Final Manual III Sem EEE Chemical Lab

SRI SIVASUBRAMANIYA NADAR
COLLEGEOFENGINEERING
(Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Rajiv Gandhi Salai (OMR), Kalavakkam - 603110.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
Laboratory Manual
UEE2371 - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
September 2023
Name: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Register Number: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _
Branch/Semester: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Batch Number: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
Electrical Engineering Laboratory
Subject Code: UEE2371

Regulation: R2021
Class: II Year / III Semester
B.TECH.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Prepared By
Dr. Sajjan Kumar Dr. P. Saravanan
Assistant Professor, Associate Professor,

EEE, SSNCE EEE, SSNCE
ii
GENERAL SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS
1. While performing experiments in the Electrical Machine Laboratory, you must follow
stringent safety rules and precautionary measures for your own safety as well as for the
safety of your co-workers. Always remember that you are working at voltage levels
much higher compared to normal working voltage.
2. Don’t attempt to enter the lab except when asked for and accompanied by concerned
Lab Staff / Instructors.
3. You must tuck in your shirt and wear an overcoat.
4. For reasons of safety, every student must come to the laboratory in shoes (covering the
whole feet).
5. It is unsafe for the students to come to the laboratory wearing garments with parts that
that hang about loosely and as such the lab users are requested to avoid wearing
garments with loose hanging parts. Students should preferably wear half-sleeve shirts
wherever possible.
6. The students should also ensure that the floor around the machine is clear and dry (not
oily) to avoid slipping. Please report immediately to the lab staff on seeing any coolant
/ oil spillage.
7. Instruments and tools will be issued from the Lab Staff / Instructors. Every student
must produce his identity card for this purpose. Tools, etc. must be returned to the Lab
Staff / Instructors on the same day after work hours.
8. The student should take the permission and guidance of the Lab Staff / Instructors
before operating any machine. Do not attempt to operate any equipment yourself
without the permission of the concerned teachers / instructors. You should never be
casual while in the lab. Be careful that you don’t operate any button etc. by mistake: it
may lead to serious mal operation and hazards. Unauthorized usage of any machine
without prior guidance may lead to fatal accidents and injury.
9. Always maintain sufficient distance from the live objects to avoid electrical shock due to
induction.
10. Before taking entry in the lab, always double check that all the apparatus and equipment
are disconnected from supply and are properly grounded.
11. Use the ground rod to earth all apparatus before putting hands on them.
12. The student must not lean on the machine or take any kind of support of the machine at
any point in time. If found leaning on a machine without proper reasons serious action
would be taken.
iii
ATTENDANCE:
1. Every time you come to the laboratory class, you must come with your record notebook,
observation notebook, calculators etc.
2. You must attend the lab. at the stroke of the bell in the laboratory.
3. You must give your attendance. You must submit your records. You must show the day's
experiment's circuit diagram and get it signed. You must occupy the respective
worktable of the machine. Collect required meters etc as per indent slip.
MAKING CONNECTIONS:
1. Start giving connections as per the circuit diagram from one side of the circuit.
2. Series circuits are to be only given first, with the help of power wires.
3. Make parallel connections, namely voltmeters last using silk wires.
4. Terminals of the meters should not be used as junction points. There should not be any
loose connection. Thoroughly check the connections and keep re rheostat positions
suitable for starting. Also keep all meters in such a way to read the readings
conveniently. Call staff to check the connections.
DOING EXPERIMENTS:
1. Start the experiment as per the procedure. First check for the direction of rotation in case
of machines and deflection of meters.
2. If any of the things are wrong, then SWITCH OFF and modify the connections. Inform
the staff and then START.
OBSERVATION:
1. Enter all readings in the tabulation. Note down the multiplication factor of any meter
immediately.
2. During load test on motors, the needle of the spring balances may be vibrating.
3. Arrest gently the vibration and take the reading.
4. At the time of overloading, the readings are to be taken quickly.
5. Pour water in the brake drum before starting the load test (mechanical load) on motor.
CALCULATION:
Calculate all required quantities and enter in tabulation. Units are VERY IMPORTANT.
Draw the necessary graphs. Write the result. Show it to the staff to get signature.
RECORD:
1. As the name Implies, it is a record: PERMANENT RECORD for reference. Write neatly.
2. Bring the record for submission during the next lab class.
3. Laboratory reports should be submitted by 1the students on the next working day. These
have associated grades.
iv
ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS
• Avoid wearing any loose metallic rings, straps, or bangles, as they are likely to
provedangerous at times.
• Before entering the laboratory class, you must be well prepared for the experiment that
you are going to do on that day.
• You must bring the related textbook, which may deal with the relevant experiment.
• Get the circuit diagram approved with correct meter & fuse ratings.
• Get the reading verified. Then inform the technician so that the supply to the worktable
canbe switched off.
• You must get the observation note corrected within two days from the date of completion
of the experiment. Write the answer for all the discussion questions in the observation
note.
• If not, marks for concerned observation will be proportionately reduced.
• If you miss any practical class due to unavoidable reasons, intimate the staff in charge
and do the missed experiment in the repetition class.
• Such of those students who fail to put in a minimum of 75% attendance in the laboratory
class will run the risk of not being allowed for the University Practical Examination.
• Avoid wearing any loose metallic rings, straps, or bangles, as they are likely to
provedangerous at times.
• Girls should put their plait inside their overcoat.
• Acquire a good knowledge of the surroundings of your worktable. Know where the
various live points are situated in your table.
• In case of any unwanted things happening, immediately switch off the mains in the
worktable. The same must be done when there is a power break during the experiment
being carried out.
• Avoid carrying too many instruments at the same time.
• Avoid using water hydrants for electrical fires.
v
UEE2371 - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
List of Experiments
1. Open circuit characteristics of DC generator
2. Load characteristics of DC generator
3. Load Characteristics of DC motor
4. Speed control of DC shunt motor.
5. Load test on single phase transformer
6. Open circuit and short circuit tests on single phase transformer
7. Regulation of three phase alternator using EMF method
8. Load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor
9. Load test on single phase induction motor
10. Speed control of three phase slip ring induction motor
vi
Course Outcomes
Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to

