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Unit 5

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Pratik Shelar
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23 views

Unit 5

Uploaded by

Pratik Shelar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon


(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)

Subject:
Structural Audit and Health
Monitoring

Presented By,
Dr. Sachin M. Gunjal
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Structural Engineering
Email- gunjalsachinst@sanjivani.org.in

1
Syllabus
Unit 5: Structural Health Monitoring
Structural Health Monitoring: Concept, Objectives, SHM Procedures-Data
Acquisition Systems, Challenges, Static and vibration based SHM, Sensor
technology, Future of SHM

.
Concept of SHM

• Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is the process of implementing a damage


detection and characterization strategy for engineering structures.

• It involves the continuous or periodic assessment of the physical condition of


a structure, identifying damage, assessing its severity, and determining the
remaining useful life of the structure.

• SHM plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and longevity of civil,
mechanical, and aerospace structures.
Objectives of SHM

Safety: Ensure the integrity of structures and prevent catastrophic failures by


detecting damage at an early stage.
Maintenance optimization: Reduce downtime and maintenance costs by
transitioning from time-based to condition-based maintenance.
Performance monitoring: Track the performance of structures under
operational conditions to assess degradation over time.
Life extension: Predict the remaining service life of structures and make
decisions about their future use, repair, or decommissioning.
3. SHM Procedures
a. Data Acquisition Systems
Data acquisition is the core of SHM, where the sensors collect information
regarding various physical properties of the structure such as strain, displacement,
acceleration, and temperature.

Components:

Sensors: These convert physical parameters into electrical signals.


Signal Conditioners: They modify the signals to remove noise or amplify the
data for more accurate results.
Data Loggers/Storage: Store the data for later processing and analysis.
Data Transmission Units: Transmit the recorded data to a central processing
unit for analysis.
Key Parameters Monitored:

Strain
Displacement
Acceleration
Temperature
Load
Crack growth
Humidity
Challenges in Data Acquisition:

Sensor placement: Optimal locations for meaningful data.


Data noise: Ensuring data accuracy by filtering out irrelevant information.
Long-term durability of sensors: Managing sensor failure and performance degradation
over time.
Large data volume: Managing and analyzing big data efficiently.
4. Challenges in SHM
Sensor reliability: Over time, sensors may become unreliable due to harsh
environmental conditions, causing false readings.
Data processing complexity: Analyzing and interpreting the data collected can
be complex and requires sophisticated algorithms.
Cost: Installing, maintaining, and updating SHM systems can be expensive,
particularly for large structures.
Energy consumption: Some sensors require constant energy, which could pose
challenges, especially in remote locations.
Damage detection in complex structures: It can be difficult to identify specific
types of damage, particularly in large or intricate structures.
Wireless communication issues: In remote or heavily shielded environments,
reliable data transmission can be problematic.
5. Static and Vibration-Based SHM
a. Static SHM
Definition: Involves monitoring structural responses under static loads (e.g., permanent loads
like gravity or long-term forces like wind pressure).
Objective: Measure displacements, strains, or internal forces and detect deviations from
baseline measurements that may indicate damage.
Techniques: Strain gauges, displacement sensors, and fiber optic sensors.
Advantages:
Simpler analysis.
Suitable for monitoring slow-developing damage.
Disadvantages:
Limited in detecting rapid changes or dynamic events.
May miss localized or small-scale damage.
b. Vibration-Based SHM

Definition: Monitors structural responses under dynamic loads, using the structure’s natural
frequencies, mode shapes, and damping properties.
Objective: Detect changes in dynamic properties (e.g., frequency shifts) that indicate the
presence of damage.
Techniques: Accelerometers, laser Doppler vibrometers, and modal analysis methods.
Advantages:
Sensitive to small damage, especially in the early stages.
Can cover large areas of the structure.
Useful in detecting sudden, catastrophic damage.
Disadvantages:
Requires more sophisticated equipment and analysis.
Results can be affected by environmental changes (temperature, humidity).
6. Sensor Technology in SHM
a. Types of Sensors
1. Strain Gauges: Measure the strain on a surface due to applied loads.
2. Accelerometers: Measure acceleration, widely used in vibration-based SHM.
3. Displacement Sensors: Track the relative movement between different parts of the
structure.
4. Fiber Optic Sensors: Measure strain, temperature, and vibrations with high sensitivity and
immunity to electromagnetic interference.
5. Piezoelectric Sensors: Generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress,
useful in dynamic measurements.
6. Temperature Sensors: Track thermal effects that can influence structural responses.
7. Wireless Sensors: Enable remote data acquisition, reducing the need for extensive cabling.
Sensor Placement Considerations:
1. Location of critical points (e.g., high-stress areas).
2. Accessibility for installation and maintenance.
3. Environmental protection (sensors should be shielded from weather or harsh conditions).
7. Future of SHM
AI and Machine Learning: SHM systems will increasingly use AI to process
large data sets, enabling more accurate damage detection and predictive
maintenance.
Smart Materials: The use of materials with embedded sensors will become more
common, allowing structures to monitor themselves in real-time.
Wireless Sensor Networks: Advances in low-power, high-range wireless
technologies will reduce the cost and complexity of SHM systems.
Autonomous SHM Systems: Drones and robots equipped with sensors may be
used to inspect structures, reducing the need for human intervention.
Big Data Analytics: SHM will leverage big data to predict structural performance
under different environmental and load conditions, making maintenance more
efficient.
Nanotechnology in Sensors: Nanomaterials could enable smaller, more sensitive
sensors, expanding the capability to detect microscopic damages.

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