toppings (characteristic)

acquired cumulative dynamic diverse
process stratification abstract legal force
interdependence interaction

II. Link Me

DIRECTIONS: Connect the dots by drawing a line that matches column A

with the correct answer on column B.

A B

1. Language justice

2. Actions myths

3. Identity self- esteem

4. History rituals

5. Experience dialect

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 Lesson Discuss the Nature, Goals and

2 Perspective in/of Anthropology,

Sociology and Political Science

Culture, society and politics are major terms of Social Sciences. These
terminologies are used to explain the other disciplines such as political
science, history, psychology, and economics to mention a few. In this
module, the topics are broadly conceptualized as a skeleton of sociological,
anthropological, political perspective.

As exploring the lessons, culture, society and politics are emphasized

as “intertextual concepts”, indicating the interrelationship between
fundamental ideas of their origins, researched and explained by sociologist
and anthropologist. Whereas, political views are being presented in terms
of standardized culture in which transformed as time changes. Illustrated
by political changes, happen when national leader has been replaced by
opposition or invaded by other nation. Therefore, acquisition of knowledge
needs a thorough understanding and this explains that culture and society
is complex.

What’s New

Overview:

This short exercise further represents the inconspicuous force of

culture on person experience. By and large, the goal is for understudies to
comprehend and have the option to give concrete instances of how culture
shapes how we experience "reality"- - what we see, hear, see, the marks we
use, and our passionate reactions. These can each be applied to seeing
how we experience intercultural in the Philippines.

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Activity 1: Title and Brief Description: The Impact of Culture on our
Perception of the Philippine Map (Map Exercise)

Directions: In the given Map, label each major island/province with your
own cultural understanding/experience about its identity.

Island:
Province:
Culture/s Belief/s Tradition/s Custom/s

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 What is It
CONCEPT of CULTURE

Cultural anthropologists study all aspects of culture, but what exactly

is “culture”? When ask students about introductory to cultural
anthropology, what culture means to them, students typically say that
culture is food, clothing, religion, language, traditions, art, music, and so
forth. Indeed, culture includes many of these observable characteristics,
but culture is also something deeper. Culture is a powerful defining
characteristic of human groups that shapes our perceptions, behaviors,
and relationships.

The English word 'Culture' is gotten from the Latin expression 'clique
or cultus' significance plowing, or developing or refining and love. In total
it implies developing and refining.

Culture is a lifestyle. The food you eat, the garments you wear, the
language you talk in what's more, the God you love all are parts of culture.
In extremely straightforward terms, we can say that culture is the epitome
of the manner by which we think and get things done. It is likewise the
things that we have acquired as citizenry. Every one of the
accomplishments of individuals as individuals from gatherings of people
can be called culture. Workmanship, music, writing, engineering, design,
reasoning, religion and science can be viewed as parts of culture.
Notwithstanding, culture likewise incorporates the traditions, customs,
celebrations, methods of living and one's attitude toward different issues
of life.

Culture thus refers to a human-made environment which includes

all the material and nonmaterial products of group life that are transmitted
from one generation to the next. There is a general agreement among social
scientists that culture consists of explicit and implicit patterns of behavior
acquired by human beings. These may be transmitted through symbols,
constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their
embodiment as artefacts. The essential core of culture thus lies in those

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finer ideas which are transmitted within a group-both historically derived
as well as selected with their attached value. More recently, culture
denotes historically transmitted patterns of meanings embodied in
symbols, by means of which people communicate, perpetuate and develop
their knowledge about and express their attitudes toward life.

Moreover, Culture is the declaration of our temperament in our

methods of living and thinking. It could be seen in our writing, in strict
practices, in amusement and happiness. Culture has two unmistakable
segments, specifically, material and non-material. Material culture
comprises of articles that are identified with the material part of our life
like our dress, food, and family products. Non-material culture alludes
to thoughts, standards, musings and conviction.