CO1: Analyze various characteristics of different types of DC machines.
CO2: Explain the performance of transformer.
CO3: Analyze the operation of single & three phase synchronous and asynchronous types of AC machines.
CO-PO-PSO Mapping
POs PSOs
COs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
1 3 3 2 1
2 3 2 1 2 1
3 3 2 1 2 1
4 3 2 1 2 1
5 3 2 2 2 1
vii
Rubrics for Laboratory Courses
As per the Regulation, the assessment mark weightage can be calculated as follows:
Rubrics Score 6 Score 3 Score 1

R1. Design / Student is able to Student is able to understand Understanding and
Conduct of understand the the requirements / tools of the conduct of experiment
Experiments requirements / tools of experiment and he is able to needs improvement.
(Max 6 Marks) the experiment and he partially perform the
can perform the experiment.
experiment
independently.
R2. Able to interpret proper Partially able to interpret data Lack of interpretation
Observation / data to reach conclusion to reach conclusion and short of data and incomplete
coding / and observations falls in observations/Comment observations.
implementation /Comment done clearly
(Max 6 Marks)
R3. Results The result is accurate / Marginal deviation of result Large deviation of
(Max 6 Marks) near to standard value from standard value result from standard
value
R4. Viva-Voce The answers and oral The answers and oral The answers and oral
(Max 6 Marks) expression is very clear expression are with basic expression need
and fluent. clarity improvement
R5. Record Record work with all Presentation of Record work Incomplete Record
in regular class contents is clearly needs improvement work
works written.
(Max 6 Marks)
Total: 30 Marks
viii
INDEX
Page
S. No. DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT No. Marks Signature
CYCLE 1
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF DC

1
SHUNT GENERATOR
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT
2
GENERATOR
3 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
4 SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
5
TRANSFORMER
OC AND SC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
6
TRANSFORMER
CYCLE 2
REGULATION OF THREE PHASE
7
ALTERNATOR USING EMF METHOD
LOAD TEST ON 3Φ SQUIRREL CAGE
8
INDUCTION MOTOR
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
9
INDUCTION MOTOR
SPEED CONTROL OF 3Φ SLIP RING
10
INDUCTION MOTOR
ix
x
EXPERIMENT NO: DATE:
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT
GENERATOR
AIM:
To obtain the magnetisation characteristics or open circuit characteristics (OCC) of
the given DC shunt generator and to find its critical resistance at constant rated
speed and critical speed.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Parameters D.C. Shunt Generator D.C. Motor
Power Rating 3.7 kW 3.7kW

Rated Voltage 220 V 220 V
Rated Current 16 A 19.6 A
Rated Speed 1500 rpm 1500 rpm
Excitation Field
0.92A 0.6A
Current
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 DC Ammeter (0 – 2) A MC 1 No
2 DC Voltmeter (0 – 300) V MC 1 No
(0-300) Ω/2A
3 Variable Rheostat (0-1000 )Ω /2A 1 No each
4 Fuse 5A 2 Nos
5 Speed indicator (0 – 2000) rpm Digital 1 No
6 SPST & DPST switch 1 No each
7 Connecting wires Required
8 Three point starter 1 No
1
THEORY:
The induced EMF in a DC generator is given by the equation,
Eg = ZNP / 60A Volts
where P is the No. of poles in the field system, A is the No. of parallel paths, Φ is the flux
produced by the shunt field per pole in Wb / m2, Ia is the armature current in A, Ra is the armature
resistance in ohms and N is the speed of the generator in rpm.

Since P, Z and A are constants, the above equation can be rewritten as E g = KN. If
the speed of the generator is also maintained constant, then Eg=K1. Since the flux is directly
proportional to the field current, Eg = K2If. From the above equation it is clear that the induced
EMF is directly proportional to the field current when speed is maintained constant. The plot
between the induced EMF and the field current is known as open circuit characteristics (OCC)
of the DC generator (The typical shape of this characteristic is shown in model graph). O.C.C
shows the relation between the no-load generated emf in the armature, 'Eo' and the field or
exciting current 'If’ at a given fixed speed. It should be noted that OCC for a higher speed
would be above this curve and for a lower speed, would be below it
The induced EMF, when the field current is zero, is known as residual voltage. This
EMF is due to the presence of a small amount of flux retained in the field poles of the
generator called residual flux. Once the O.C.C is obtained the parameters such as critical
field resistance, critical speed and the maximum voltage to which the machine will build up
can be determined. Critical field resistance is defined as the maximum resistance of the field
circuit above which the generator fails to build up voltage. The speed obtained during such
conditions is known as critical speed. If required, the O.C.C at a different speed can also be
obtained.
FUSE RATING CALCULATION:
As this is a no-load test the required fuse ratings are 20% of the rated current of the motor
and generator.
For Motor side:
Rated Current =
Fuse rating = 20% of rated current of motor
The fuse rating is A
For Generator side:

Rated Current =
Fuse rating = 20% of rated current of generator
2
PRECAUTIONS:
➢ Check fuse connection. Remove the fuse carriers before wiring and start wiring as
per the circuit diagram.
➢ Avoid hanging wires and loose connections.
➢ Make sure that Motor field rheostat is in minimum resistance position and generator
field rheostat in maximum position and the starter in its OFF position initially.
➢ The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of
starting to start the machine from minimum speed.
➢ The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time
of starting and stopping the machine.
➢ The SPST switch is kept open at the time of starting the experiments.
➢ As this is a no-load test the required fuse rating is 20% of rated current.
➢ Replace the fuse carriers with appropriate fuse wires after the circuit connections are
checked by the Staff-in-charge.
➢ Residual voltage should be taken under no field current.
➢ The characteristics should be drawn at constant rated speed by adjusting the motor
field resistance as required.
RANGE FIXING:
The range of voltmeter, ammeter and rheostats can be fixed based on the voltage and
current rating of the motor and generator.
Motor Side:
The current drawn by the shunt motor on no-load is 15 to 20% of full load current.
Motor Field circuit rheostat rating is Ω/ A (the current rating
should be slightly higher than the rated current).
Generator Side:
Since the rated field current is A, range of field side ammeter is (0 - ) A.
Generator Field circuit rheostat rating is Ω/ A (the current rating
should be slightly higher than the rated current and ohmic value should be as high as
possible).
Since the rated voltage of generator is V, range of voltmeter is (0- ) V.
3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in its minimum position, generator field rheostat in
maximum position and the starter in its OFF position, the main supply is switched
ON to the circuit by closing the DPST switch.
3. Motor is started using the 3-point starter by slowly and carefully moving the starter
handle from it’s OFF to ON position.
4. Motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting its rheostat and checked with the
help of a tachometer.
5. With the SPST switch open, the residual voltage is noted.
6. Now the SPST switch is closed and the generator field rheostat is gradually
decreased in steps and at each step the field current (If) and the corresponding
induced EMF (Eo) are recorded in the tabular column. This procedure is continued
until the generator voltage reaches 120% of its rated value.
7. After the experiment is completed the rheostats are brought back to their original
position in sequence and the main supply is switched OFF.
8. The open circuit characteristics of the generator is obtained by plotting the graph
between Generated voltage Vs field current in the graph sheet.
9. After completing the experiment calculate the critical field resistance and critical
speed from the graph, and using the formulae given.
10. Construct a tangent to the linear portion of O.C.C from the origin. The slope of the
tangent line is the critical field resistance.
11. Critical field resistance is defined as the maximum resistance of the field circuit
4
above which the generator fails to build up voltage.
OBSERVATION:
Residual Voltage = volts
Field resistance = ohms
Field Current (If) No load generated

Sl. No. (Amps) emf Eo (Volts)
5
GRAPH:
Open circuit characteristic is drawn by taking field current 'If' along x axis and generated
voltage Eo along y axis.
To find critical field resistance: From the origin a tangent is drawn to OCC at the linear
portion. The slope of the tangent will give the critical field resistance.
MODEL GRAPH:
voltage
FORMULAE USED:
Eg AC
1. Critical resistance, Rc = = Ohm
If OC
BC
2. Critical Speed, Nc = * ratedspeed (N)
AC
REFERENCES:
1. I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari “ Electrical Machines.”

2. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock “The performance and Design of Direct Current
Machines.”
3. K. Murugesh Kumar “ D.C. Machines & Transformers”.
SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the principle of operation of DC generator?

2. Where the field winding is placed in DC generator? Why?
3. List out the factors involved in voltage buildup of a DC shunt generator.
6
4. Define and explain critical field circuit resistance
5. What is critical speed of DC shunt generator.
6. What is armature reaction?
7. What is internal & external characteristics of DC shunt generator?
8. What are the applications of DC shunt generator?
9. What are the conditions to build up e.m.f?
10. Will voltage be developed at zero field current
11. What are the reasons for failure of building up e.m.f in a DC generator?
12. What are different types of DC generators?
13. What is meant by prime mover?
RESULT:
7
EXPERIMENT NO: 2 DATE:
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT
GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on the given DC shunt generator and to obtain the internal and
external characteristics of the generator.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Parameters D.C. Shunt Generator D.C. Motor
Power Rating 3.7 kW 3.7kW

Rated Current 16 A 19.6 A
Excitation Field Current 0.92A 0.6A
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
(0 – 2) A
1 DC Ammeter MC 1 No
(0 – 20) A
(0-300) Ω/2A
3 Variable Rheostat 1 No each
(0-1000 )Ω /2A
4 Fuse 20A 2 Nos
6 DPST switch 1 No each
7 Connecting wires Required
8
THEORY:
The voltage equation for a DC shunt generator is given by V = E - IaRa
where, Ia is the armature current in A, V is the terminal/load voltage in Volts, E is the induced emf in
armature in Volts and Ra is the armature resistance in Ohms
To understand the nature of the load characteristic for the DC shunt generator shown in
Fig. 1, the following relationships are useful.
• Ish = Vsh / Rsh - Using Ohm's law
• IL = V / RL - Using Ohm's law
• Ia = Ish + IL - Using KCL

• E = V + Ia Ra - Using KVL
where RL is the load resistance in Ohms, IL is the load current in A, Rsh is the shunt field
resistance in Ohms and Ish is the shunt field current in A.
Fig. 1 DC Shunt generator
On no load, IL is zero. The terminal voltage (V) has a value E0 is given by the point of
intersection of the open-circuit characteristics and the field circuit resistance line. As load
increases, the load current, IL becomes greater than zero, Ia increases according to equation (c).
Internal characteristics
Due to increase in this armature current, the armature reaction increases. The armature
reaction weakens the field and reduces the emf generated. Hence, the induced emf in the
armature decreases. The plot between the induced EMF (E) and the armature current (Ia) is
known as the internal or total characteristics. The typical graph of internal characteristics is
shown in model graph.
If the field is excited from an external source it will be independent of load current. As
the flux is constant the internal characteristics must be a straight line. But due to armature
reaction the internal characteristics will be a little dropping.
9
External characteristics
Moreover, the increased armature current causes increase in IaRa drop. Hence the
terminal voltage decreases with increasing load. The plot between the terminal voltage (V) and
load current (IL) is known as the external or load characteristics, which is shown in the model
graph.
As this is a load test, the required fuse ratings will be 120% of the rated current of the
motor and generator.
For Motor side:
Rated Current =
For Generator side:

Rated Current =
Fuse rating = 120% of rated current of generator
PRECAUTIONS:
➢ Check fuse connection. Remove the fuse carriers before wiring and start wiring as
per the circuit diagram.
➢ Make sure that Motor field rheostat is in minimum resistance position and generator
field rheostat in maximum position and the starter in its OFF position initially.
➢ The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of
starting to start the machine from minimum speed.
➢ The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time
of starting and stopping the machine.
➢ The DPST switch on the load side is kept open at the time of starting the experiment.
RANGE FIXING:
The range of voltmeter, ammeter and rheostats can be fixed based on the voltage and
current rating of the motor and generator.
Motor Side:
The current drawn by the shunt motor on load must not exceed 120% of full load
current.
10
Motor Field circuit rheostat rating is Ω/ A (the current rating
should be slightly higher than the rated current).
Generator Side:
The rated field current is A. So, the range of field side ammeter is (0 - ) A.
Generator Field circuit rheostat rating is Ω/ A (the current
rating should be slightly higher than the rated current and ohmic value should be as high
as possible).
The rated Generator load Current is (A). So, the range of load side
ammeter is (0 - ) A.
Rated voltage of Generator = Volts. So, range of voltmeter is (0- ) V.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in its minimum position, generator field rheostat in
maximum position and the starter in its OFF position, the main supply is switched ON to
the circuit by closing the DPST switch in supply side.
3. The motor is started using the 3-point starter by slowly and carefully moving the starter
handle from it’s OFF to ON position.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting its rheostat and checked with the help
of a tachometer.
5. With the DPST switch on generator side open, the generator field rheostat is slowly
decreased until the generator voltage is equal to its rated value (220V). At no load, the terminal
11
voltage and the field current are noted in the tabular column.
6. The DPST switch on the load side is now closed and the load (resistive load) on the
generator is gradually increased in steps by switching on the lamps one by one. At each
step the speed of the generator is checked and maintained constant at its rated value by
adjusting the field rheostat of the motor. After satisfying this condition at each step of
loading, the terminal voltage (VL), field current (If ) and the load current (IL) are noted
down in the tabular column.
7. Note that while taking each set of readings, the field current is maintained constant as
that for rated voltage [because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased].
8. Once the experiment is completed the load on the generator is gradually decreased, the
various rheostats are brought back to their original position in sequence and the main
supply is switched OFF.
9. After completing the experiment calculate the armature current and generated voltage by
using the formulae given.
10. The plots of terminal voltage Vs Load current and Generated voltage Vs Armature current
are plotted in the graph sheet.
MODEL GRAPH:
• External characteristic is drawn taking load current 'IL' along x axis and terminal
voltage 'V' along y axis.
• Internal characteristic is obtained by adding laRa drop with the above external
characteristic curve to get ‘E’ and plotting 'la' along x axis and 'E' along y axis.
12
OBSERVATION:
Speed = rpm
No load Voltage = Volts
Ra (eff) = 1.2 x Ra = -Ω
Terminal Load current Field current Armature Generated voltage

current
Sl. No. voltage (V) IL (A) If (A) Ia = IL + If (A) Eg = V + IaRa (V)
FORMULAE USED:
1. Ia = IL + If
2. Eg = VL + Ia Ra (eff),
where, Ra (eff) = 1.2 Ra
REFERENCES:
2. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock “ The performance and Design of Direct Current
Machines.”
13
1. What is armature reaction?
2. What is internal & external characteristics of DC shunt generator?
3. What are the applications of DC shunt generator?
RESULT:
14
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct the load test on a given dc shunt motor and draw the below performance
curves.
1. Speed vs Output Power 5. Speed vs Input Current
2. Torque vs Output Power 6. Torque vs Input Current
3. Efficiency vs Output Power 7. Torque vs Speed
4. Input current vs Output Power
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
D.C. Shunt Motor
Capacity 3.7kW
Rated Voltage 220 V
Rated Current 21 A
Rated Speed 1500 rpm
Excitation Field Current 0.51 A
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
S.No Range Type Quantity
Apparatus
1 DC Ammeter (0 – 30) A MC 1 No
3 Variable Rheostat (0-1000) ohm / 2A 1 No
4 Fuse 30A
5 Speed indicator (0 – 2000) rpm 1 No
6 Spring balance (0 – 10) kg 2 Nos
7 Connecting wires
15
THEORY:
To operate DC machine as motor, field windings are excited with DC source and
North and South Pole magnetic fields is established in the air gap by the stator poles. DC current
has to be passed through the armature terminals to cause additional magnetic field to be set up.
Interaction of this magnetic field with the main magnetic field set up by the stator poles cause a
force to be developed around the conductors. A DC shunt motor rotates due to the torque
developed in the armature when the armature and field terminals are connected to the dc supply.
The direction of rotation can be explained with help of Fleming’s left hand principle. The force
developed in all the conductors is unidirectional (anti-clockwise) due to commutator action. In
case, clockwise direction is required either the direction of the main field or the direction of the
current through the armature conductor is to be reversed.
A counter emf or back emf (Eb) is induced in the armature conductors while the
armature starts rotating in the magnetic field. The direction of the induced emf can be explained
with the help of Fleming’s right hand principle and Lenz’s law. The direction this induced emf is
such that it opposes the applied voltage (V). This induced emf is also called as back emf Eb.
The voltage equation of the motor is V = Eb + IaRa
where Eb = ΦZNP / 60A and Ia = (V – Eb) / Ra
The power developed in the armature is Pm = Eb * Ia = T * ω
The torque developed in the motor is T α Φ * Ia

where P is the number of poles in the field system, A is the number of parallel
paths, ω = 2N/60 is the angular velocity of the pulley in rad/sec, Φ is the flux
produced by the shunt field per pole in Wb, Ia is the armature current in Amps,
Ra is the armature resistance in ohms, N is the speed of the motor in rpm
Brake Test:
This is a direct method of testing a dc machine. It is a simple method of measuring
motor output, speed and efficiency etc., at different load conditions. A braking force is applied to
a pulley mounted on the motor shaft to conduct load test. A belt is wound round the pulley and its
two ends are attached to the frame through two spring balances F1 and F2. The tension of the belt
16
can be adjusted with the help of tightening wheels. The tangential force acting on the pulley is
equal to the difference between the readings of the two spring balances in kg- force.
Torque developed at the pulley is (T) = (F1-F2) x R x 9.81 (Nm)
Input power, Pi = VI (watts)
Output power, Po = 2πNT/60 (watts)
Percentage efficiency, η = (Output power / Input power) x 100 (%)
where, F1, F2 -spring balance readings in Kg, R is the radius of the pulley (brake drum) in
m; V is the input voltage across the motor in volts and I is the input current (amps)
Performance Characteristics of DC shunt Motor:

Armature current vs Speed:
Back EMF, Eb = V- IaRa
where, Eb α ΦN.
Hence, speed of a DC motor is given by, N = K (V - Ia Ra) /.
Since  is a constant, the speed is directly proportional to (V- Ia Ra). As the load on the motor
increases, IaRa drop becomes negligible `Ra ' being small and fall in Eb with increase in load is
also small causing the speed nearly constant. Thus, the speed falls slightly as Ia increases.
Hence a DC shunt motor is considered as a constant speed motor. If a DC shunt motor is
started on load, it draws a heavy armature current which in turn will damage the machine itself.
Hence DC shunt motors are always started on no-load condition.
Armature current vs Torque:
Ta = 0.159 ( * P * Z / A) * Ia N-m,
where,  is the flux per pole in Wb, P is the number of poles and Z is the number. of
armature conductors.
Here, P, Z, A being constant, the above equation reduces to Ta=K  Ia.
In a DC Shunt motor as  is constant, the torque is directly proportional to armature

current. If Φ is constant, developed torque increases with increase in Ia. But, in actual condition,
Φ slightly falls with increase in Ia due to the effect of armature reaction.
17
Armature current vs back emf:
Eb = V – IaRa
Back emf Eb falls slightly with increase in Ia, as per the above equation
Torque vs Speed:
With increase in load, Ia and Ta increase since the shunt field Φ is constant. The fall in
speed is very small as the IaRa drop is very small compared to V.
In a dc shunt motor N α Eb/Φ
Output vs Efficiency:
The graph between Output ~ Efficiency indicates that max torque occurs when armature copper
Loss is equal to the constant loss. (Sum of field copper losses, mechanical losses and Iron losses).

As this is a load test the required fuse ratings are 120% of the rated current of the motor.
Fuse rating = 120% of rated current

The fuse rating is A.
PRECAUTION:
➢ Check fuse connection. Remove the fuse carriers before wiring and start wiring as per
the circuit diagram.
➢ Make sure that Motor field rheostat is in minimum resistance position initially.
➢ Ensure no load is connected to the brake drum.
➢ Motor should be started and stopped at no load condition.
➢ Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RANGE FIXING:
The range of voltmeter, ammeter and fuse rating can be fixed based on the voltage and current rating of
the motor.
• The rated line current A; So, the range of Ammeter is (0 - A).

• Field circuit rheostat rating is / A (the current rating should be slightly
higher than the rated current).
• Rated voltage of motor = V. So, the range of voltmeter is (0 - V).
PROCEDURE:
2. Ensure that there is no load on the brake drum.
3. Loosen the rope on the brake drum and put some water inside the rim of the brake drum.
4. The supply is given by closing the DPST switch, keeping field control rheostat in minimum
resistance position.
5. The motor is started using the dc 3 point starter, and it is allowed to run at rated speed by
adjusting the field rheostat, which is connected to the field circuit. After setting the speed
rheostat position should not be altered.
6. At no load condition, the input voltage, current and speed are noted using voltmeter, ammeter
and tachometer. For load spring balance reading F1 & F2 are noted.
19
7. Now the load on the brake drum is increased, gradually and the corresponding voltmeter,
ammeter readings and speed, spring balance readings are noted down and tabulated.
8. The above procedure is repeated until the motor is loaded to 120% of its rated current. Do not
exceed the armature current more than its rated value.
9. Maintain Constant armature voltage and constant field current during the total experiment.
10. After the experiment is completed, the load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought
to the minimum position and the supply is switched off.
11. Then torque, input power, output power and percentage efficiency are calculated by using the
formulae and tabulated.
12. The electrical characteristics such as plots of Efficiency Vs Output Power, Torque Vs Output
Power, Line Current Vs Output Power and Speed Vs Output Power are plotted in the same graph
sheet.
13. Also plot the mechanical characteristic, Speed Vs Torque in separate graph sheet.
FORMULAE FOR SAMPLE CALCULATION:
1. Measure the circumference of the brake drum (C).

2. Calculate the radius of the drum (r) using the expression, r = C/2. Therefore,
r= meters.
3. Calculate, Radius of the brake drum including thickness of the belt (R) using, R= r + t / 2,
where t is the thickness of the belt. Therefore, R= meters.
4. Calculate the input power to the motor, Pi = VL*IL Watts. Therefore,
Pi =------------ Watts
5. Calculate the torque developed by the motor by T= 9.81* R * (F1~F2) N-m, where, F1, F2 -
spring balance readings (kg).
T= Nm
2NT
6. Calculate the output power of the motor, Po = watts.
60
Po = -------------Watts.
7. Calculate the efficiency of the motor, η = (Po / Pi)* 100 %

η= %
20
MODEL GRAPHS:
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
21
OBSERVATION:
Line Line
Voltage Current Spring Balance (Kg) Output Input Power Efficiency
Sl. No. Speed N Torque T
VL IL Power P0 Pi η
(rpm) (N-m)
(V) (A) F1 F2 (W) (W) (%)
22
CONCLUSIONS:
• The shunt motor speed regulation is small from no load to full load.
• Maximum efficiency occurs at less than its full-load condition.
• Maximum efficiency is between 70 to 85%.
• Speed vs Torque characteristic is not linear but has some drooping due to
demagnetization.
REFERENCES:
Machines.”
1. Explain the principle of operation of a DC motor

2. How does the back emf in a d.c. motor make the motor self-regulating?
3. How can we reverse the direction of a d.c. shunt motor?
4. Justify the statement - “D.C. shunt motor will run almost at constant speed”
5. What is the need for starters for starting a d.c. machine?
6. What are the various D.C. starters?
7. What are the different types of d.c. motors?
8. What is the expression for torque developed in the armature of DC motor?
9. Write the condition for maximum power developed by d.c. motor.
10. Write the voltage equation of a d.c. shunt motor.
11. What is the relationship between back emf, speed of rotation and flux per pole?
12. If starter is not available, how can you start a D.C motor?
13. What is the efficiency range of a D.C motor?
14. Why did you use a 3-point starter for starting a D.C shunt motor?
RESULT:
23
SPEED CONTROL ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To control the speed of the given D.C. shunt motor by i) Armature control
method and ii) Field/Flux control method and plot the corresponding
characteristics.
• Speed vs Armature Voltage

• Speed vs Field Current
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
D.C. Shunt Motor
Capacity 3.7kW
Rated Voltage 220 V
Rated Current 21 A
Excitation Field Current 0.6 A
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Apparatus
1 DC Ammeter ( 0-2 ) A, ( 0-5 ) A MC 1 No each
(0-1000) ohm/ 2A
3 Variable Rheostat 1 No each
(0-100) ohm/ 5A
4 Fuse 5A
6 Connecting wires
24
THEORY:
A counter emf or back emf (Eb) is induced in the armature conductors of the DC
motor, while the armature starts rotating in the magnetic field. The direction of the
induced emf can be explained with the help of Fleming’s right hand principle and Lenz’s
law. The direction this induced emf is such that it opposes the applied voltage (V). This
induced emf is also called as back emf Eb.
Eb = ZNPΦ / 60A
where P is the no. of poles in the field system, A is the no. of parallel paths, Φ is the flux
produced by the shunt field per pole in Wb, N is the speed of the motor in rpm.
Hence, the speed of a dc shunt motor can be expressed as N α Eb/Φ. From this
relation, it is clear that the motor speed is directly proportional to the back emf in the
armature and is inversely proportional to the flux Ф. It is clear that the variation of speed
is possible by armature control method and field control method. These methods are
widely used for controlling the speed of shunt as well as compound motors.
In armature control method, the motor speed is controlled by adjusting the back
emf (armature voltage), keeping the flux constant. The armature control method is
generally used for varying the speed below the rated speed of the machine. The main
disadvantages of this type of speed control are
i. The losses are more and hence it is relatively more costly.
ii. The efficiency is low.
iii. The speed cannot be increased.
In the field control method, the flux (field current) is varied keeping the back emf
constant. Field control method is used for varying speeds above the rated speed of the
machine. The disadvantage of this method are i) Output torque gets reduced and ii)
Higher speed results in poor commutation.

As this is a no-load test, the required fuse ratings are 20% of the rated current of the
motor. Fuse rating = 20% of rated current. Therefore, the fuse rating is A.
PRECAUTION:
25
➢ Before switching ON the supply, the armature rheostat is kept at maximum resistance
position and field rheostat at minimum resistance position.
➢ Ensure no load is connected to the brake drum.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RANGE FIXING:
The range of voltmeter, ammeter and fuse rating can be fixed based on the voltage and
current rating of the motor.
• The excitation (rated field) current is A; So, the range of field circuit
Ammeter is (0 –- ) A.
• Field circuit rheostat rating is Ohm / A (the current rating should
be slightly higher than the rated current).
• Armature circuit rheostat rating is Ohm / A (the current rating
should be slightly higher than 20% of rated current).
• The rated line current is A; As it’s the no load test, the range of armature
circuit Ammeter is slightly higher than the 20% of the rated current and hence it is
(0 - ) A.
• Rated voltage of motor = (Volts). So, the range of voltmeter is (0 – )
V.
26
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the armature rheostat in maximum resistance position and the field rheostat
in minimum resistance position, the main supply to the circuit is switched ON.
3. The motor is started using 3-point starter by slowly and carefully moving the starter
handle from its OFF to ON Position.
4. Armature rheostat is decreased slowly and brought to minimum resistance position.
5. Speed of the motor is adjusted to rated speed (1500 rpm) by increasing the field
resistance.
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:
6. Now one set of readings namely the field current (If1), Armature voltage (Va),
armature current (I a) and the motor speed (N) are noted down in the tabular column.
7. Keeping the field current constant at the above value (If1) the armature rheostat is
gradually increased in steps & at each step the armature voltage (Va), armature current
(Ia) & the corresponding speeds are noted down.
8. This procedure is continued until the armature rheostat is brought completely to its
maximum resistance position.
9. Now by adjusting the field rheostat, the field current is set to another fixed value (If2)
10. Armature rheostat is brought back to minimum resistance position and the steps 5-7
are repeated and another set of readings are tabulated.
11. After the experiment is completed, armature rheostat is brought back to maximum
resistance position is brought to minimum resistance position and the main supply is
switched OFF.
12. After completing the experiment, Eb is calculated.
13. Using the data, plot of Speed Vs Armature voltage is drawn in the graph sheet.
FLUX CONTROL METHOD:
14. Armature rheostat is kept in its minimum resistance position and motor is brought to
rated speed (1500 rpm) by adjusting the field rheostat.
15. The armature voltage (Va1), armature current (I a1) is noted and keeping this constant,
the field current is varied in steps by adjusting the field rheostat and at each step the
field current (If) and the corresponding speeds are noted down in the tabular column.
16. This procedure is continued until the speed reaches 1800 rpm.
27
17. After obtaining a set of readings corresponding to Va1, the field rheostat is brought
back to its initial position.
18. Now Armature rheostat is adjusted in such a way that the armature voltage is fixed at
another constant value of (Va2) and armature current (I a2)
19. The steps 15 to 17 are repeated again to obtain another set of readings corresponding
to Va2.
20. After the experiment is completed, field rheostat is brought to minimum resistance
position and the main supply is switched OFF.
21. Using the data, plot of Speed Vs field current is drawn in the graph sheet.
OBSERVATION:
Armature Control Method:
If1= …… (A) If1= …… (A) If1= …… (A)

