LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

[AUTONOMOUS]

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

STUDENT MANUAL

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY(U23EE2L1)

A.Y:2023-24

NAME OF THE STUDENT : ______________________________

ROLL NUMBER : ______________________________

BRANCH : ______________________________

YEAR & SEMESTER : I-BE-II SEM

REGULATIONS : LR23
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]
Approved by AICTE / Affiliated to Osmania University / Estd.2003.

Accredited “A” grade by NAAC, Accredited by NBA

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY B.E IST YEAR IST SEMESTER

2023-2024

PREFACE

Demonstration - 1: Basic safety precautions. Introduction and use of measuring instruments –voltmeter,
ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope. Real-life resistors, capacitors and inductors.

Demonstration – 2: Demonstration of cut-out sections of Machines: DC Machine (Commutator- brush

arrangement), Transformers, Induction Machine (Squirrel cage rotor), Synchronous Machine (Field
winging - slip ring arrangement) and Single-Phase Induction Machine.

GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK

1. Experiment Title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be on right side.
2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations should be on left side.
3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per your convenience.
4. Result should always be in the ending.
5. You all are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between experiments for theoretical or
model calculation purpose.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS TO CONDUCT AN EXPERIMENT:

1. Students are supposed to come to the lab with preparation, proper dress code
2. Dress code: Boys: Shoe & Tuck. Girls: Apron & Cut shoe.
3. Don’t switch on the power supply without getting your circuit connections verified
4. Disciplinary action can be taken in the event of mishandling the equipment or switching on the
power supply without faculty presence
5. All the apparatus taken should be returned to Lab Assistant concerned, before leaving the lab.
6. You have to get both your Observation book and your Record for a particular experiment
corrected well before coming to the next experiment.
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]
Approved by AICTE / Affiliated to Osmania University / Estd.2003.

Accredited “A” grade by NAAC, Accredited by NBA

LABORATORY PRACTICE SAFETY RULES

SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.

1. Electricity NEVEREXECUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in
handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a good
servant but a bad master).
2. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages (Otherwise, any such
contact may subject you to electrical shock)
3. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact a
live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected from
electrical shock)
4. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment happens to
be a rotating machine)
5. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.
6. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you
move your hand/body, such conducting items may create short circuit or may ouch a live point
and there by subject you to electrical shock)
7. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts of the
body reduce the contact resistance there by increasing the severity of the shock)
8. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise, you will
betouching the live parts in the circuit)
9. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as per
the approved circuit diagram.
10. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs
and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
11. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such
defective leads.
12. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it. Safety
devices protect YOU and your equipment.
13. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up and
approved by the staff member.
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]
Approved by AICTE / Affiliated to Osmania University / Estd.2003.
Accredited „A‟ grade by NAAC, Accredited by NBA

LIET(A) AICTE Model Curriculum with effect from Academic Year 2023-24

Course code Course title Core/Elective

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB
U23EE2L1 Core
(Common for all branches)
Pre-requisites ContactHoursPerWeek
CIE SEE Credits
.... L T D P
- - - 3 25 50 2
Course objectives:
1. Understand the basic concepts of ohms law and theorems with DC excitation.
2. Understand the concepts of self and mutual inductance, coefficient of coupling.
3. Identify Sinusoidal steady state response of R-L, and R-C circuits.
4. Understand the different phenomenon for balanced three phase circuit connected in Star and Delta.
5. Understand the characteristics of DC and AC Machine and performance of Single phase transformer.
Course outcomes:
1. Verify the ohms law and theorems by practical and theoretical calculations.
2. Evaluate of self and mutual inductance, coefficient of coupling.
3. Explain the Sinusoidal steady state response of R-L, and R-C circuits.
4. Analyze the different phenomenon for balanced three phase circuit connected in Star and Delta.
5. Identify the different characteristics of DC and AC Machine and perform tests on Single phase transformer.

Demonstration - 1: Basic safety precautions, Introduction and use of measuring instruments, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Multi-meter,
Oscilloscope, Real-life resistors, Capacitors and Inductors.
1. Verification of Ohm’s Law, KVL and KCL.
2. Verification of Super position theorem (with DC excitation).
3. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems (with DC Excitation).
4. Determination of self and mutual inductance, co-efficient of coupling.
5. Sinusoidal steady state response of R-L, and R-C circuits.

Demonstration – 2: Demonstration of cut-out sections of Machines: DC Machine (Commutator- brush

arrangement), Transformers, Induction Machine (Squirrel cage rotor), Synchronous Machine (Field winging- slip ring
arrangement) and Single-Phase Induction Machine.
1. Measurement of phase voltage/current, line voltage/current and power in a balanced three-phase circuit connected in star and
delta.
2. OCC characteristics of DC Generator.
3. Transformers: Observation of the no-load current wave form on an oscilloscope.
(Non-sinusoidal wave-shape due to B-H curve non linearity should be shown along with a discussion about harmonics).
4. O.C test and S.C test on single phase Transformer.
5. Measurement of primary and secondary voltages, currents and power of a single-phase Transformer.
6. Open circuit and short circuit characteristics of an Alternator.
7. Power factor improvement of Induction Motor using static capacitor.

Note: It is mandatory to conduct any 8 experiments from the above list of experiments.

Suggested Readings:
1. D.P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, 4th Edition, 2019.
2. MS Naidu and S Kamakshaiah, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 2008.
3. P. S. Bimbhra, “Electrical Machinery”, Khanna Publishers, 2011.
4. I.J. Nagrath and D. P. Kothari, “Electric Machines”, McGraw Hill Education, 2010.
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]
Approved by AICTE / Affiliated to Osmania University / Estd.2003.

Accredited „A‟ grade by NAAC, Accredited by NBA

Do’s
1 Get signature in your observation book from your teacher before leaving the lab
2 Perform only those experiments which you have been instructed
3 It is your responsibility to take care of lab equipment, use it only as instructed, and reportany
damages to your teacher
4 Clean and dry your lab work area at the close of the lab period. Return all equipment
and materials to the proper place.
5 Use ball points pens, not pencils for noting the observations.
6 Be honest. All procedures and experimental data whether you regard them as
“good” or “bad” at the time should be recorded in the lab book.
7 Pleases take care your personal stuff with you (Backpacks, purses, calculators, keys,
etc.). Do not leave them in the laboratory.

Don’ts
1 Never attempt to touch the equipment or to do the experiment on your own until your
teacher demonstrates about it.
2 Don’t eat or drink in the laboratory at any time.
3 Don’t chew gum or eat candy during laboratory exercises.
4 Don’t be mischievous in the laboratory.
5 Never remove any pages from the observation notebook & record.
6 Never use electrical equipment around water.
7 Don’t work in the lab alone.
8 Don’t leave the bags and books in the aisles.
9 Don’t touch the live wire.
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY [A]
Approved by AICTE / Affiliated to Osmania University / Estd.2003.

Accredited „A‟ grade by NAAC, Accredited by NBA

INDEX
S. No. Content Page. Marks Date
No.
1. Verification of Ohm’s Law, KVL and KCL.

2. Verification of Superposition theorem (with DC excitation).

Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems (With DC

3.
Excitation)

4. Determination of self-inductance and mutual inductance, coefficient of

coupling.
5. Sinusoidal steady state response of R-L, and R-C circuits

6.
Measurement of phase voltage/current, line voltage/current and power
in a balanced three-phase circuit connected in star and delta

7. O.C test and S.C test on single phase Transformer

8. Measurement of primary and secondary voltages, currents and power of

a single-phase Transformer

9. OCC characteristics of DC Generator

10. Open circuit and short circuit characteristics of an Alternator

Signature of the Faculty

 EXPERIMENT – 1
1A.VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW

AIM: To verify Ohm’s law for a given resistive network

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO Apparatus Name Range Type Quantity

1 RPS (0.20) V DC 01
2 Voltmeter (0-20) V DC 01
3 Ammeter (0-200) mA DC 01
4 Resistor 1kΩ, 1.5kΩ, Required
2.2kΩ
5 Ohms Law Kit --- --- 01
6 Connecting wires --- --- Required

STATEMENT:
Ohm's law states that at constant temperature, the current flowing through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.
IαV
V
I=
R
V
Resistance R=
I

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram for 1KΩ resistor.
2. Switch ON the power supply and apply a voltage of 5V with the help of RPS. Note down the reading
of ammeter and voltmeter in the observation table.
3. Repeat the second step for 10V &15 V and tabulate the readings.
4. Repeat above steps for 1.5KΩ & 2.2KΩ resistances and tabulate the readings.
5. Plot a graph with V along x-axis and I along y-axis.
6. The graph will be a straight line which verifies Ohm's law.
7. Determine the slope of the V-I graph. The reciprocal of the slope gives resistance of the wire.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. No Voltage, V(V) Current, I(mA) Resistance, R=V/I (KΩ)

1 KΩ resistance
1
2
3

1.5KΩ resistance
1
2
3
2.2KΩ resistance
1
2
3

CALCULATIONS:
For 1KΩ Resistor For 1.5KΩ Resistor For 2.2KΩ Resistor
V= V= V=
I= I= I=
𝐕 𝐕 𝐕
R=𝐈 = R=𝐈 = R=𝐈 =
 MODEL GRAPH:

Fig : Voltage and Current Characteristics for

1KΩ,1.5KΩ &2.2KΩ

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Take care to connect the ammeter and voltmeter with their correct polarity.
2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors.
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected.

RESULT:

LAB VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is current?
2. What is voltage?
3. Define charge.
4. Define power.
5. What is the resistance?
6. What is ohm’s law?
7. What do you mean by junction?
8. What are the precautions to be taken while doing the experiment?
9. What is the range of ammeters and voltmeters you used in this experiment?
10. What are the limitations of ohm’s law?
 EXPERIMENT – 1
1B.VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL

AIM: To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) in a Passive
ResistiveNetwork

APPARATUS:
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-200) mA DC 04
2 Voltmeter (0.20)V DC 03
3 R.P.S (0-20)V DC 01
4 KVL and KCL Kit --- --- 01
Colour
5 Resistors 1kΩ, 1.5kΩ, 2.2kΩ code 02each

6 Connecting Wires --- --- As per

required

KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS:
KVL: “The law states that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed path is ZERO”
∑ (IR + e.m.f) = 0
KCL: “The law states that algebraic sum of currents meeting at a node or junction is equal to
ZERO”.
∑I=0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
KVL

Fig. 1 Verification of KVL

 KCL:

Fig.2 Verification of KCL

PROCEDURE:
KVL:
1 . Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure 1.
2 . Switch ON the supply to RPS.
3 . Apply the voltage (say 5v) and note the voltmeter readings
4 . Gradually increase the supply voltage in steps
5 . Note the readings of voltmeters.
6 . Sum up the voltmeter readings (voltage drops), that should be equal to applied voltage(V).
7 . Thus, KVL is verified practically

KCL:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure 2.
2. Switch ON the supply to RPS.
3. Apply the voltage (say 5v) and note the Ammeter readings.
4. Gradually increase the supply voltage in steps.
5. Note the readings of Ammeters.
6. Sum up the Ammeter readings (I1,I2 and I3), that should be equal to total current (I).
7. Thus, KCL is Verified practically.
OBSERVATION TABLE:KVL:

V(volts) V1 (volts) V2 (volts) V3(volts) Total Voltage,V

Practical Value Theoretical value
V = V1+ V2+ V3 V

5V

10V

15V

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:KVL
V=5V
V 5
Current in the circuit, I = = = 1.064mA
𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3 1𝐾+1.5𝐾+2.2𝐾

V1 = I x R1 =

V2 = I x R2 =

V3 = I x R3 =
V = V 1 + V2 + V3 =
OBSERVATION TABLE:KCL

Total Current
V(V) I (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3( mA) Theoretical value
Practical Value
I= I1 + I2 + I3 I (A)

5V

10V

15V

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:KCL
V=5V
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + = 1 x10-3 +0.667 x10-3 +0.454 x10-3
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝟏𝑲 𝟏.𝟓𝑲 𝟐.𝟐𝑲
𝟏
= 2.121 x10-3
𝑹𝒆𝒒
1
Req= = 0.471x103 =471Ω
2.121 x10−3
𝐕 𝟓
Total Current, I = = = 0.0106 A
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝟒𝟕𝟏
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply
2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors. The terminal of the resistance should be properly
connected

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by node?
2. What is loop?
3. What is mesh?
4. State KCL.
5. State KVL.
6. What is node?
7. What is the difference between circuit and network?
 EXPERIMENT - 2
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM (With DC Excitation)
AIM: To Verify Superposition Theorem theoretically and practically

APPARATUS:

S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0-200) mA MC 01
2. R.P.S (0-30) V MC 02
3. Superposition theorem kit --- --- 01

4. Resistors 82Ω, 100Ω, Fixed Each 01

47Ω &56Ω
Connecting Wires or --- As required
5. probes

STATEMENT:
Which states that in any linear network containing two or more sources, the response in any
element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual sources acting
alone, while the other sources are reduced to zero”.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig:1-To calculate the load current

Fig.2-Considering V1 alone Fig:3-Considering V2 alone

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram figure (1).
2. Apply 12V in RPS1 and 5V in RPS 2.
3. Note down the ammeter reading as I.
4. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig (2).
5. Apply 12V in RPS1 and take the ammeter reading as I 1.
6. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig (3).
7. Apply 5V in RPS2 and take the ammeter reading as I II.
8. According to super position theorem, I=I1+I11
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Load Current
Voltage Voltage
Sl. No Theoretical Practical (Ammeter
V1 V2
reading)
1 12V 5V I= II + I II= I=

2 12V 0V II = II =

3 0V 5V III = III =

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply

2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected.
RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. To which network superposition theorem is applicable?
2. Superposition theorem is valid only for which networks?
3. State Super position theorem.
4. What is meant by elimination of sources?
 EXPERIMENT – 3
3A.VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM (With DC Excitation)
AIM: To Verify Thevenin’s theorem theoretically and practically

APPARATUS:
S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0-200) mA DC 01
2. Voltmeter (0-20) V DC 01
3. R.P.S (0-30) V DC 01
4. Thevenin’s Theorem Kit --- --- 01
82Ω, 47Ω,100 Ω,
5. Resistors 150Ω Fixed 04

6. Connecting Wires --- --- As required

STATEMENT:
“Any two terminal active linear network containing energy sources (generators) and
resistances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source Vth in series
with a resistance Rth. The value of Vth is the open-circuit voltage between the terminals of the
network and Rth is the resistance measured between the terminals with all the energy sources
eliminated (but not their internal resistances).”

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig-1 Measurement of I L Fig – 2: Measurement of VTH

Fig – 3 Measurement of RTH Fig – 4: Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and Measurement of IL

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1)
2) Switch on the supply and apply 6V.
3) Note down the reading of ammeter as I1.
4) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. (2) and apply 6V.
5) Note down the voltmeter reading as Vth.
6) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. (3) and apply 6V.
7) Note down the reading of ammeter (I) and calculate R th (Rth=V/I)
8) Now connect Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in fig. (4) and note down reading of
ammeter as I L.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Table-1: Original circuit

Applied Ammeter
S.NO Voltage (V) Reading I L(mA)

Table-2: To find Vth

S.NO Applied Voltage (V) Vth(v)
Theoretical practical

Table-3: To find Rth

Applied Rth
S.NO Current (I) mA
Voltage,V (V) Theoretical practical

Table-4: Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit

S.NO Applied Voltage Vth Rth I L (mA)
(V) Theoretical practical
Theoretical Calculations:
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply

2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected.

RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT – 3
3B.VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM

AIM: To Verify Norton's theorem theoretically and practically

APPARATUS:

S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter 0-200 mA DC 1
2. Voltmeter 0-20V DC 1
3. R.P.S 0-00V DC 1
4. Norton’s Theorem kit --- --- 1
5. Resistors 82Ω, 47Ω,100Ω , 150Ω CC 1 EACH
6. Connecting Wires --- --- As required

STATEMENT:
“Any two terminal linear active network containing energy sources (generators) and resistance can be
replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistance R N. The
value of IN is the short-circuit current between the terminals of the network and R N is the resistance
measured between the terminals with all the energy sources eliminated (but not their internal resistances).”

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig.a Circuit for finding Load current Fig.b: Circuit to find Norton’s current

Fig (3) :To find RN Fig (3) :Norton’s equivalent circuit and finding IL
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig(1)
2. Switch on the supply and apply 6V .
3. Note down the reading of ammeter as I1.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.(2) and apply 6V.
5. Note down the ammeter reading as IN
6. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.(3) and apply 6V.
7. Note down the reading of ammeter as I. and calculate R N. (RN=V/I)
8. Now connect Norton’s equivalent circuit as shown in fig.(4) and note down reading of ammeter
as I L.
9. According to Norton’s theorem I1=I L
Theoritical Calculations:
TABULAR COLUMN:

Table-1: Original circuit

S.NO Applied Voltage (V) I L(mA)

Theoretical practical

Table-2: To find IN
S.NO Applied Voltage (V) IN(mA)
Theoretical practical

Table-3: To find RN
S.NO Applied Voltage Current (I) RN
(V)
Theoretical practical

Table-4: Norton’s Equivalent circuit

Applied I L(mA)
S.NO Voltage IN RN
(V) Theoretical practical
 PRECAUTIONS:
1. Take care to connect the ammeter and voltmeter with their correct polarity.
2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors.
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the purpose of network theorems?

Network theorems are useful in simplifying analysis of some circuits.
2. What is the use of Thevenin’s theorem?
It is widely used to analyze electronic circuits.
3. What is the dual of the Thevenin’s theorem?
Norton’s theorem is the dual of the Thevenin’s theorem.
4. What is Thevenin’s voltage (Vth)?
It is the open circuit voltage measured between the terminals of the network.
5. What is the Nortons resistance (RN) ?
It is the resistance measured between the terminals of the network with all energy sources
eliminated.
6. What is Norton’s short circuit current (IN)?
It is the current in the short placed between the terminals of the network.
7. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit.

8. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

 EXPERIMENT – 4
DETERMINATION OF SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING

AIM:
To determine self, mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling of mutually coupled circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter 0-20A MI 01

2. Voltmeter 0-300V MI 01

3. Single phase Transformer 3 KVA 01

4. Single Phase Variac 0-270V AC 01

5. Connecting Wires --- --- As required

THEORY:
Self-inductance:
Coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance(L) is defined as the ability of a coil to induce
an emf in it due to change in its own current. It is measured in Henry(H)
N1 Φ1 𝑁12
Self- inductance of Coil A, L1 = =
𝐈𝟏 [l/µ0 µ𝑟 𝑎]

N2 Φ2 𝑁22
Self- inductance of Coil A, L2 = =
𝐈𝟐 [l/µ0 µ𝑟 𝑎]
Mutual inductance:
Mutual inductance may be defined as the ability of one coil or circuit to induce an emf in a
nearby coil by induction when the current flowing in the first coil is changed. The action is also reciprocal
i.e. the change in current flowing through second coil will also induce an emf in the first coil. The ability of
reciprocal induction is measured in terms of the coefficient of mutual induction M. Its unit is Henry.
N2 Φ2 K N1 N2 I1 K N1 N2
Coefficient of mutual inductance, M = = =
𝐈𝟏 [l/µ0 µ𝑟 𝑎] I1 [l/µ0 µ𝑟 𝑎]
Coefficient of coupling:
When the two coils are placed near each other, all the flux produced by one coil does not link
with the other coil, only a certain portion (say, K) of flux produced by one coil link with the other coil, K
being less than unity. K is called the coefficient of coupling.
M
Coefficient of coupling, K=
√L1 L2
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 0-20A MI

0-150V
MI
0-300V
MI

0-20A MI

0-300V
MI
0-150V
MI

PROCEDURE:

CIRCUIT-1
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram - 1.
2. Keep the variac output voltage in the minimum position.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Vary the variac till rated voltage is obtained on the HV side.
5. Note down the readings of all the meters.
CIRCUIT-2
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram -2.
2. Keep the variac output voltage in the minimum position.
3. Switch on the supply.
4. Vary the variac till Rated is obtained on the LV side.
5. Note down the readings of all the meters
OBSERVATION TABLE:

SELF MUTUAL
CIRCUIT I1(A) V1(V) V2(V)
INDUCTANCE(L) INDUCTANCE (M)

CIRCUIT-1 L1= M12=

CIRCUIT-2 L2= M21=

CALCULATIONS:
CIRCUIT-1
Input impedance, Z1 = R1+jωL1
V1
Neglecting resistance, then ωL1= =
I1
V1
Self-inductance of HV coil, L1= =
I 1
V2
Mutual inductance , M12= =
I 1

CIRCUIT-2
Input impedance, Z2 = R2+jωL2
V1
Neglecting resistance, then ωL2= =
I1
V1
Self-inductance of LV coil, L2= =
I 1
V2
Mutual inductance, M21= =
I 1

Coefficient of coupling:
M 12  M 21
Mutual Inductance, M = =
2

L1= L2= M=

M
Coefficient of coupling, K = =
√L1 L2
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections should be made properly.

2. Always kept the variac output voltage in minimum position before and after switching on the supply.
3. Show connections to the lab faculty before you start the experiment
4. Note down the readings without parallax error.

RESULT:
Self-inductance of HV coil1, L1=
Self-inductance of LV coil 2, L2=
Mutual inductance M12=
Mutual inductance M21=
Coefficient of coupling K=
Self, mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling of mutually coupled circuit is calculated.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is self-inductance of the coil?
2. What is mutual inductance of the coil?
3. What is coefficient of coupling?
4. Write the expression for inductive reactants of a coil?
5. Define self-induced EMF.
6. Define mutually induced emf
7. State Lenz’s law.
8. Write the Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
 EXPERIMENT NO:5
SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE RESPONSE OF R-L AND R-C CIRCUITS
AIM:
Calculating the impedance and Current of RL, RC and RLC series circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Required
1 Voltmeter AC 0-20V 3
2 Ammeter AC 0-200mA 1
3 Resistor CC 1kΩ,680Ω,330Ω 1
4 Inductor 100mH,33mH,10mH 1
5 Capacitor 1 µF,10µF,4.7µF 1
6 RL &RC KIT 1
7 Connecting Wires As Required
THEORY:
Passive components in AC circuits behaves very differently than with connected in DC
circuit due to the influence of frequency.
 In pure resistive circuit the current is in phase with the voltage.
Φ=0 CosΦ=1 (Unity)
 In pure inductive circuit the current lags the applied voltage by 90 degrees.
Φ=90 lagging CosΦ=’0 ‘lagging
 In pure capacitor circuit, the current leads the applied voltage by 90 degrees.
Φ=90 leading CosΦ=’0 ‘leading
 In series RL circuit, the current lags applied voltage by angle Φ.
0<Φ<90 lagging 1>CosΦ>0 lagging
 In series RC circuit the current leads applied voltage by angle of Φ.
0<Φ<90 leading 1>CosΦ>0 leading
 In series RLC circuit he current either leads or lags the voltage by an angle of Φ.
0<Φ<90 lag or lead 1>CosΦ>0 lag or lead

Impedance of series R-L circuit, Z= R+ j𝑋𝐿 = √𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 Ω

Impedance of series R-C circuit, Z=R+ j𝑋𝐶 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2 Ω

Impedance of series R-L-C circuit, Z = R+ j( 𝑋𝐿 ∼ 𝑋𝐶 ) = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 ∼ 𝑋𝐶 )2 Ω

𝑉
Impedance, Z= Ω
𝐼
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R-L Series Circuit:

R-C Series Circuit:

PROCEDURE: R-L Series Circuit:

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram shown in fig (1).
2. Apply a suitable voltage by varying variac in steps.
3. Note all Ammeters and voltmeters readings and tabulate.
4. Calculate impedance Z, R, XL, Cos Φ & P.

PROCEDURE: R-C Series Circuit:

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram shown in fig (2).
2. Apply suitable voltage by varying variac in steps
3. Note all Ammeter and voltmeter readings and tabulate.
4. Calculate impedance Z, R, XC, Cos Φ & P.
R-L Series Circuit:
Observation Table:
Sl.No R L VS (V) VR (V) VL(V) I (mA)

1 1KΩ 100mH

2 680Ω 33mH

3 330Ω 10mH

Calculations:

𝐕 𝐕𝐑 𝐕𝐋 Power Factor Power

Z= 𝒔 Ω R= Ω XL= Ω 𝐑
𝐈 𝐈 𝐈
CosΦ = P=V I Cos Φ Watts
𝐙

R-C Series Circuit: Observation Table:

Sl.No R C VS (V) VR (V) VC(V) I (mA)

1 1KΩ 10µF

2 680Ω 4.7µF

3 330Ω 1µF

Calculations:

𝐕 𝐕𝐑 𝐕𝐂 Power Factor Power

Z= 𝒔 Ω R= Ω XC= Ω 𝐑
𝐈 𝐈 𝐈
CosΦ = P=V I cos Φ Watts
𝐙
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Note down the readings carefully.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is AC?
The current whose magnitude and direction remain changing at a definite rate is called AC or
alternating current.
2. What is meant by capacitive reactance?
The opposition offered by a capacitor to the flow of AC through it is called capacitive reactance.
Xc = 1/2πfc
3. What is meant by inductive reactance?
The opposition offered by a coil to the flow of AC through it is called inductive reactance.
XL = 2πfL
4. What is meant by impedance?
Impedance is the total opposition of the circuit to the flow of AC through it due to resistance,
inductance and capacitance or either any two of these three quantities.
5. What is power factor?
It is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current.
It is the ratio of real power to the apparent power.
It is the ratio of resistance to impedance.
6. What is the power factor of pure resistive circuit?
Zero
7. What is the power dissipation of a pure inductive circuit?
Zero
8. What is meant by power factor?
It is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current.
 EXPERIMENT 6
MEASUREMENT OF PHASE VOLTAGE/CURRENT, LINE VOLTAGE/CURRENT AND
POWER IN A BALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUIT CONNECTED IN STAR AND DELTA

AIM: To measure phase voltage/current, line voltage/current and active and reactive power in Star and
Delta connected balanced loads.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO Equipment Range Quantity

1 Digital voltmeter 0-500Volts AC 01
2 Digital ammeter 0-10Amps AC 01
3 Analog wattmeter 0-500V, 5Amps 01
4 R-Load bank. Star/Delta Connected 01
5 Experiment setup --- 01
6 Connecting wires --- As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(Variac)

Fig. 1 Measurement of Three Phase Power Circuit Diagram

PROCEDURE: (For Balanced Loads)
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram for star connected load.
2. Switch ON the supply with help of MCB.
3. Apply voltage using three phase variac up to 400 Volts.
4. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.
5. Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the star Connected load.
6. Now repeat above steps for Delta connected load and note down the readings of various meters.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Star Connection:
Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading Watt meter reading
(Line Voltage) (Line Current) Power(w)
S. No
VL (V) IL (A) W1 W2

CALCULATIONS: Star Connection:

Line Voltage, VL =

Phase Voltage, VPh = VL/√3 =

Line Current I L =

Phase Current, IPh = I L =

Wattmeter reading, W1 =

Wattmeter reading, W2 =

Active Power, P = W1+W2 =

Reactive Power, Q=√3 (W1 -W2) =

Delta Connection:
Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading Watt meter reading
(Line Voltage) (Line Current) Power(w)
S. No
VL (V) IL (A) W1 W2
CALCULATIONS- Delta Connection:
Line Voltage, VL =

Phase Voltage, VPh = VL =

Line Current, I L =

Phase Current, IPh = I L/√3 =

Wattmeter reading, W1 =

Wattmeter reading, W2 =

Active Power, P = W1+W2 =

Reactive Power, Q=√3 (W 1 -W2) =

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose/ wrong connections.

2. Switch off the supply after doing the experiment

RESULT:

LAB VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is Phase Voltage?

2. What is Phase Current?
3. What is Line Voltage?
4. What is Line Current?
5. Write the relation between line and phase values of voltages and currents in star connection.
6. Write the relation between line and phase values of voltages and currents in Delta connection.
7. Write the expression for active power and reactive power in 3Φ system?
 EXPERIMENT-7
O.C AND S.C TEST ON SINGLE- PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM: To calculate the efficiency of a single-phase transformer by conducting OC and SC test.

APPARATUS:
S. No Equipment Type Range Quantity
1
1 Single phase Transformer 1Φ 3 KVA
0-300 V 1
2 Voltmeter M.I
0-60 V 1
0-2 A 1
3 Ammeter M.I
0-10A 1
4 Wattmeter Dynamometer Type 300V,2A, LPF 1
5 Wattmeter Dynamometer Type 150V ,10A, UPF 1
1-phase Variac 0-270 V 1
6
7 Connecting Wire ---- ------ Required

TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS:

S.No Specifications Rating

1 Transformer Rating (in KVA)
2 Voltage on LV (in Volts)
3 LV side current
4 Voltage on HV (in Volts)
5 HV side Current
6 Type (Shell/Core)
7 Frequency (Hz)

Open circuit test:

In open circuit test, usually HV side is kept open and meters are connected on LV side, the ammeter reads the
no load current Io and wattmeter reads the power input Wo. The no load current Io is 2 to 5 %of full load current.
Hence the copper losses at no load are negligible. Wo represents the iron losses or core losses. Iron losses are the sum
of hysteresis and eddy current losses.
Wo=Vo Io CosФo Cos Фo=Wo/ (Vo Io)
IW=Io Cos Фo Iµ=Io Sin Фo
Ro=Vo/Iw Xo=Vo/Iµ
Short circuit test:
This test is performed to determine the equivalent resistance and leakage reactance of the transformer
and copper losses at full load condition. In this test usually LV side is shorted and meters are connected on HV side
A variable low voltage is applied to the HV winding with the help of an auto transformer (Variac). This voltage is
varied till the rated current flows. The voltage applied is 5 to 10% of rated voltage. While the rated current flows in
the windings, the watt meter indicates the full load copper losses at Wsc. But the iron losses at this low voltage are
negligible as compared to the iron losses at rated voltage.
Wsc =full load copper losses = I22 R02
Z02 =Vsc / Isc X02 =√ (Z 022 - R022)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig. 1 OC Test Circuit Diagram

Fig. 2 : SC Test Circuit

 PROCEDURE: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in fig.1
2. By varying single phase variac, the rated input voltage to be applied on low voltage side
of the transformer.
3. Now note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
4. The ammeter indicates the no load current and wattmeter indicates the iron losses.
5. Reduce the voltage to zero by varying the variac and switch off the supply.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram as shown in fig.2
2. Gradually increase the variac voltage till the ammeter reads rated current of the transformer on HV side.
3. Now take down the readings of voltmeter and wattmeter.
4. The ammeter indicates Isc (short circuit current), voltmeter indicates Vsc (short circuit voltage), and
Wattmeter indicates Wsc, copper losses of the transformer at full load condition.
5. Reduce the voltage to zero by varying the variac and switch off the supply.
OBSERVATION TABLE:OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

Multiplication Factor:

Open Circuit Open Circuit Open circuit

Primary Voltage Primary current Power
Vo (volts) Io (Amps) Wo (watts)

SHORT- CIRCUIT TEST:

Multiplication Factor:

Short-Circuit Short-Circuit
Short-Circuit Power
Primary Voltage primary current
WSC (watts)
VSC (volts) ISC (Amps)

CALCULATIONS:
From OC test
(1) Vo= (2) Io= (3) Wo=

Iron losses, Wo= Vo Io cosФo

Wo
cosФo =
VoIo
Vo
Iw=Io CosФo Ro=
Iw
Vo
Iµ=Io SinФo Xo=
Iµ.
 From SC test
(1) Isc= (2) Vsc= (3 Wsc=

Full load copper losses or variable losses, Wsc=Isc2 R02

R02=Wsc/Isc2
Z02=Vsc/Isc
X02=√ (Z022 -R022)
𝑅02
Power factor ,p.f = CosΦ =
𝑍02

Efficiency calculation:

KVA x P.f x100

% Efficiency = X 100
KVA x P.f x100+Iron Losses(w0 )+Full load Copper Losses(𝑊𝑠𝑐 )

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid the loose connections.
2. Avoid connecting of meters directly to the machines.
3. Switch OFF the supply before making the connections.
4. Do not touch the bare conductors.
5. Avoid parallax error while making observations.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a transformer?
2. Why transformer is rated in KVA?
3. What are the various losses present in a transformer?
4. What are the applications of transformer?
5. Why do you prefer to conduct O.C on LV side and SC test on HV side?
6. Why copper losses are negligible in OC test.
 EXPERIMENT-8
MEASUREMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY VOLTAGES, CURRENTS AND POWER
OF A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To measure voltage, current and power in primary and secondary circuits of a single-phase transformer by
loading the transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
Quantity
Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range
Required
1 1ɸ Transformer 230/115V 1 KVA 1

2 Ammeter MI 0-5A 1
0-10A 1
3 Voltmeter MI 0-150V 1
0-300V 1
4 Wattmeter UPF 300V,10A 2
5 1ɸ Variac AC 0-270V 1
6 Resistive Load 5KW 1
7 Connecting Wires As required

THEORY:
A transformer is a static device which transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit
without any change in the frequency. The transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction
between two windings placed on a common magnetic circuit. These two windings are electrically insulated
from each other and also from the core.
NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TRANSFORMER:
Power Rating :
Primary Voltage :
Primary Current :
Secondary Voltage :
Secondary Current :

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Put load in OFF position.
3. Switch on AC supply and gradually increases the voltage with help of variac up to 230V
4. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter on both primary and secondary sides on
no-load.
5. Now switch on the load and increase the load in steps up to full load current. Note down the readings
of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter on primary and secondary for each step.
6. Now reduce the load to zero.
7. Bring back the variac to zero position and switch off the supply.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Primary Side Secondary Side

Sl.NO Current Voltage Input Power Current Voltage Output Power
(I1) A (V1) V (W1) W (I2) A (V2) V (W2) W

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid the loose connections.
2. Avoid connecting of meters directly to the machines.
3. Switch OFF the supply before making the connections.
4. Do not touch the bare conductors.
5. Avoid parallax error while making observations.

RESULTS:
Voltage, Current and power in primary and secondary of a single-phase transformer are measured and
tabulated.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. On what principle the transformer works?.
2. What are the main parts of a transformer?
3. What are the types of transformers?
4. What is the meaning of the KVA rating of a transformer?
5. What is primary winding and secondary winding in transformer?
 EXPERIMENT 9
O.C.C CHARACTERISTICS OF A D.C GENERATOR
Aim: To obtain open circuit characteristics of a dc shunt generator and to plot O.C.C

Apparatus Required:

S.no Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter 0-300V DC 2
2. Ammeter 0-20A DC 1
3. Field regulator 1
4. Tachometer 0-10000RPM 1
5. Rheostat 1

Name plate details:

Terminal Voltage = Power =
Line Current = Field Current =
Speed =

Circuit Diagram:

3- point starter
0-20A

0-300V

0-300V
Procedure:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram as shown in fig1.
2. The motor field rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position.
3. The potential divider supply to the generator field at minimum tapping position.
4. Switch on the supply, the motor is started slowly with help of starter.
5. The speed of the motor is adjusted to its rated speed by increasing the motor field rheostat resistance. This
speed is kept constant throughout the experiment.
6. The value of E 0 at If = 0 is noted . The field current is increased in steps by increasing the tapping of
the potential divider and simultaneously the reading of the field ammeter, voltmeter and voltage
across the armature of generator are noted.
7. The above process is continued until the induced emf comes to saturation.
8. Plot the graph between Ef Vs I f .

Observation Table:

S.no Field Voltage Field current Open circuit voltage

(Vf) ( If ) (EO )

Model Graph:
Precautions:
1. The experiment should be done at constant speed.
2. At zero field current there should be some emf due to residual magnetism in the field poles,
otherwise, the generator field terminals should be reversed.

Result:

Viva Questions & Answers

1) What is O.C.C?
O.C.C is an open circuit characteristic which gives the relation between no load induced EMF in the
armature and field current at a given speed.
2) What do you mean by critical field resistance?
It is defined as the maximum field circuit resistance with to induce an EMF in a shunt machine. (Or)
the value of field circuit resistance where the dc shunt generator fail to excite.
3) What do you mean by critical speed?
It is defined as the minimum required value of speed to excite and induce the emf in a dc generator.
4) What the different types of Generators?
i) Separately exited
ii) Self exited
a) Shunt generator
b) Series generator
c) Compound generator
5) What are the other names for O.C.C?
Open circuit characteristics are also known as magnetic characteristics or no load saturation
characteristics.
6) Why the OCC characteristics does not start from origin ?
Due to residual magnetism.
7) What is the function of the starter in a DC motor?
Starter is used to limit the starting current.
8) How is the OCC at different speed plotted. Why ?
Ef proportional to N
OCC curves of shunt generator are used to determine the rate of change of no-load terminal voltage with
variation of If, and to find the critical speed.
9) What happens when a D.C motor is connected across an A.C supply?
1. The motor will run but it would not carry same load as it would on d.c supply.
2. More sparking at the brushes
3. Eddy currents will be high and will cause overheating and may eventually burn on a.c supply
10) What will happen if the direction of current at the terminals of a D.C Motor is reversed?
The direction of rotation of motor remains same.
 EXPERIMENT NO.10
NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR

AIM:
To draw the No-load characteristics of a three phase Alternator.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC MOTOR AC GENERATOR
Power : Voltage :
Speed : Power :
Armature voltage : Current :
Fieled voltage : Speed :
Armature current : Frequency :
Field Current :

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Three phase Alternator 3-phase ,400V 01
2. Ammeter 0-2 A MC 01
3. Ammeter 0-10/20 A MI 01
4. Voltmeter 0-300/600 V MI 01
5. Rheostat 1450Ω/0.5A WW 01
Rheostat 1450Ω/0.5A or WW
6 1850 Ω/0.5A 01

7 Tachometer 0-9999 rpm 01

8 Connecting wires - -

THEORY:
OCC (Open circuit characteristics): No-Load Characteristics:

For getting the Open Circuit Characteristics of Synchronous Machine, the alternator is first driven at its
rated speed and the open terminal voltage i.e. voltage across the armature terminal is noted by varying the
field current. Thus Open Circuit Characteristic or OCC is basically the plot between the armature terminal
voltage Ef versus field current If while keeping the speed of rotor at rated value. It shall be noted that for
OCC, the final value of Ef shall be 125% of the rated voltage.
This is plotted by running the machine on no load and by noting the values of induced voltage and field
excitation current it is just like B- H curve.
Circuit Diagram:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. The field rheostat of the motor should be at minimum position and field rheostat of the alternator at
maximum position.
3. Switch on the DC supply and start the motor with 3 points starter.
4. Adjust the rheostat of the motor to set the motor-alternator set to the rated speed by increasing the value
of field resistance of the motor circuit.
5. By decreasing the value of rheostat, increasing the field excitation of the alternator, note down the values
of field current and voltage until the rated voltage reached by increasing the field current gradually to 0.5
amperes.
6. Bring back the field rheostat to the initial position i.e field rheostat of the motor to minimum position and
that of alternator to maximum position respectively before switching off the supply.
7. Plot the graph between field current and voltage.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl.NO Field current, If (A) No-Load Line voltage, No-load Phase Voltage
VL (V) Vph=VL/√3
Model Graph:

Precautions:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Note down the readings without parallax error.

Result:
No-load characteristics of 3 phase alternator is plotted.