Additionally, culture changes from one spot to another and country to

country. Its advancement depends on the authentic cycle working in a
nearby, provincial or public setting. For instance, we vary in our methods
of hello others, our apparel, food propensities, social and strict traditions
and practices from the West. All in all, individuals of any nation are
portrayed by their particular social customs.

TYPES OF CULTURE

MATERIAL CULTURE NON-MATERIAL CULTURE

EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:
schools, materials, symbols, language, values
churches, temples, and norms
factories, homes

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 ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Culture is diverse because of its aspects that develop man’s social
interaction. These aspects are essential to its concept of complexity.

Language

e.g. mother tongue,

Actions lingo,dialect Space
e.g. regime, justice , e.g. spatial experience,
organization, work, religion, functional spaces, living
techniques,science, art Validity space
e.g. values, opinions, laws,
metaphors,meanings,
Identity Experience
e.g. self- e.g. rituals,
consciousness,self- History
customs,practices
esteem e.g. time experience
milestone, myths

ANTHROPOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

Anthropologists have diverse views about culture, they contributed thorough

understanding and analysis that these positions may be designated as realistic
since culture is regarded as an attribute of actual or real individuals and societies
which exist independent of the observe

These anthropologists share their philosophical insights/point of views about

culture.

Edward Burnett Tylor Radcliffe Brown

"that complex whole Robert Ranulp Marrett culture as cultivation the
which includes knowledge, tend to define culture in process of transmitting
belief, art, law, morals, terms of “communicable and acquiring traditions
custom, and any other intelligence,” “conventional as a result of which
capabilities and habits understandings” or society is perpetuated
acquired by man as a “communicated ideas.”
member of society."

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 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

Presently let us talk about some broad qualities, which are normal to
various societies all through the world.

1. CULTURE is learned and acquired: Culture is gained as in there

are sure practices which are obtained through heredity. People acquire
certain characteristics from their folks yet socio-social examples are not
acquired. These are gained from relatives, from the gathering and the
general public wherein they live. It is in this manner clear that the way of
life of individuals is impacted by the physical and social climate through
which they work.

2. CULTURE is shared by a group of people: An idea or activity might

be called culture in case it is shared and accepted or rehearsed by a
gathering of individuals.

3. CULTURE is cumulative: Different information exemplified in

culture can be passed starting with one age then onto the next age.
Increasingly more information is added in the specific culture as the time
elapses by. Each might work out answer for issues in life that passes
starting with one age then onto the next. This cycle stays as the specific
culture goes with time.

4. CULTURE changes: There is information, musings or customs that

are lost as new social qualities are added. There are potential outcomes of
social changes inside the specific culture over the long haul.

5. CULTURE is dynamic: No culture stays on the perpetual state.

Culture is changing continually as novel thoughts and new procedures are
added over the long haul altering or changing the old ways. This is the
attributes of culture that stems from the way of life's total quality.

6. CULTURE gives us a scope of passable standards of conduct: It

includes how a movement ought to be directed, how an individual should
act properly.

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7. CULTURE is diverse: It is a framework that has a few commonly
reliant parts. Albeit these parts are isolated, they are related with each
other framing culture as entirety.

8. CULTURE is ideational: Often it sets out an optimal example of

conduct that are expected to be trailed by people in order to acquire social
acknowledgment from individuals with a similar culture.

CONCEPT of SOCIETY
The general public in which we live decides everything from the food
we eat to the decisions we make. The word society comes from the latin
root socius, signifying "buddy" or "being with others." A general public
comprises of individuals who share a region, who communicate with one
another, and who share a culture. A few social orders are, indeed,
gatherings of individuals joined by fellowship or normal interests. Our
particular social orders show us how to act, what to accept, and how we'll
be rebuffed in the event that we don't keep the laws or customs set up.

