Department of Electronics &

Communication Engineering

LAB MANUAL
SUBJECT: BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB

B. Tech Year: - 1st Semester: - 1st &2nd

(Branch: ECE/EE/CSE/ME/CE)

Bhubaneswar College of Engineering

Khajuria, Jankia, Khordha-752020

CONTENTS
SL. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1. Introduction

2. General information

2.1 General discipline in the lab

2.2 Attendance
2.3 Preparation and performance
2.4 Lab reports
2.5 Precaution
3. Details of Experiments

Index

3.1 Experiment-1
Familiarization with electronic components (Active and Passive)
and amplifiers, Electronic equipment (Multimeters, CROs and
Function Generators).
3.2 Experiment-2
Study of the V-I characteristics of P-N junction diode and
amplifier; Calculate DC and AC resistance.
3.3 Experiment-3
Construction of half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier circuit
(with and without filter).; study of their output waveforms by
CRO and calculation of efficiency and ripple factor.
3.4 Experiment-4
a) Construction of positive, negative and biased clipper circuits
& amp; study of their output waveforms by CRO.
b) Construction of positive and negative clamper circuits &
study of their output waveforms by CRO.
3.5 Experiment-5
Design of inverting and non–inverting amplifiers using Op-Amp
for a given gain with the help of breadboard and distinct
components.
3.6 Experiment-6
Study and realization of logic gates. (Truth table verification)
 GENERAL INSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION:

Basic Electronics lab is a well-equipped laboratory of Electronics and

Telecommunication Engg. Department. This lab is compulsory for BTECH students of
CSE, IT, ME, ETC & EE Engg. This laboratory provides an opportunity to enhance the
practical knowledge through its various experiments to be performed by the students. The
list of experiments to be performed is in accordance with BPUT, ORISSA. Most of the
experiments have engineering application and are the integral part of the engineering
curriculum. This lab manual describes the details of the experiments to be performed in
the 1st and 2nd semester by the students.

GENERAL INFORMATION:

The purpose of conducting experiments can be stated as follows:

 To get familiarization with the basic components, devices, electronic instruments,
modules, kits etc. used for conducting instrumentation circuits.
 Circuit drawing using standard symbols as practiced in Instrumentation
Technology.
 Making proper connection in the experimental kits/modules as per the circuit
diagram and connection of appropriate power supply for energizing the circuits.
 Conducting experiments as per the guidelines and writing of results of
observation.
 Verification of theoretical results through graphs or calculations.
 Hands on experience on the experimental setup.

GENERAL DISCIPLINE IN LAB:

 Students must turn up in time and contact concerned faculty for the experiment
they are supposed to perform.
 Students will not be allowed after ten minutes from the scheduled time.
 Attendance in the laboratory is compulsory. For any absence, students have to
write an application with sufficient reasons and proof as per the BPUT rules and
regulation & may be allowed with permission of concerned HOD.
 Students will not leave the class till the period is over.
 Students should come prepared for their experiment with lab record.
 Experimental results should be entered in the lab. Record and certified /signed by
concerned faculty/lab instructor.
  Students must get the connection of experimental setup verified before switching
on the power supply.
 After the experiment is over, the experimental kits/modules. Measuring tools and
any other tools for the experiments should be returned to the lab instructor.
 Students should maintain silence while performing the experiments. If necessity
arises for discussion amongst them, they should discuss with a very low pitch
without disturbing the adjacent groups.
 Students should not unnecessarily fiddle with the instruments knob or any other
pot. In the instruments which may disturb the calibration accuracy, range or zero
etc.
 Violating the above code of conduct may attract disciplinary action.

ATTENDANCE:

PREPARATION AND PERFORMANCE:

 Students should come to the lab thoroughly prepared on the experiments they are
assigned to perform on that day.
 Faculty may check their preparation and understanding of the experiments. If not
found satisfactory, students may be debarred from doing the experiments.
 Students should record the experimental results and observation in the lab.
Record.
 Students must bring the Record (fair and rough) on each practical class with
written records of the last experiments performed complete in all respect.
 Students without Record will not be allowed to do the experiments and hence
loose their attendance.
 Any instrument damaged or tools lost during experiments may attract punishment
in the form of fine or suspension from class.

