thrpg;Gg; gj;jpuk;

Kiwiknahd;wpd; mwpKfk;
Kiwiknad;gJ tpjpfspd; xUnjhFjpahFk;> nghUl;fspd; xOq;fikg;G my;yJ
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gila nghUl;fs; FOnthd;W Fwpj;j ,yf;if Nehf;fp nraw;gLjy;
MFk;. Xt;nthU KiwikAk; cs;sPL> Kiwtopahf;fy;> ntspaPL vDk; %d;W gpujhd
gFjpfisf; nfhz;l khjpupnahd;whFk;. ,it Kiwikapd; fl;likg;ig tpgupf;fpd;wd.

fzpdp mwpKfk;
fzpdp vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l tbtpy; juTfisg; ngw;W Vw;fdNt jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;
njhFjpapd; (nra;epuy;) mbg;gilapy; nraw;ghLfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L ntspaPlhf jftiyg;
toq;Fk; xU ,yj;jpudpay;r; rhjdkhFk;.

cs;sPL Kiwtopahf;fk; tUtpisT

cU 1.1: IPO khjpup

fzpdp xU Kiwik
fzpdp vd;gJ Fwpj;j xU nraiy epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Kidg; gadu;fSld; xU myfhfj;
njhopw;gLk; td;nghUs; nkd;nghUs; vd;gtw;wpd; njhFjpnahd;whFk;. NkYs;s glk;
tpsf;Ftijg;Nghd;W fzpdpahdJ cs;sPL> Kiwtopahf;fk; kw;Wk; ntspaPL (IPO)
khjpupiag; gpd;gw;WfpwJ. MfNt> fzpdpiaAk; xU Kiwik vd tiuaiwr; nra;ayhk;.
fzpdp xU Kiwikahff; fUjg;gLtjdhy; xt;nthU $Wk; mtw;wpd; Nghf;fpy; jdpj;Jr;
nraw;gl KbahJ> mjd; gFjpfs; Kiwahfj; njhlu;Gg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; gpd;Ng nray;gLk;.
mbg;gil %yf;$Wfshtd:
 tpirg;gyifAk; Rl;bAk;
 Kiwik myF
 fhl;;rpj;jpiu
mbg;gilf; $Wfspd; nraw;ghLfs;
 juT jfty; vd;gtw;iw cs;sPL nra;tjw;F tpirg;gyifAk; Rl;bAk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
 Kiwik myF juit Kiwtopahf;fypd; %yk; jftyhf khw;WfpwJ
 ntspaPlhff; fpilf;fg;ngWk; jfty; fhl;;rpj; jpiuapy; njd;gLfpwJ

Gwr;rhjdq;fs;
Gwr; rhjdk; vd;gJ fzpdpapd; nraw;wpwid tpupTg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,izf;fg;gLk;
td;nghUs;fshFk;. ,it tpUg;Gf;Fupa rhjdq;fshf mjhtJ mj;jpahtrpkw;wJ vdpDk;>
xUtupd; Njitf;fika Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sf; $bait. fzpdpf;F ,izf;ff;$ba gy;NtW
tifahd Gwr;rhjdq;fs; fpilf;ff; $bajhAs;sd. Gwr;rhjdq;fSf;fpilNaahd gpujhd
NtWghlhdJ mit vt;thW fzpdpAld; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mit
Kiwik myfpDs; my;yJ ntspNa ,izf;fg;glyhk;.

midj;J td;nghUs; rhjdq;fisAk; fPo;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;

 cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;
o cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;: fzpdpf;Fj; juit my;yJ mwpTWj;jy;fis
toq;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w rhjdq;fs;
o ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;: fzpdpapypUe;J ntspaPLfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w rhjdq;fs;
o cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;: cs;sPL ntspaPL Mfpa ,U nray;fSf;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w rhjdq;fs;
o Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs;: juT jfty; vd;gtw;iwg; gpw;fhyj; Njitf;fhfr; Nrkpg;gjw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w rhjdq;fs;
 Kiwtopahf;fp: juTfisj; jftyhf Kiwtopahf;fk; nra;tjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w rhjdk;
28
 cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;:
o tpirg;gyif
o Rl;b
o tiutpay; tpy;iy
o xspg;glf; fUtp
o gl;ilf;Fwp thrpg;ghd;
o ,yf;fKiw xspg;glf; fUtp
o Xypthq;fp
o tiy xspglf; fUtp
o njhLif ml;il
o xspapay; Fwp thrpg;ghd; (OMR)
o xspapay; vOj;JU thrpg;ghd; (OCR)
o fhe;j ik vOj;JU thrpg;ghd; (MICR)
o thndhyp mjpu;ntz; milahsg;gLj;jy; (RFID)

 ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;:
o fzpdpj;jpiu (LED, LCD, CRT Nghd;wit)
o mr;Rg; nghwpfs; ( midj;J tif)
o tiutpfs;
o xspj;njwp fUtpfs;
o xypngUf;fpfs;
o jiyazp Nfl;nghwp
 cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;:
o njhLjpiu
o Modem
o jiyazp Nfl;nghwp
o ,yj;jpudpay; ntz;gyif
 Nrkpg;gfq;fs;
o fhe;j (td;jl;L> ehlh Nghd;wit)
o xspapay; tl;Lfs; (CD/DVD/Blu-Ray Disc Nghd;wit)
o jplepiy (gspr;rPl;Lr; nrYj;jpfs;> epidtf ml;il Nghd;wit)
 nkd;nghUs;
nkd;nghUs; vd;gJ fzpdpiaAk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila rhjdq;fisAk; ,af;Ftjw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW tifahd nra;epuy;fSf;fhd nghJg; gjnkhd;whFk;
nkd;nghUs;fis ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;
o gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;
o Kiwik nkd;nghUs;
 gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;
o ,it gadu; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;af;$ba nkd;nghUl;fs;. ,it Kiwik
nkd;nghUl;fSf;Fk; gadUf;Fk; ,ilapy; nraw;gLgit. gadu; jdJ gzpia
nra;J nfhs;tjw;F gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; Clhf nray;gLfpwhu;. gpuNahf
nkd;nghUs; gaduplkpUe;J cs;sPLfisg; ngw;W mjidg; gadupd;
Njitf;fika Kiwtopahf;fk; nra;fpd;wJ.

nkd;nghUs; cjhuzq;fs;:
 nrhy; Kiwtopahf;fp
 tpupjhs;
 Kd;itg;G
 tiutpay;
 juTj;js KfhikgLj;jpfs;
 tiyNkNyhbfs;;
 Clf ,af;fpfs;

29
 Kiwik nkd;nghUs;
o ,it fzpdpapd; nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> xUq;fpizj;jy; kw;Wk; fzpdp
td;nghUl;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nkd;nghUs;
tifahFk;. gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; ,aq;Ftjw;fhd jsj;ij Kiwik nkd;nghUs;fs;;
cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,it td;nghUs;fspd; njhopDl;g rpf;fy;fis kiwj;J
td;nghUs;fSf;Fk; nkd;nghUs;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapyhd
,ilKfkhf nray;gLfpd;wd.

o Kiwik nkd;nghUs; cjhuzq;fs;:

 mbg;gil cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;L Kiwik(BIOS)
 ,af;f Kiwik
 rhjdr; nrYj;jpfs;
 gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs;fs; (tl;L Jg;guthf;fy;> tl;L cr;rgad;> vjpu; er;Repuy;>
fhg;ngLj;jy; Nghd;wit)

 Kiwtopahf;fp: juTfisj; jftyhf Kiwtopahf;fk; nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w

rhjdk;. ,jd; mbg;gilf; $Wfshtd:

o fl;Lg;ghl;lyF (CU):
midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. nra;epuypd; mwpTWj;jy;fis
Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;tJld; fzpdp $Wfspd; nray;fisAk; xUq;fpidf;fpd;wJ.
o fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f myF (ALU)
fl;Lg;ghl;lyfpd; topgLj;jy;fSf;fika nray;gLfpwJ. ,J fzpj ($l;ly;> fopj;jy;>
ngUf;fy;> gpupj;jy;) kw;Wk; ju;f;f (NOT, AND, OR) nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

o gjptpfs;:
nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; Nrkpf;ff; $ba cs;sf
Nrkpg;G trjpia toq;FfpwJ. gjptpfs; nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd ,af;fpfis
toq;FtJld; nraw;ghl;bd; tpisitAk; Nrkpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

nthd; epA+khd; fl;likg;G

kj;jpa nraw;ghl;lyF

fl;Lg;ghl;lyF

cs;sPlL
;
fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f ntspaPl;L
rhjdq;fs;
myF rhjdq;fs;

epidtfk;

cU: 1.2

 fl;Lg;ghl;L myF: fzpdpapd; nraw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ

 fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f myF: fzpdpapd; fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;fr; nraw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
 gjptpfs;: Kiwtopahf;fpf;F cs;sfr; Nrkpg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd.