Furthermore, a Society is a gathering of individuals whose individuals

associate, dwell in a quantifiable region, and offer a culture. What's more,
a society is a social framework that shares a topographical domain, a
typical culture, and a lifestyle (Johnson 1996).". As per Auguste Comte
(1798-1857), it came from the Latin word 'socius' which means buddy,
partner, accomplice or mate (or social being with others) and the Greek
word 'logos' or 'logus' which intends to contemplate (Kendall, 1998).
Likewise, the humanist Dorothy Smith (1926) characterizes society as the
"continuous concerting and organizing of people's exercises" (Smith 1999).

How Sociologist view Society?

Sociologists utilize this term from a particular perspective and in an

exact manner. In sociologies since nineteenth century there is a long
discussion about the utilization of the idea 'society'. It was interpreted as
meaning as tissues of habits and customs that hold a gathering of
individuals together. In some sense, 'society addressed something more

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 suffering and more profound than the 'state', less manipu-lative and
absolutely subtler

Sociologists have characterized society with two points:

1. In conceptual terms, as an organization of connections between individuals or

between gatherings.

2. In substantial terms, as an assortment of individuals or an association of

people.

A previous social researcher, L.T. Hobhouse (1908) characterized society

as "tissues of connections". R.M. Maclver (1937) likewise characterized it
in pretty much similar terms as "web of social relations which is
continually evolving".

Refining this definition, MacIver, alongside his co-essayist Charles Page,

later on characterized it in his new book Society: An Introductory Analysis
(1949) subsequently: "It (society) is an arrangement of uses and
techniques, of power and shared guide, of numerous groupings and
divisions, of controls of human conduct and of freedoms. This steadily
changing, complex framework we call society."

For Maclver and Page, society is a theoretical element as they state, "We
might see individuals yet can't see society or social construction however
just its outer angles … society is unmistakable from actual reality".

SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES

Auguste Comte (1798- 1857)

“I am the Founder of Sociology; I coined

the word sociology from the Latin word
‘Socius’ and the Greek word ‘logos’ to
describe the science of social life Society is
something other than the sum of
individual” actions.”

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 Karl Marx (1818-1883)
“I developed a complex theory of
history and society which has great
influenced the modern
sociology.Three of my contributions
to social theories are: (1) the organic
totality of society, (2) the relative
importance of the economic sector,
and (3) the historical process of
change.”

George Simmel (1858- 1916)

“For me, society was the patterned

interactions among members of a
group, the sum of responses to
ordinary life events.”

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

✓ SOCIETY is ABSTRACT:
In case society is seen as web of social relationships, it is particular from
actual element which we can see and see through faculties. As composed
before, Maclver contended, "we might see individuals yet can't see society
or social design, yet just its solitary outside perspectives". Social
connections are imperceptible and theoretical. We can simply acknowledge
them yet can't see or contact them. Accordingly, society is conceptual.
Reuter stated: "Similarly as life isn't a thing yet an interaction of living, so
society isn't a thing yet a cycle of partner".

✓ LIKENESS AND DIFFERENCE IN SOCIETY:

Society involves both likeness and difference. If people are all exactly alike, merely
alike, their relationships would be limited. There would be little give-and- take
and little reciprocity. If all men thought alike, felt alike, and acted alike, if they
had the same standards and same interests, if they all accepted the same
customs and echoed the same opinions without questioning and without
variation, civilization could never have advanced and culture would have
remained rudimentary. Thus, society needs difference also for its existence and

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continuance. We can illustrate this point through the most familiar example
of family. The family rests upon the biological differences between the
sexes. There are natural differences of aptitude, of capacity, of interest. For
they all involve relationships in which differences complement one
another, in which exchange take place.