LAB REPORTS:

 Each student is required to write a complete report of the experiment he/she has
performed and bring to lab class for evaluation in the next working lab.
 Report should be written very clearly and lab record should be maintained neatly.
 The lab must contain the following
 Duly completed title page.
 Each report should include connection diagram (where applicable), graphs,
trace papers, equations, calculations, flow charts etc.
 Standard symbols should be used to draw the diagrams.
  Calculations and comparison with appropriate equations and comments.
 Observation can be included explaining your experience in conducting the
experiments.
.

PRECAUTION:-

 Before giving power supply circuit is connected properly

 Any types of short circuits is avoided
 Any types of loose connection is avoided
 The frequency of the signal generator changed smoothly.
 Any type of parallax error in measurement is avoided.
 BHUBANESWAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

Branch: ECE/CSE/EE/ME/CE Sem:1st/2nd

EXPERIMENT NO:-1(a)
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

Familiarization with electronic components (Active and Passive) and amplifiers,

Electronic equipment (Multimeters, CROs and Function Generators).

APPARATUS REQUERED:-
i) Multimeter
ii) Function Generator
iii) Resistor (for colour code)
iv) Capacitor
v) Pot.
vi) LED
vii) Diode
viii) Transistor (Metal & Plastic case)
ix) IC

THEORY:-

RESISTOR-
Types of Resistor-Resistor may be classified as Fixed and variable resistors Fixed
type Resistors are like wire wound resistor, carbon composition, cermet resistor, flim
type, fusible resistor, etc.

Wire Wound Resistor-

A wire made of tungsten is wound round an insulating core. The core is usually a
material like bakelite or cement. The resistance is determined by the length & cross
section of the wire. For Wire Wound Resistor the resistance values is from 1ohms to
several thousand ohms & power rating is 5W to 100W or more.

Carbon- Composition Resistor-

The resistance material in such resistor is powered carbon or graphite mixed

with a powered insulating material which act as a binder.Carbon resistor are available
with resistance values from 1Ω to 20MΩ & power ratings 1/10,1/8,1/4,1/2,1& 2W.
Cermet Resistor-
A carbon coating is fired into a ceramic substrate to get a cermet resistor. Such
resistor has a precise resistance value & greater stability than carbon resistor.

Flim type Resistor-

These are of two kind viz., Carbon-film type & metal –film type. The advantage
of a film type is that its resistance is more precise than that of carbon composition type.

Fusible Resistor-
A wire wound resistor can be made of such a material that when the specified
power rating is exceeded it burns & opens the circuit. Such a resistor therefore acts both
as a resistor & as a fuse.

CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE:-
Resistor colour coding
Black---- 0
Brown--- 1
Red--- 2
Orange--- 3
Yellow--- 4
Green--- 5
Blue--- 6
Violet--- 7
Grey--- 8
White--- 9

Resistor Tolerance-
The actual resistance of a resistor usually differ somewhat from the value marked
on the resistor .this variation is called tolerance. It is usually given as a percentage.
For Gold → ±5%
Silver→ ±10%
No Colour → ±20%

Value of Resistance, R=AB*10c + D%

Where A=First significant band
B=Second significant band
C=Third significant band
D=Tolerance band
CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE :
Sl No Calculated Resistance Measured Resistance Remark

(Symbol)

POTENTIOMETERS-
A Potentiometer is a three terminal device. It is generally called a POT for short.
The variable resistors can be used as a POT. The ends are connected across voltage
source.

CAPACITOR-
A capacitor is a device for storing electrical energy & releasing them whenever
desired. The ability of a capacitor to store energy is called capacitance.

Types of Capacitors-
Capacitor may be of fixed or variable capacitance types. Fixed Capacitors may be
of several kinds.

Mica Capacitor –
A mica capacitor consists of a number of mica sheets separated by sheets metal
foil. The plates are connected to two terminals .The whole system is enclosed in a plastic
insulating case. Mica capacitors can withstand large variations in temp. The leakage
current is very small.

Paper Capacitor-
A paper capacitor consists of two rolls of tinfoil separated by tissue paper as
insulator. Paper capacitor are used when the capacitance requirement is between 0.05μF
&1μF

Ceramic Capacitor-
It a ceramic capacitor the dielectric is earth fired to a very high temperature. The
size of the ceramic capacitor is much smaller than a paper capacitor.
The ceramic capacitor is often used for temp. Compensation .i.e. to increase or decrease
the capacitance with rise of temp.

Electrolytic Capacitor-
 In an electrolytic capacitor a pad of absorbent gauze soaked in a suitable
electrolyte such as borax is held between two aluminum electrodes.
Though the electrolyte is wet the capacitor can be mounted in any position . To
form a capacitor during manufacture a dc voltage is applied between the two aluminium
electrodes.
An electrolytic capacitor of the same size as a 0.1 μF paper capacitor may have a
capacitance of 1000 μF or more. Voltage rating of the electrolytic capacitor is of the
order of 450V.
Electrolytic capacitors are used in circuits in which we have both dc & ac.
C

(Symbol of capacitor)

PN JUNCTION DIODE-
A PN Junction is formed by one p-type& one n-type semiconductor material. A
PN junction diode is also known as semiconductor diode.
The ideal diode has a property that it conducts very well in one direction & very
poorly in opposite direction. The diode act as a perfect conductor when forward biased &
as a perfect insulator when reversed biased.
D1
DIODE

(Symbol)

ZENER DIODE-
A diode which exhibits the zener effect is called a Zener diode. A p-n diode
breaks down at the breakdown voltage due to the avalanche effect. Breakdown voltage
can be reduced by using zener diode & the doping is heavy even through the voltage is
low, & this effect is called Zener Effect.

D1
ZENER

(Symbol)
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES(LED)-

LEDs that emit infra-red radiation are used in burglar alarms.LEDs emitting
visible light are used in appliances which contain character displays & graphic displays.
The LED is operated in the forward biased condition. When operated in the
reverse direction it emits no light. Thus the LED act as a light switch emitting light when
in the forward bias position & being dark when in the reverse bias position.

L ED1

(Symbol)

TRANSISTOR-

BJT
A transistor consists of a germanium or silicon crystal with three separate
regions. Middle one is called base, & the other two are called emitter & collector. There
are two types of transistors viz., NPN type & PNP type. There are two PN Junction in a
transistor.
In a junction transistor both majority & minority carriers are involved in its
operation. Therefore junction transistor is called bipolar junction transistor (BJT).

Q1 Q2
PNP NPN

(PNP-Transistor Symbol) (NPN-Transistor Symbol)

FET
FET is the field effect transistor, it has also three terminals gate, drain & source.
FET is said to be a unipolar device. Basically FETs are two types one is Junction field
effect transistor (JFET) & another is the Metal Oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET).
 Q1 Q2
NJFET PJFET

(N-Channel JFET) (P-Channel JFET)

Q1 Q2
2N3796 PMOS

(N-Channel DMOSFET) (P-Channel DMOSFET)

Q1
2N3796 Q2
IRF9510

(N-Channel EMOSFET) (P-Channel EMOSFET)

MULTIMETER-
Multimeter is a device which is used for multi-function, like it can measure
voltage, resistance of a resistor, it can detect the type of a transistor; it can measure the
value of β of a transistor etc.
A millimeter is basically a PMMC meter .To measure dc current the meter acts as
an ammeter with a low series resistance. A multimeter consists of a dc millimeter, a dc
voltmeter, an ac voltmeter, a micro ammeter & an ohmmeter.

IC-
An IC(Integrated Circuit) is one in which circuit components such as transistors,
diodes, resistors, capacitors etc are automatically part of a small semiconductor chip. The
size of an IC is extremely small .No components of an IC are seen to project above the
surface of the chip.
 U1
555

Gnd Vcc
Trg Dis
Out Thr
Rst Ctl

CONCLUSION:-

The components are tested & defective components are identified. The resistance
of Registers is found out from colour codes & they match to the measured values.

BHUBANESWAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

Branch: ECE/CSE/EE/ME/CE Sem: 1st/2nd

EXPERIMENT NO:-1(b)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Familiarization with electronic components (Active and Passive) and amplifiers,

Electronic equipments (Millimeters, CROs and Function Generators)

APPARATUS REQUERED:
i) CRO
ii) CRO probes
iii) Function generator

THEORY:-

The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is probably the most versatile tool for the
development of electronic circuits & systems.

The CRO allows the amplitude of electrical signals, whether they are in the form
of voltage, current or power, to be displayed as a function of time.

The CRO depends on the movement of an electron beam, which is impinged on

the screen coated with a fluorescent material, to produce a visible spot.
 If the electron beam is deflected on both the conventional axes, i.e. X-axis & Y-
axis, a two dimensional display is produced.

Basic Block Diagram of CRO

Input
Vertical Delay
Amplifier Line

Trigger circuit Time Base Horizontal

Generator Amplifier High -ve
Voltage
Low
Voltage +ve

Electron Gun
CRT

Cathode ray oscilloscope is used view the wave form and make study of
them.CRT(Cathode ray tube) is the heart of CRO providing visual display of an input
signal wave form.

A CRT contains four basic parts.

i) An electron gun to produce a stream of electrons. Electron gun emits electron & form
them into beam consists of a heater, a grid, a pre-accelerating anode, a focusing anode,
& an accelerating anode.
ii) Focusing and accelerating elements to produce a well defined beam of electron.
iii) Horizontal and vertical deflection plates to control the path of the electron beam.
Horizontal deflection plate mounted vertically in the tube & by applying proper potential
it will move the beam in horizontal plane from left to right Vertical deflection plate
mounted horizontally in the tube .By applying proper potential to this plate it will
produce an electric field in vertical plane & hence the electron beam can be made to
move up & down vertically in the flouresant screen.

iv) An evacuated glass envelope with a phosphorous coated screen, which glows visibly
when struck by electron beam.

Glass Envelope-It is a conical highly evacuated glass having vacuum inside& support the
various electrodes. The inner wall of CRT between neck & screen are coated with
aquadag, which is a conducting material. The coating is connected with accelerating
anode to catch the accidentally striking electrons & returns to the anode. This prevents
the wall of the tube from charging to a high –ve potential.

Vertical Amplifier
This is wide band amplifier used to amplify the signals in the vertical section.

Horizontal Amplifier
Horizontal Amplifier is used to amplify the saw tooth voltage before it is applied
to Horizontal deflection plates.

Delay Line-
It is used to delay the signal for some time in vertical sections.

Time Base-
It is used to generate the saw tooth voltage required to deflect the beam in the
horizontal section.

Trigger Circuit
This is used to convert the incoming signal into trigger pulses so that the input
signal and the sweep frequency can be synchronized.
 Output Wave

CALCULATION

Amplitude of Input signal = No. of vertical divisions * Volt/division = ____ V

Time period of Input signal = No of horizontal divisions * Time/ division = ____mS
Frequency of Input signal = 1/T = ____ Hz

CONCLUSION:

CRO is one of the most useful measuring & testing instrument both in industry as
well as research work. In this experiment we study the different features of CRO & get
familiar with the measurement of different parameter of a signal.
 BHUBANESWAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

Branch: ECE/CSE/EE/ME/CE Sem:1st/2nd

EXPERIMENT NO: -2

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

Study of the V-I characteristics of P-N junction diode and amplifier; Calculate DC
and AC resistance.

APPARATUS REQUERED:
i) Diode IN4007
ii) Resistance 1K ohm
iii) Bread board
iv) Multimeter
v) Jumpers

THEORY:-

i) Forward bias:-

When the p-type is connected to the positive terminal and n-type to the negative
terminal, is said to be forward biased. During this the voltage barrier is reduced. At some
forward voltage the potential barrier is eliminated and current starts flowing in the circuit.

ii) Reverse bias:-

 When the p-type is connected to the negative terminal and n-type to the positive
terminal, it is said to be reverse biased. During this the voltage barrier is increased to a
great extend and practically no current flows through the circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

(Forward Bias) (Reverse Bias)

PROCEDURE;-

 Connect the circuit on the breadboard as shown in the diagram.

 Connect an ammeter in series to measure the current and voltmeter in parallel to
measure the voltage across the diode and resistor.
 Change the voltage of Vin from 0.1 V to 30V forward bias and take V DF and VR
readings.
 Then calculate IDF = VR / R.
 Change the value of Vin from 1 V to 30V for reverse bias and take V DR and IDR
readings.
 Plot the graph between VD vs ID.
OBSERVATION:-
FORWARD BIAS:-

No. OF Vin (Volt) VDF (Volt) VR (Volt) IDF = VR / R

OBSERVATIONS (mA)
1 0.1
2 0.2
3 0.3

10

30

REVERSE BIAS:-

No. OF Vin (Volt) VDR (Volt) IDR (A)

OBSERVATIONS
1 1
2 2
3 5

10

15

20

25

30

GRAPH:- VDR(volt)

IDF
(mA) IDR(A)
 VDF(volt)
(Forward Bias) (Reverse Bias)

CONCLUSION:-

From the above experiment we get the forward and reverse bias curve (V –I) for
a semiconductor diode.

BHUBANESWAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

Branch: ECE/CSE/EE/ME/CE Sem:1st/2nd

EXPERIMENT NO:-3

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

Construction of half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier circuit (with and

without filter).; study of their output waveforms by CRO and calculation of efficiency
and ripple factor.

APPARATUS REQUERED:
i) Rectifier kit
ii) CRO
iii) CRO probes
iv) Jumpers

THEORY:-

Rectifier-

The electric power available is usually an ac supply. The supply voltage varies
sinusoidally & has a freq of 50 Hz. But there are many applications e.g. electronics
circuit where dc supply is needed. Rectifier is a device that converts ac to dc signal.

The following two rectifier circuits can be possible.

i) Half-Wave Rectifier
ii) Full- Wave Rectifier
Half –Wave Rectifier

In half-wave rectification ,the rectifier conducts current only during the positive
half-cycles of input ac supply .The negative half-cycles of the input ac supply are
suppressed i.e .during negative half-cycles ,no current is conducted and hence no voltage
appears across the load. Therefore, current always flows in one direction through after
every half cycle.

A single diode is act as a half –wave rectifier .The ac supply is given through a
transformer. The use of transformer permits two advantages. Firstly, it allows us to step
up or step down as per the demands. secondly the transformer isolates the rectifier circuit
from power line & thus reduce the risk of electric shock.

In case of the Half wave rectification the average value or the dc voltage is determined by
Vdc = 0.318 Vm

If the effect of using Si diode with Vt = 0.7 v is demonstrated for the forward bias region
then
Vdc = 0.318 (Vm- Vt).

The peak – inverse-voltage (PIV) rating of the half- wave rectification is must equal or
exceed the peak value of the applied voltage.
Therefore

PIV rating ≥ Vm (Half – wave Rectification)

The process of removing one – half of the input signal to establish a dc level is aptly
called half wave Rectification

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:-

In full wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current during both half cycle of
the input ac supply. Two circuits are commonly used. Centre tap and Bridge type full
wave rectifier.

Centre tap- Full Wave Rectifier

In Centre tap Full-wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current during both
the half-cycles of input ac supply. The Center tap transformer is used. Here two diodes
are used.One for the positive half & another is for the negative half-cycles of the input ac
supply i.e .during both the half-cycles , current will flow in the same direction and
hence voltage appears across the load.

Incase of the Centre tap- Full wave rectification the average value or the dc voltage is
determined by
 Vdc = 0.636 Vm

If the effect of using Si diode with Vt = 0.7 v is demonstrated for the forward bias region
then
Vdc = 0.636 (Vm-2 Vt).