30
 cs;sf ,ilj;njhlu;G: fl;Lg;ghl;lyF> fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f myF> gjptpfs;
vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapy; njhlu;ghly; trjpia toq;Fk; nghwpKiwahFk;.
 cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;: ,f;fl;likg;G gadu;fs; fzpdpAld; ClhYf;F
trjpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;F> Kiwtopahf;fp kw;Wk; ntspAyfk; Mfpatw;Wld;
cs;sPl;L> ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; ,izg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd.
o Nrkpg;gfq;fs;: jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk;(RAM)> gJf;F epidtfk;;(cache)>
td;jl;L> ,Wtl;L(CD/DVD) kw;Wk; gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;(; pen drives)
 Kjd;ikr; Nrkpg;gfq;fs;: Kiwtopahf;fpapdhy; Neubahf mZff; $bait>
rpwpa nfhs;ssT> mZfy; Ntfk; $baJk; tpiy cau;e;jJKkhFk;. jw;Nghf;Fg;
ngWtop epidtfk; (RAM)> thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; kw;Wk; gJf;F epidtfk;
(cache) vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;.
 ,uz;lhe;ju Nrkpg;gfq;fs;: cs;sPl;L> ntspaPl;L topfs; Clhf mZff;
$bait> mjpf nfhs;ssT> mZfy; Ntfk; kw;Wk; tpiy FiwthdJkhFk;.
fhe;jj; jl;Lfs;> xspapay; tl;Lfs;> jplepiy Nrkpg;gfq;fs; vd;gd cs;slq;Fk;.
 ghl;il (Bus):
,J xU ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; nghwpKiwahFk;. fzpdpapd; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l nray;gL myFfspd; juT> Kftupfs;> fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rkpQ;irfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
gupkhw;wQ; nra;a mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.

juTk; jftYk;

juT vd;gJ ahJ?

 juthdJ> fzpdpahy; my;yJ kdpjdhy; nraw;ghLfSf;F cl;gLj;jf; $ba
msTfs;> vOj;JUf;fs; kw;Wk; FwpaPLfs; vd;gitahFk;. ,tw;iwr; Nrkpj;J kpd;
rkpf;iQfshfg; gupkhw;wf; $ba fhe;j> xspapay; my;yJ nghwpKiw gjpT
Clfq;fspy; gjpT nra;af;$ba %y tplaq;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd tiuaWf;fyhk;.
 juthdJ ml;ru vOj;Jfs;> ,yf;fq;fs;> FwpaPLfs; (+,-,/,*,<,>,=Nghd;w) Nghd;wtw;wpd;
%yk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

jfty; vd;gJ ahJ?

 gadUf;F mtrpakhd tifapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l my;yJ tifg;Lj;jg;gl;l juTfs;
jfty; vdg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ jPu;khdq;fs; kw;Wk;; jpl;lkply;; vd;gtw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kiwtopahf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l juTfs; jftyhFk;. jfty;
mu;j;jKs;sjhf ,Ug;gjw;F fPOs;s gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jk;: jfty; cupa egUf;Fj; njhlu;ghlg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt mJ cupa

Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrk;ikj;jd;ik: jfty; epahakhdjhfTk; gf;frhu;gw;wjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjpy;

fzpj kw;Wk; ,yf;fzg; gpiofs; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. Neubahf my;yJ vOj;J %ykhf tUk;
jfty;> tha;nkhop jftiytpl ek;gfj; jd;ik $bajhff; fhzg;gLk;.

KOik : jftypd; Jy;ypaj;jd;ik khj;jpuk; NghJkhdjhf mikahJ. mjpYs;s tplaq;fs;

Fiwf;fg;gl;Nlh my;yJ kiwf;fg;gl;Nlh ,Uj;jy; nghUj;jkw;wJ. cz;ikiaf; $Wtjhf
,Ug;gpDk; mJ KOikahf ,y;yhtpbd; gpuNahrdkw;wjhFk;.

fhyk:; ngWfpd;w jftypd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdk; vLg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd fhy

mtfhrj;Jld; jfty; njhlu;ghly; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. fle;jfhy epfo;nthd;wpd; jftiy
fhyj;jho;j;jp njhlu;ghly; nra;jyhdJ mz;ikapy; ntspahd jftiy tpl Fiwe;j
ngWkjp nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. fhyg;nghUj;jkhd jfty; vd;gJ me;je;j re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
jq;fpAs;sJ. rupahd njhlu;ghly; khu;f;fj;ijj; njupT nra;tjhdJ filgpbf;fNtz;ba
jpwndhd;whFk;.

ek;gfj;jd;ik: ek;gfj;jd;ik vd;gJ fpilf;Fk; jfty; rupahdnjd;gij jPu;khdpg;gjhFk;. ,J

nry;YgbahdJk; ek;gfkhd %yj;jpypUe;J tUtjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf>
31
tpahghu epWtd tpw;gidg; gpuptpd; fle;j khj Gs;sptpguq;fis epjpg; gpuptpw;F mDg;Gk;
NghJ mjid ek;gfkhd jftyhf epjpg;gpupT ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,J cs;sf jfty;
%yj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhy; ,J ek;gfj; jd;ikAs;sjhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

mZff; $baik: mZff; $ba jfty; vd;gJ mjid ,yFthfTk; ve;j Neuj;jpYk;
mZff; $bathWk; Nrkpj;jyhFk;. gadUf;Fj; Njitahd NghJ jfty; mZff; $bajhf
fhzg;gLjy; rpwe;j jftypd; Kf;fpakhd gz;nghd;whf mikfpwJ.

jdpegu; fzpdpf;fhd tptuf;Fwpg;G

tptuf;Fwpg;G vd;gJ ahJ?
fzpdpnahd;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpa $Wfspd; gl;bay; tptuf;
Fwpg;G vdg;gLfpwJ. vt;thwhd fzpdpiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;
vt;tifahd ,ay;Gfis mJ nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F
tpw;gidahsu;fspdhy; nfhs;tdthsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;w tpguq;fshFk;. jkJj;
Njitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; njupit Nkw;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;.
fzpdp tptuf;Fwpg;G kjpg;gha;nthd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
tplaq;fshtd:
o Kiwtopahf;fpapd; Ntfk;;
o nfhs;ssTkmjd; NtfKk;
o td;jl;bd; nfhs;ssTk; mjd; NtfKk;
o fzpdpj;jpiuapd; tif> msT kw;Wk; gpupjpwd;
o jha;g; gyif ,irT kw;Wk; ,izg;G mbg;gil: (Wi-Fi, RJ45, USB etc.)
o
,af;F Kiwik
mNdfkhd jdpegu; fzpdpfs; ,af;f Kiwik epWtg;gl;l epiyapy; nfhs;tdT
nra;aKbAk;. Gjpjhf ,af;F Kiwikia kl;Lk; nfhs;tdT nra;tjhapd; gad;gLj;Jk;;
Vida nkd;nghUl;fisr; nraw;gLj;jf; $ba trjp mspf;fpd;wjh vd;gijAk; rupghu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tJ rpwg;ghdJ. ,af;f Kiwiknahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJ mJ
juKau;j;Jtjw;F Vw;Gilajhf ,Uj;jy; rpwe;jjhFk;. rpy ,af;f Kiwikfs; ghtpg;gjw;F
mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; mtrpakhdjhfTk; rpy mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ,d;wp ,ytrkhff; fpilf;ff;
$bajhfTKs;sd.

nfhs;tdtpd; NghJ fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 vjw;fhff; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ vd;gijAk;> njupT nra;j tptuf;Fwpg;G
mj;Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;fpd;wjh?
 fzpdpahdJ epWtg;gl;Ls;s td;nghUs; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUl;fSld; ,iznthj;jjh?
 njhopDl;g cjtpfs; jpUg;jpfukhdjh?
 cj;juthjk; (ePbj;j> tiuaiwAila> jsj;jpy;)

gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;fs;
nkd;nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; NghJ fzpdpf;Fk; ,af;f Kiwikf;Fk; ,irTila
Gjpa nkd;nghUl;fisj; njupTr; nra;jy; rpwe;jJ.

vjpu;-er;Repuy; nkd;nghUs;
 fzpdpapy; vjpu;-er;Repuy; nkd;nghUs; epWtg;gl;L jd;dpaf;f jw;fhyg; gLj;jg;glf;
$ba tifapy; mikj;J rPuhd Kiwapy; EZfpNehf;F nra;af; $ba tifapy;
xOq;fikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ytrkhff; fpilf;ff;$ba my;yJ gzk; nrYj;;jp vjpu;-
er;Repuy; xd;iw epWtpf; nfhs;syhk;. xU fzpdpapy; gy vjpu;-er;Repuy;fis epWTtJ
nghUj;jkw;wJ.
 vjpu;-jPk;nghUs;> vjpu;-Jg;gwpnghUs; my;yJ ,r;nraw;ghLfis xj;j ghJfhg;Gj;
njhFjpnahd;W epWtg;gLtJ gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

32