✓ COOPERATION & CONFLICT IN SOCIETY:

Collaboration and struggle are general components in human existence.
Society depends on cooperation but since of interior contrasts, there is
struggle likewise among its individuals. This is the reason, Maclver and
Page saw that "society is cooperation crossed by conflict". We know from
our own experience that an individual would be impaired, displayed down,
and feels baffled in case he is required to do everything alone, without the
guide of others. "Participation is most rudimentary interaction of public

✓ SOCIETY IS A PROCESS NOT A PRODUCT:

"Society exists just as a period arrangement. It is becoming, not a being;
an interaction and not an item" (Maclver and Page, 1956). At the end of the
day, when the interaction stops, the item vanishes. The result of a machine
suffers after the machine has been rejected. Somewhat the equivalent is
valid not just of material relics of man's past culture however even of his
unimportant social accomplishments.

✓ SOCIETY IS A SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION:

Society gives an arrangement of definition of situations with classes that
every individual has a moderately steady and unmistakable situation in
the social construction.

CONCEPT of POLITICS
The term 'politics‟, is gotten from the Greek word 'Polis‟, which implies
the city state According to Greek Rationalists, Politics was a subject which
managed all the exercises and undertakings of the city state. Their City
States were known as 'Polis‟. City state was a comprehensive term, as the
old Greeks saw no difference amongst the state and the Government on
one hand, and State and Society on the other. They never separated
between close to home life and public activity. Consequently, concurring

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to them Politics was an all-out investigation of man, culture, state, ethical
quality etc.

To study politics is generally to contemplate government or all the more

extensively, to consider the exercise of power. Politics is the art of
government, the activity of control inside the society through the settling
on and authorization of aggregate choices. (Heywood 1997) The domain of
legislative issues is limited to state entertainers who are deliberately
roused by philosophical convictions, and who try to propel them through
participation of a formal association like a political association. This is the
sense wherein politicians are depicted as "political" while government
employees are viewed as "non-political", the state as "public" and the
common society as "private". The organizations of the express (the
mechanical assembly of the public authority, the courts, the police, the
military, the general public security framework thus forward) can be
viewed as "public" as in they are answerable for the aggregate association
of the local area life.

CHARACTERISTIC of POLITICS

Use or threat of use of legal force

it allows the legal authority to use force. If David Easton speaks of

“authoritative allocation of values”, Dahl of “Power, “rule” and authority”.
All these definitions imply that legal authority can use force to compel
anybody to obey its orders.

Interactions

“Political system is that system of interactions to be found in all

independent societies which perform the functions of integration and
adaptation (both internally and vis-a-vis other societies) by means of the
employment or threat of employment or more or less legitimate physical
compulsion”. Thus, the political system not only includes governmental
institutions such as legislatures, executives, courts, administrative
agencies but all structures in their political aspect.

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 Interdependence of Parts

when the properties of one component in a system change, all the other
components and the system as a whole are affected. In political system
the political parties having a wider base and mass media (Television, radio
and newspapers) change the performance of all other structures of the
system and affect the general working of the system.

What’s More?

Who Says It?

DIRECTIONS: Give the proponent of the following perspectives.

Part I
Describe the science of
Three of my contributions to social
theories are: (1) the organic totality of
social life. Society is
society, (2) the relative importance of something other
the economic sector than the sum of
individual actions

"that complex whole

1.
which includes 3.
knowledge, belief, art,
law, morals, custom,
and any other
capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a
Culture as cultivation
member of society." 2.
the process of
transmitting and
acquiring traditions
as a result of which
society is perpetuated For me, society was
the patterned
interactions among
4. members of a group,
the sum of responses
to ordinary life
Auguste Comte
events.
George Simmel
Edward Burnett Tylor
5.
Radcliffe Brown
Karl Marx

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 What I Have Learned
DIRECTIONS: Feel free to express your thoughts in answering the following
questions. Illustrate instances that can be applied.

What is meant by passable standards of conduct?

How do you differentiate Culture, Society and Politics in your own

perspective?

