Photosynthesis

Guide Questions
1. What are the two major processes discussed in

the video related to photosynthesis?
2. How do the light-dependent and light-independent
reactions work together in photosynthesis?
3. How is the photosynthesis equation compared to the equation
in cellular respiration in the video?
4. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
5. Can photosynthesis occur in the absence of light?
Site of photosynthesis
chlorophyll
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
NADPH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

RuBisCO - ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
Cellular respiration is a metabolic
pathway that uses glucose to
produce adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), an organic compound the
body can use for energy.
Three stages
1. Glycolysis
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of
the cell and does not require oxygen
(anaerobic).
• One molecule of glucose is broken down into
nicotinamide
two molecules of pyruvate.
adenine • During glycolysis, a small amount of ATP
dinucleotide
(NAD) + and NADH is produced.
hydrogen (H) • Glycolysis is the first step in glucose
metabolism and is common to both aerobic
and anaerobic respiration.
Three stages
2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
• The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria,
and it is aerobic, requiring oxygen.
• Pyruvate from glycolysis enters the
mitochondria, where it is converted into acetyl-
CoA and enters the citric acid cycle.
• During this cycle, acetyl-CoA is oxidized,
producing carbon dioxide and transferring high-
Flavin adenine energy electrons to electron carriers NADH and
dinucleotide FADH2.
• A small amount of ATP and more electron
carriers are generated in the citric acid cycle.
Three stages
3. Electron Transport Chain
• The electron transport chain takes place in the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
• Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 are transported
through a series of protein complexes in the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
• As electrons move along the chain, they release energy,
which is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner
mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical
gradient.
• This proton gradient is used to drive the production of
ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain,
combining with electrons and protons to form water.
Electron Transport Chain
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a crucial component of
cellular respiration, a process that occurs in the mitochondria of
eukaryotic cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). The ETC is a series of protein complexes
located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and its primary
function is to transfer electrons and generate a proton gradient
across the membrane.
How it works?
1.Electron carriers: High-energy electrons are initially donated by
molecules like NADH and FADH2, which are produced during
earlier stages of cellular respiration.
2. Complexes: These electrons are transferred through a series of
protein complexes (Complex I, II, III, and IV) embedded in the
mitochondrial inner membrane. These complexes act as electron
carriers and pump protons (H+ ions) across the membrane.
3. Electron transfer: Electrons move through the complexes in a
controlled, stepwise manner. As electrons pass from one complex
to the next, energy is released, which is used to pump protons from
the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.
How it works?
4. Proton gradient: The pumping of protons into the
intermembrane space creates a concentration gradient, with
more protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
This gradient represents potential energy.
5. ATP synthesis: Protons in the intermembrane space flow back into the
mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, an enzyme that uses this proton
flow to synthesize ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic
phosphate (Pi). This process is known as chemiosmotic coupling.
6. Oxygen as the final electron acceptor: Oxygen serves as the final electron
acceptor in the ETC. It combines with electrons and protons to form water,
preventing an accumulation of free electrons in the chain.
Photosynthesis Respiration
It occurs in chloroplasts It occurs in mitochondria
to convert light energy to release chemical
into chemical energy. energy.
It consumes carbon It consumes glucose
dioxide and water while and oxygen, releasing
producing glucose and carbon dioxide and
oxygen. water.
It is the basis for the It provides the energy
food chain, providing needed for cellular
glucose. processes.
November 7, 2023
Science
Seatwork
Answer pages 85 and 97-98
(Word Detect).

Photosynthesis

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Guide Questions

1. What are the two major processes discussed in

NADPH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

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