The peak – inverse-voltage (PIV) rating of the Centre tap- Full - wave rectification is
must equal or exceed the peak value of the applied voltage.

Therefore PIV rating ≥2 Vm ( Centre tap- Full -wave Rectification)

Bridge type –Full Wave Rectifier

In Bridge type Full-wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current during both
the half-cycles of input ac supply. The transformer is used for step up or step down.
Here four diodes are used which form a bridge. For each half cycle two diodes are
in forward bias & two are in reversed bias & i.e .during both the half-cycles, current will
flow in the same direction across the load resistor and hence voltage appears across the
load.

In case of the Bridge type Full wave rectification the average value or the dc voltage is
determined by
Vdc = 0.636 Vm

If the effect of using Si diode with Vt = 0.7 v is demonstrated for the forward bias region
then
Vdc = 0.636 (Vm- 2Vt).

The peak – inverse-voltage (PIV) rating of the Bridge type Full-wave rectification is must
equal or exceed the peak value of the applied voltage.
Therefore

PIV rating ≥ Vm ( Bridge type Full-wave Rectification)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
 (Half Wave Rectifier)

(Half wave rectifier with capacitive load)

 (Full wave center tapped)

(Full wave Bridge rectifier)

PROCEDURE:-
 Connect the circuit connection as per the diagram with the help of jumpers.
 Give the ac supply to the transformer.
 Take the output across the load resistor then with the combinations of resistor and
capacitor.
 Take the input and output trace by the help of CRO.
 Measure Vm value and measure its r.m.s and average value.
CALCULATION:-
HALF – WAVE

Vm = ----- V
Vrms = 0.5 Vm=Vm/2
Vav = 0.31 Vm=Vm/

FULL – WAVE

Vm = ---- V
Vrms = 0.707 Vm
Vav = 0.636 Vm

CONCLUSION:-

From the above experiment we conclude that the ac voltage is rectified by the
help of the rectifier and we get a unidirectional dc voltage by the help of the filter with
the ripple got minimized.

BHUBANESWAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

Branch: ECE/CSE/EE/ME/CE Sem:1st/2nd

EXPERIMENT NO:-4

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

(A) Construction of positive, negative and biased Clipper circuit & amp; study
of their output waveform by CRO.
(B) Construction of positive, negative and biased Clamper circuit & amp;
study of their output waveform by CRO.

APPARATUS:
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
  DC Power Supply.
 Breadboard, Diodes, Capacitors and Resistor.
THEORY:
This experiment studies the applications of the diode in the clipping & clamping
operations.

Clipper Circuits:
The Figure (l) shows a biased clipper, for the diode to turn in the input voltage
must be greater +V, when V m is greater than +V, the diode acts like a closed
switch (ideally) & the voltage across the output equals +V, this output stay sat
+V as long as the input voltage exceeds +V. When the input voltage is less than
+V , the diode opens and the circuit acts as a voltage divider, as usual, RL should
be much greater than R, in this way, most of input voltage appears across the
output. The output waveforms of Figure (1) summarize the circuit action. The
biased clipper removes all signals above the (+V) level.

Clamper Circuits:
A clamper does is adding a DC component to the signal. In Figure (2) the input
signal is a sine wave, the clamper pushes the signal upward, so that the negative
peaks fall on the 0V level. As can see, the shape of the original signal is
preserved, all that happen is a vertical shift of the signal. We described an output
signal for a positive dampen-On the Figure (2) represents a positive clamper
ideally here how it is works. On the first negative half cycle of input voltage, the
diode turns on. At the negative peak, the capacitor must charge to V p with polarity
shown. Slightly beyond the negative peak, the diode shunts off.

PROCEDURE:
Clipping Circuit:
1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure (3).
2. Ensure that the variable DC is at minimum and the source is at10V P.P.
3. Observe and Sketch the input and output waveforms.
4. Increase the variable DC voltage to 4V, and notice to what voltage are the
positive peaks chopped off, sketch the waveforms.

Clamping Circuit:
1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure (4).
2. Ensure the variable DC is at minimum.
3. Setthesinewavegeneratorfrequencyto1KHzanditsoutputamplitudeto10V P.P
 4. Observe and sketch the input waveform with the variable DC at minimum, Sketch
the output waveform.

Discussion:
1. What happened if the DC voltage in the clamping circuit is replaced by an a.c
source?
2. What is the relationship between the clipping level and the DC voltage?
3. If the variable DC source is reversed, how does this affect the clipping?
4. Iftheinputvoltage10VP.P,sketch the output of the circuit shown below.
CONCLUSION:-
From the above experiment we analyzed the circuit diagram by performing the
experiment and plot the waveform of clipper and clamper circuit.

BHUBANESWAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Branch: ECE/CSE/EE/ME/CE Sem:1st/2nd

EXPERIMENT NO:-5
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-
a) Study of OP-AMP in inverting and Non-inverting mode.
b) OP-AMP used as integrator and differentiator.
APPARATUS REQUERED:-
1) 741 IC
2) Resistance 1K, 10 K, 4.7K ohm
3) Bread Board
4) Function Generator
5) Connecting Wires
6) CRO
7) Capacitor-0.01F,0.005F
THEORY

An OP-AMP is a direct-coupled high-gain amplifier usually consisting of one or

more differential amplifier & usually followed by a level translator & an o/p stage. The
o/p stage is generally a push-pull or push-pull complimentary symmetry pair.

An OP-AMP is available as a single integrated circuit package.

Diff. type of application of OP-AMP is

- Inverting amplifier
- Non – inverting amplifier
- OP-AMP as differentiator.
- OP-AMP used as integrator

INVERTING OP-AMP.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

(Inverting Op-amp.)

The current i through the resistance R1is i1 =

V/R1

The current through the resistance Rf is i2= -

Vo/Rf

Applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law at virtual ground point, i1=i2

=> V/R1= -Vo/Rf

=> Av= Vo/V= -Rf/R1

PROCEDURE:-
 Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Connect the power supply (0.5v, 1 KHz) from the function generator for Vi.
 Observe the output in CRO for Vo.
 Trace out input and output waveforms.
 Calculate the practical gain from the trace.
 Compare theoretical gain and practical gain.

OBSERVATION:-
No. of obs. Input Voltage gain Theoretical
voltage in = (Vo / Vi) voltage gain
volts = (- Rf / R1)
1
2
3
4

NON-INVERTING OP-AMP

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

(Non-inverting Op-amp.)

If the current flowing through the OP-AMP is negligible, its i/p impedance is very large.
Applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law

(Vo-Vs1) /Rf = Vs1 /R1

=>Av = Vo /Vs1 = 1+ Rf/R1

PROCEDURE:-
 Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Connect the power supply (0.5v, 1 kHz) from the function generator for Vi.
 Observe the output in CRO for Vo.
 Trace out input and output waveforms.
 Calculate the practical gain from the trace.
 Compare theoretical gain and practical gain.

NON- INVERTING AMPLIFIER

No. of obs. Input Voltage gain Theoretical

voltage in = (Vo / Vi) voltage gain
volts =1+ (Rf/ R1)
1
2
3
4

INTEGRATOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

(Integrator)
The current flowing through the resistor R1 ,i = Vin /R1

The i/p impedance of the OPAMP being infinite ,the current flows through the feedback
capacitor to produce the o/p ,Vo

Vo = -1/C ∫ i dt = - 1/RC ∫ Vin dt

PROCEDURE:-
 Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Give the input at pin no.2 both sine and square wave of amplitude 1v and
frequency 1 KHz one by one.
 Observe the output in CRO. Trace the i/p & o/p wave forms.

DIFFERENTIATOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

(Differentiator)

The charge on the capacitor C is

Q=C Vin

 Vin = Q/C
Differentiating both side with respect to time, we obtain

 dVin/dt =1/C (dQ/dt) = i /C

 Vo = - CR (dVin/dt)

PROCEDURE:-
 Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Give the input at pin no.2 both sine and square wave of amplitude 1v and
frequency 1 kHz one by one.
 Observe the output in CRO. Trace i/p & o/p wave forms.