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 What I Can Do

Knowledge and Skill Application

Situational Realm: Our society has evolved into so called “New Normal” where
people: employees, students and normal people have changed their lifestyles
and status. Aligning with the GIVEN CHARACTERISTIC OF CULTURE,
SOCIETY AND POLITICS, as a learner how would you adapt the changes in
your community and school?

CHANGES

Community School

COOPERATION & CONFLICT

Community School

USE or THREAT of USE of LEGAL FORCE

Community School

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 Assessment

I. DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. This refers to a group of people whose members interact, reside in a definable area
and share a culture.
A. culture B. residents C. society D. ethnosphere

2. What term refers to the shared practices, values, beliefs, norms and artifacts of the
society?
A. culture B. residents C. society D. experience

3. According to Maclver and Page saw that "society is _________ crossed by __________".
A. process & humanity B. cooperation & conflict
C. society & experience D. beliefs & time

4. Culture is ideational if ….
A. it sets out an optimal example of conduct
B. it is a framework that has few commonly reliant parts.
C. there is new social qualities added
D. no culture stays on the perpetual state.

5. Culture is diverse because of its aspects that develop man’s social interaction,
under the aspect of Actions, which of the following should not be included?
A. justice B. religion C. work D. dialect

6. Society is a system of stratification, what does it give in a given situation?

A. man’s past culture B. cooperation & conflict
C. arrangement of definition D. collaboration & struggle

7. Culture is learned and acquired, which is the major factor for justification?
A. books B. news C. heredity D. language

8. Which of the characteristics can justify that culture is “No culture stays on the
perpetual state”?
A. culture changes
B. culture is cumulative
C. culture is learned and acquired
D. culture is dynamic

9. When the politics of one component in a system change, all the other components
and the system will be…….
A. affected B. steady C. destroyed D. created

10. If David Easton speaks of “authoritative allocation of values” the political

characteristic refers to:
A. Use of legal force B. interdependence C. interaction D. power

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 Answer Key

What I Know What’s New ? What’s More

I. 1 Karl Marx
Pepperoni Politics TEACHER CHECKS 2. Edward Burnette Tylor
AND GRADES BASED
Legal force
ON LEARNER’S 3. Auguste Comte
Interaction
Interdependence ANSWER
4. Radcliffe Brown
Hawaiian Culture
5. George Simmel
Acquired
Cumulative
Dynamic
Diverse
Bacon & Society
Abstract, process, stratification
II.

1. Language- dialect
2. actions- justice
3. self- esteem
4. history- myths
5. experience- rituals

10.A
9. A
8. D
7. C
6. C
5. D
4. A
3. B
2. A
BASED ON LEARNER’S ANSWER I. 1. C
TEACHER CHECKS AND GRADES
What I Have Learned & What I Can Do Assessment

3
References

https://archive.mu.ac.in/myweb_test/F.Y.B.A.%20-%20Political%20Science%20-
%20introduction%20to%20politics%20(Eng)%20Rev.pdf
https://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/SecICHCour/English/CH.01.pdf
https://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/society-and-
culture/context/#:~:text=The%20society%20in%20which%20we,and%20who%20s
hare%20a%20culture.
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/society/society-sociologist-views-
characteristics-and-definitions/35064

Photos
https://cdn.britannica.com/w:400,h:300,c:crop/22/8922-004-
5B1AEBC2/Edward-Burnett-Tylor-detail-chalk-drawing-George-1860.jpg
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FGeorg_Simmel&psig=AOvVaw12wLBAdgzUKh
anESLaqQp&ust=1628435999067000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=https://www.
waggish.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/simmel1.jpg
https://www.dynamicweb.com/Admin/Public/GetImage.ashx?width=1600&crop=5
&Compression=75&DoNotUpscale=1&image=%2fFiles%2fImages%2fBlogs%2fecom
merce-
culture.jpghttps://previews.123rf.com/images/rawpixel/rawpixel1504/rawpixel15
0408186/39108492-multiethnic-group-of-hands-holding-word-society.jpg

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Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph