BUILDING WATER SYSTEM

AND DESIGN
 INTRODUCING:

KIM JASMIN E. CRISTIAN LLOYD JACKIELYN A. ALLONA I.

SERAFINES DE GUZMAN CALIVO LLAMAS
Main Parts of a Water
Supply System
4 PICS GUESS THE
WORD/S
BUILDING SUPPLY
BUILDING SUPPLY

The building supply or water service is a large water supply pipe that
carries potable water from the district or city water system or other
water source to building.
WATER METER
WATER METER

A water meter is required by

most district water supply
systems to measure and
record the amount of water
used. It may be placed in a
meter box located in the
groumd near street or inside
the building.
BUILDING MAIN
BUILDING MAIN

The building main is a large pipe that

serves as the principal artery of the water
supply system. It carries water through
the building to the furthest riser. The
building main is typically run (located) in
a basement, in a ceiling, in a crawl space,
or below the concrete floor slab.
RISER
RISER

A riser is a water supply pipe that

extends vertically in the building at
least one story and carries water to
fixture branches. It is typically
connected to the building main and
runs vertically in the walls or pipe
chases.
FIXTURE BRANCH
FIXTURE BRANCH

A fixture branch is a water supply pipe that runs from the riser or main
to the fixture being connected. In a water supply system, it is any part of
a piping system other than a riser or main pipe. Fixture branch pipes
supply the individual plumbing fixtures. A fixture branch is usually run in
the floor or in the wall behind the fixtures.
FIXTURE CONNECTION
FIXTURE CONNECTION

A fixture connection runs from the fixture branch to the fixture, the
terminal point of use in a plumbing system. A shut-off valve is typically
located in the hot and cold water supply at the fixture connection.
GENERAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LAYOUT

The water service pipe is an underground pipe that

is typically called a lateral.

The water service lateral is connected to a water

meter that measures consumption.

If the building plumbing system is served by a well, a

water meter is not needed unless monitoring of
consumption is required.

A water service shutoff valve is typically located at

the meter location.
GENERAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LAYOUT

As the building supply piping enters the building, pipes split off to supply
water to hose bibs, the irrigation system, and any industrial process
equipment using water that does not need to be heated. A building shut-
off valve is typically located at this location.
Once the water supply main passes through the softening or treatment
device (if used), the main pipe splits to provide water to a water heater or
water heating system that generates hot water before it is distributed.
A fixture connection links the hot or cold water branch to the fixture, the
terminal point of use in a plumbing system. Air chambers are installed as
close as possible to the fixture valves or faucet and at the end of long runs
of pipe to reduce water hammer.
In a conventional rigid-pipe water distribution method, fixture branches
extend from a riser or main to the individual fixture being connected. A
fixture branch is usually run in the floor or in the wall behind the
fixtures.
 2 PIPE DISTRIBUTION
CONFIGURATION:

1. Rigid Pipe Distribution Configuration

2. Homerun( Manifold) Distribution Configuration

RIGID PIPE DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION

In the conventional rigid-pipe distribution configuration, the hot

and cold water distribution pipes are installed parallel to one
another as they convey hot and cold water to risers and branch
pipes.

A branch supplying water to two or more fixtures is called a zone. A

zone can supply one or many fixtures on one floor or on a few
floors.

Fixtures are typically located in clusters called groups.

HOMERUN (MANIFOLD) DISTRIBUTION
CONFIGURATION

A homerun or manifold distribution configuration consists of a plastic or

metal plumbing manifold and flexible plastic piping.

The manifold serves as a common location from which all the plumbing
fixtures are supplied.

A water line dedicated to each fixture originates at a port in the manifold

and extends to the individual fixture, so fewer fittings are required.

Homerun configurations typically use cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) or

composite PEX-AL-PEX piping, which is suitable for cold and hot water
use. Because of the flexibility of PEX, there is less of a need for piping tees
and elbows.
UPFEED AND DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION

Two basic types of water supply distribution systems are used in buildings:
the UPFEED (OR UPFLOW) SYSTEM and THE DOWNFEED (OR
DOWNFLOW) SYSTEMS.
In a conventional upfeed system, water pressure from the water supply
main is relied on to drive water flow through the system.
Water pressure in building water supply mains typically ranges from 40 to
80 psi (275 to 550 kPa), with 80 psi (550 kPa) considered the upper limit
for most systems plumbed with metal pipe and 40 psi the upper limit for
plastic pipe.
In tall buildings, water must be supplied through a pumped upfeed
distribution system. A pumped upfeed system is one in which water
entering the building flows through pumps that maintain adequate water
pressure throughout the structure sufficient to operate any plumbing
fixture.
UPFEED AND DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION

In buildings that cannot be adequately serviced to the top floor by an

upfeed system, water is pumped to elevated storage tanks in, or on, the
building, and the water is fed down into the building by gravity. This
gravity system, fed from the upper stories to the lower, is called a
downfeed distribution system.
WATER PRESSURE
CONSIDERATIONS
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

A hydrostatic force is a force exerted by the weight of

the fluid against the walls of a vessel containing the
fluid.

The Hydrostatic pressure (the hydrostatic force per

unit area) is perpendicular to the interior walls at
every point. If the pressure were not perpendicular, an
unbalanced force component would exist and the fluid
would flow.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

If gravity is the only force acting on a fluid then the

hydrostatic pressure at any point in the system is
directly proportional to the weight of a vertical
column of that water.

In other words, the pressure in the liquid increases

with depth because of gravity, wherein the liquid at
the bottom has to bear the weight of all the liquid
above it, as well as the relative air pressure it is
exposed to.
The pressure in the liquid increases with depth
because of gravity w/c is indicated by the flowrate of
each nozzle:
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Additionally, the pressure is independent of the size or

shape of the container.

For example:
A 12 ft. pipe that is filled with water, and slanted
so that the top is only 6 ft. above the bottom
(measured vertically), will have the same
hydrostatic pressure exerted at the bottom of the
6ft. vertical pipe even though the distance along
the 12 ft. pipe is much longer.
The pressure remains the same regardless of the shape
of thw container; ultimately, the height of the liquid,
aside from the air pressure, is the only factor that
matteras.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

The way we determine the Hydrostatic pressure is by this equation:

P = pgd, where P is the pressure, p (rho) is the density of the

liquid, g is gravity (9.81 m/s2) and d is the depth or the vertical
distance
relative to the liquid's surface or highest point.
WATER PRESSURE

Water pressure available at the water service is considered acceptable

in the range of 40 to 80 psi (275 to 550 kPa), or greater in
mountainous regions.

In most residential and commercial systems, the upper limit is 80 psi

(550 kPa).

While some systems with thermoplastic supply piping set the upper
pressure limit much lower, usually about 40 psi (275 kPa).
WATER PRESSURE

Residual water pressure is the pressure

available at the outlet, just before a fixture.

Code specifies that the highest (most remote

outlet) fixture should have a minimum
pressure of 8 psi (55kPa) for flush tanks and
15 psi (103 kPa) for fixtures with
flushometer valves.
THE TABLE PROVIDES RECOMMENDED RESIDUAL
PRESSURES FOR DIFFERENT PLUMBING FIXTURE
TYPES
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE
The Pressure difference (AP) is the driving force of fluid
flow. A pressure difference must exist at a plumbing fixture
to cause water to flow-that is, water pressure at the fixture
must be at a higher level than the atmospheric pressure for
water to flow from the fixture.
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE FROM
ELEVATION CHANGE (STATIC HEAD)

In the building plumbing supply system, water is the fluid under

consideration. Water has a maximum specific weight of 62.4 lb/ft3.
Therefore, at its maximum weight, a 1 ft3. cube of water exerts a maximum
force of 62.4 lb at its base, which equates to a pressure of 62.4 lb/ft2 or
0.433 psi at the base of the cube.
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE FROM
ELEVATION CHANGE (STATIC HEAD)

Pressure difference from elevation change or simply static head

(AP static) is found by multiplying the vertical height (Z), in feet, by
the factor of 0.433 psi/ft.

Pressure difference is negative (a loss) if the elevation change from

the known pressure is upward (a positive Z) and positive if elevation
change is downward (a negative Z).
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE FROM
ELEVATION CHANGE (STATIC HEAD)

Static head, in psi, AP static = −0.433(Z)

In the SI (metric) units, where vertical height

(Z) is measured in meters:

Static head, in kPa, AP static = -9.8(Z)

PRESSURE LOSSES FROM FRICTION

In fluid flow, friction loss (or skin friction) is the loss of pressure or "head"
that occurs in pipe or duct flow due to the effect of the fluid's viscosity
near the surface of the pipe or duct.

Pressure losses from friction, friction head (AP friction), are more difficult
to compute, as they are related to flow rate (gpm (gallon per minute),
L/min or L/s), fluid velocity (ft./s or m/s), pipe diameter, pipe material and
surface roughness, pipe length, and number of fittings and valves.
OTHER SOURCES FOR FRICTION LOSS

• In addition to pipe length, friction loss from fittings and valves must be
taken into account.

• Analysis is usually founded on the equivalent length based on the type of

valve or fitting.
WATER SUPPLY DESIGN CONCERNS
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1. WATER VELOCITY

While the Flow Rate is the AMOUNT of water moving, the Velocity is the
SPEED at which the water is moving.

Noise, erosion of inner pipe walls and valves, and economy of installation,
operation, and maintenance dictate the minimum and maximum water
velocity in a plumbing system; as a result, these have a bearing on pipe
diameter.

If pipe diameters are small, cost is low but noise, erosion (from high
velocities), and pumping costs (from high-pressure losses) are high. In
contrast, large diameter pipes reduce noise erosion and pumping costs, but
result in high installation costs. An intermediate pipe diameter is desirable.
1. WATER VELOCITY
Typically, plumbing codes set velocity limits in
water supply piping. Maximum water velocities
in plumbing water supply piping are usually
limited to a range of 5 to 10 ft/s (1.5 to 3 m/s).
Maximum velocities of up to 15 ft/s (4.5 m/s) are
allowed for equipment feed lines in mechanical
rooms (e.g., boiler feed lines) where noise is less
of a concern. The maximum safe velocity for
thermoplastic pipe is about 5 ft/s (1.5 m/s).
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ITATCAVION
2. CAVITATION

• Cavitation is a physical phenomenon that occurs in a liquid when it

experiences a drastic drop in pressure that causes the liquid to vaporize
into small vapor bubbles.

• The liquid being vaporized expands greatly, and as the low pressure
returns to normal pressure levels, these bubbles implode as the vapor
changes phase back to a liquid and thus drastically decreases its volume.

• This implosion causes noise and high levels of erosion where the
imploding bubbles contact the walls of a pipe, fitting, pump, or valve.
2. CAVITATION

Valves can develop cavitation when they are partially closed and flow is
restricted. The result is noise and possible damage from erosion.

Cavitation can also develop in a pump, which is noisy and can adversely
affect pump performance by causing violent and damaging vibration and a
sharp drop in discharge pressure.

A cavitating pump can be completely damaged in a few hours of

operation.
2. CAVITATION

Over time, the erosion resulst in excessive wear; this eventually manifests
itself as pinhole leaking
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3. CROSS-CONNECTIONS

• A cross-connection is an unsatisfactory connection or arrangement of

piping that can cause nonpotable water to enter the potable water system.

• A cross-connection can cause used or contaminated water to mix with the

water supply. It is an unsanitary and potentially hazardous condition.

• Most plumbing fixtures are designed to prevent a cross-connection. A gap

exists between the faucet and the rim of the bowl in lavatories, sinks, and tubs
to create a separation and avert a cross-connection. An air gap is the vertical
distance through open air between an opening in a fixture or faucet
conveying potable water to the flood level rim of a tank or fixture.
3. CROSS-CONNECTIONS

As a general rule, the minimum air gaps for cross-connection protection

for fixtures against one wall are as follows:
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4. BACKFLOW

• Backflow is a type of cross-connection that occurs when contaminated

water or some other liquid or substance unintentionally flows backwards into
distribution pipes containing potable water.

Simply, it is water flowing in the opposite direction from normal flow.

• Backflow can allow contaminants to enter the potable drinking water system
through cross-connections. A backflow can be a serious plumbing problem
that causes illness and even death.

• Backpressure or back siphoning is backflow caused by a negative pressure

(vacuum) in a potable water system. A downstream pressure that is greater
than the supply pressure causes backpressure backflow.
A backflow prevention device, often called a vacuum breaker, is a
device or plumbing assembly that when properly installed in a
plumbing system prevents backflow.

1. The Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker (AVB), the most common

type, consists of a body, a check valve-like member (to prevent
backflow), and an atmospheric opening.
2. A Pressure Vacuum Breaker (PVB) is a type of backflow
prevention device used to keep non-potable (or contaminated)
water from entering the water supply. PVB devices are generally
required on small (residential size) irrigation (sprinkler) systems to
keep water contaminated with pesticides and fertilizers from
reentering the building's plumbing system through the irrigation
system.
3. A Double Check Assembly (DCA) or double check valve is a
backflow prevention device assembly that consists of two check
valves assembled in series usually with a ball valve or gate valve
installed at each end for isolation and testing.

PHOTO 13.23 A double check assembly (DCA) is a backflow

prevention device that consists of two check valves assembled in
series usually with a ball valve or gate valve installed at each end
for isolation and testing. The DCA shown is for the water supply to
a fire sprinkler system. (Used with permission of ABC)
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AWETR RAHMEM
5. WATER HAMMER
In a plumbing supply system, the sudden closing of a valve will
cause fast-flowing water to stop quickly, resulting in a large
increase in pressure that is known as water hammer.
5. WATER HAMMER
To avert water hammer damage to a buildings
plumbing system, air chambers or water hammer
arrestors are used in the supply branches serving
each fixture. These devices use trapped air to
cushion the hydraulic shock.
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RAMTHEL
XPAINSONE
6. THERMAL EXPANSION

The amount of expansion will depend on the type of piping material and
the range of temperatures that the pipe will be subjected.

Thermal expansion in the pipes of a plumbing system must be

accommodated to minimize damage from thermal movement. Expansion
from temperature increases can push a pipe through a wall or cause it to
burst.
6. THERMAL EXPANSION

Expansion bends expansion loops

make use of pipe fabricated with
U- shaped or circular bends. The
increase in the length of pipe
from thermal expansion is
accommodated by flexing or
springing of the bends or loops.
6. THERMAL EXPANSION

Expansion joints in
common use include the
slip expansion joint and
the corrugated expansion
joint.

The slip expansion joint

consists of a slip pipe and a
flange, which is bolted to
an adjoining pipe.
6. THERMAL EXPANSION

A corrugated expansion joint

consists of a flexible corrugated
section. The corrugated, accordion-like
section is able to absorb a certain
amount of end movement of the pipe.
GUESS THE GIBBERISH

BHEES KOE SEE

TEA
7. VISCOSITY

As water flows through a pipe, its viscosity (thickness) decreases with

temperature decrease. Water at 40°F (4°C) is twice as viscous as water
at 90°F (32°C) and four times as much at 170°F (77°C). As a result,
pumping energy and cost are higher when water temperatures are
lower.
 GUESS THE GIBBERISH

BOWL YUM CHEN JI

8. VOLUME CHANGE WITH
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
1. FREEZING
A phase change from liquid (water) to solid (ice) results in about a 10%
increase in volume.

A pipe, fitting, or tank filled with water can burst if the water is exposed to
below-freezing temperatures, even for a short period of time.

In most climates, provisions must be made in plumbing system design to

ensure that pipes containing water do not freeze. Pipes must be located in
a heated space or underground, where they are not exposed to freezing
temperatures.
8. VOLUME CHANGE WITH
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
2. EXPANDING WATER Liquid water expands above 39°F (4°C). Expansion is
about 4.37% from 40°F (4.4°C) to 212°F (100°C).

In any piping system, provisions for expansion and contraction of liquid

water must be considered. In an open plumbing system, such as a building
water supply system, pressure build-up from thermal expansion of water
is released each time a faucet or valve opens. Excess pressure is released
into the surrounding air.

Expansion tanks, installed in a closed system, provide additional volume

in the closed system for expansion of water from temperature increase.
Add a Footer
8. VOLUME CHANGE WITH
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
3. Steam

Although steam is not found in building plumbing systems under ordinary

conditions, a faulty water heating appliance such as a boiler or domestic
water heater may result in the development of steam (e.g., a water heater
with defective thermostatic controls), which can have catastrophic
results.
GUESS THE GIBBERISH

EYY JI ENG
9. AGING
The effects of aging in a plumbing system are related to
piping
material, quality of water, and water temperature.

Buildup from calcium deposits (especially in high-

temperature hard water) and corrosion (especially in
ferrous pipe materials) reduces the inside opening in the
pipe, which restricts flow.

Over several decades of use, aging galvanized steel and iron

pipe can result in a capacity loss of up to 80%. Copper
piping experiences about half the capacity loss from aging
as do steel and iron pipes. Plastic pipes experience little
loss of capacity as they age.
 GUESS THE GIBBERISH

PIE YEP INNS ALL A TYON

10. PIPE INSULATION
Pipe insulation is applied to the outer walls of piping to reduce heat
loss from the pipe or prevent condensation on the outside pipe walls.
Foam and covered fiberglass insulation are common pipe
insulation materials.
GUESS THE GIBBERISH

TEH EAST TENG

11. TESTING

The water supply system should be tested for leaks before it is covered
with finish materials to determine if it is watertight.

Tests commonly run on water systems require that it be watertight

under a hydrostatic water pressure of 125 psi for a minimum of 1 hr.
Any leaks that occur should be repaired with the joint compound
originally used.
GUESS THE GIBBERISH

LEE ICK KIS

12. LEAKS

Plumbing leaks contribute significantly to water consumption in

operating plumbing systems.

Leaks not only waste money and water, they can cause damage to
walls, flooring, ceilings, furniture, and electrical systems.

Leaks can develop from substandard piping, improper use of

materials, poor workmanship, and improper design.
WATER TEMPERATURES
COLD WATER

In a moderate climate, cold water may range to 35°F to 70°F (2°C-21°C) in

midwinter. In a hot climate regions (such as in the Africa and Middle-East
Asia), the water service temperature can reach above 90°F(32°C) or more
in summer due to the extreme hot weather condition
CHILLED WATER

Chilled water is a commodity often used to cool a building's air and

equipment, especially in situations where many individual rooms must be
controlled separately, such as a hotel. For some people they prefer the
chilled water as their drinking water because it is more refreshing. A
chiller is used to cool water to a temperature of about 50°F (10°C) before it
is used.
HEATED WATER

In modern buildings, hot water is desired for bathing, cleaning, washing,

and other associated purposes. By definition, hot water is potable water
that is heated to at least 120°F.
TEMPERED WATER

Tempered water is a blend of hot and cold water that is mixed at a

thermostatic (mixing) valve. It is used in applications requiring low-
temperature hot water. Typical applications include shower rooms and group
showers, domestic water for small buildings, and tempered water for light
industrial processes (e.g., photographic laboratories).
Thank You!