CONCLUSION:-
From the above experiment we found that the voltage gain of inverting
amplifier is -----------. The voltage gain of non-inverting amplifier is -----------. Also we
have studied how differentiation and integration action takes place with the help of OP-
AMP.
 BHUBANESWAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Branch: ECE/CSE/EE/ME/CE Sem:1st/2nd

EXPERIMENT NO:-6
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

Study and realization of logic gates. (Truth Table verification)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

a) Bread Board b) Jumpers

c) IC 74LS00 (NAND) d) IC 74LS02 (NOR)
e) IC 74LS04 (NOT) f) IC 74LS08 ( AND)
g) IC 74LS32 (OR ) h) IC 74LS86 (EX-OR)

THEORY:-

A digital circuit with one or more i/p signals but only one o/p signal is called a
logic gate. The three basic logic gates that make up all digital circuits are

i) OR gate
ii) AND gate
iii) NOT gate
iv) NAND gate
v) NOR gate
vi) XOR gate
vii) BUFFER gate
viii) XNOR gate

NAND & NOR gates are called Universal gate because any other gate can be
realized by using this two gates.

OR GATE

The OR gate is the combinational logic circuit, which has only one out put & many i/ps.
Its o/p is equal to high or logic 1 if any one of the i/p is high or logic 1.

Truth Table
Inputs output

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

U1A

Logic symbol

For 2-i/p OR Gate IC 74LS32 is used.

 (Pin Diagram)

AND GATE

AND Gate is for Multiplication. If both i/ps are high or logic 1 then only the o/p is high
or logic 1 & for all other case o/p is low or logic 0.

Truth Table

Inputs output

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

U1A

(Logical Symbol)

For 2-i/p AND Gate IC 74LS08 is used.

 (Pin Diagram)

NOT GATE

Not gate is also called as inverter, output is the compliment of the input.
It has only one input & one output.

Truth Table

Input(A) Output Y=A’

0 1
1 0

U1A

(Logical Symbol)
 (Pin Diagram)

NAND GATE

The NAND gate is the combination of a NOT gate & an AND gate.The output is 1 when
any one of the input is o .

Truth Table

Inputs output

A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

U1A

(Logical Symbol)

For 2-i/p NAND Gate IC 74LS00 is used.

 (Pin Diagram)

NOR-GATE

The NOR gate is the combinational logic circuit, which has only one output & many i/ps.
The NOR gate is the combination of a NOT gate & an OR gate. The output is 0 when any
one of the input is 1

Truth Table

Inputs output

A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

U1A

(Logical Symbol)
 For 2-i/p NOR Gate IC 74LS02 is used.

(Pin Diagram)
XOR GATE

In this gate the output is logic 0, when both the input are same, otherwise the output is
logic 1.

Truth Table

Inputs output

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

U1A

(Logical Symbol)

For 2-i/p XOR Gate IC 74LS86 is used.

 (Pin Diagram)

BUFFER GATE

Output is the same as the input.

It has only one input & one output.

Truth Table

Input(A) Output Y=A

0 0
1 1

U1A

(Logical Symbol)

XNOR GATE
In this gate the output is logic 1, when both the input are same, otherwise the output is
logic 0.

Truth Table

Inputs output

A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

U1A

(Logical Symbol)

PROCEDURE:

 Take an IC; place it in the bread board after identifying its pin numbers.

 Connect the i/p pins to i/p switches of bread board & o/p pins to the o/p.LEDs

 Give i/p as there in the truth table and check the o/p.

OBSERVATION FOR THE TRUTH TABLE:-

A B Y= AB Y= (AB)' Y = A+B Y= (A+B)' Y=A(XOR)B

AND NAND OR NOR
0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
A Y= A'
NOT
0 1
1 0

PIN DIAGRAM:

 Each IC Package contains four individual gates except NOT gates.

 NOT gate IC package contains six individual gates.

CONCLUSION:
The truth table of various Logic gates is verified.