Sl. No. Speed Speed Speed
Va (V) (rpm) Va (V) (rpm) Va (V) (rpm)
28
Field Control Method:
Va1 = …… (V) Va2 =…… (V) Va3 =…… (V)

Sl.No. Speed Speed
If (A) (rpm) If (A) (rpm) If (A) Speed
(rpm)
MODEL GRAPH:
REFERENCES:
Machines.”
29
1. Which speed control will give the speed greater than the rated speed and which
one will give less than the rated speed? State also the reason.
2. What are the factors that decide the speed of a dc machine?
3. What are the various methods of speed control in dc series motor?
4. Write few merits and demerits of the rheostatic control.
5. What will happen if the field winding of a running dc motor is opened?
RESULT:
30
LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct a direct load test on the given single-phase transformer and to

determine the efficiency and regulation at different load conditions. Also, to draw the
efficiency and regulation characteristics of single-phase transformer.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
TRANSFORMER
KVA RATING 2 kVA
Rated Voltage HV WINDING 230 V
Rated Voltage LV WINDING 230 V
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Apparatus
1 1Ф Autotransformer 220V/(0-270) V 1 No
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 2 No each
3 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1 No
,4 Wattmeter 10A,300V, UPF 2 Nos
5 1Ф Resistive load - - 1 No
6 DPST Switch - 1 No
7 Connecting Wires & Fuse - Required
8 1Ф Transformer 2KVA - 1 No
31
THEORY:
The transformer is a static device which transfers energy from one electrical circuit to
another electrical circuit through magnetic field as coupling medium with same frequency. In
this process it does not change the frequency of voltage or current. It works on the basic
principle of electromagnetic induction (mutually induced e. m. f.). Being a static device, it
has a very high efficiency as compared to rotating machine of same rating as there is no
frictional losses.
Efficiency:
Direct load test is conducted to determine the efficiency characteristics and
regulation characteristics of the given transformer. there are two major losses present in the
transformer. They are copper losses and iron losses. Eddy current losses and hysteresis losses
together are called as iron or constant losses which take place only in the iron core of the
transformer. It does not vary with load condition. however, the variable losses or copper
losses which are variable with load current takes place only in the windings. These losses
decide the efficiency of the transformer under different load conditions. For small
transformer direct loading method can be employed where input & output power can be
measured. The efficiency of a good transformer will be in the range of 95 to 98% and motors
have 70 to 80%
If Power input to the transformer is P1 and Power output from the transformer
is P2, then percentage efficiency can be calculated as under,
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒ffi𝑐i𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑃2 * 100
𝑃1
32
Voltage regulation:
An ideal transformer is supposed to give constant secondary voltage
irrespective of the load current. But practically the secondary voltage decreases as the
transformer is loaded due to primary and secondary impedance voltage drops. These drops
are dependent on load current, and this variation in terminal voltage is found using direct
loading.
When primary winding of transformer is energized with source of voltage V1
an e.m.f. E2 is induced across the secondary winding and it is also equal to secondary
terminal voltage V2 till there is no load across secondary winding. As soon as load is applied
across the secondary winding the terminal voltage is decreased from E2 to V2 . This
phenomenon of change in the voltage is called “voltage regulation”.
𝐸2 − 𝑉2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛 = * 100
𝐸2
The voltage regulation should be as small as possible. The lesser the value, the
better the transformer because a good transformer should keep its secondary terminal voltage
as constant as possible under all conditions of load. Let the change in secondary terminal
voltage from no load to full load is (VNL – VFL). If this change is calculated as a percentage of
VNL then the regulation is known as regulation down' If this change is divided by VFL' then it
is known as 'regulation up'. Normally, we are interested in finding regulation 'down'.
We can define voltage regulation in numerical term as “It is change in
secondary terminal voltage from no load to full load with respect to the secondary no load
voltage”.
Percentage Voltage Regulation (down) = [(VNL – VFL)/ VNL] x 100
33
As this is a load test the required fuse ratings are 120% of the rated current of the
transformer.
Fuse rating = 120% of rated current

Rated current = kVA rating/Rated voltage of HV winding = A.
Therefore, the fuse rating is A approximately.
PRECAUTION:
➢ DPST switch is kept opened initially.
➢ The auto transformer is kept at minimum potential position at time of starting and
stopping the experiment.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
34
RANGE FIXING:
The range for voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter in the primary and secondary
windings can be fixed based on the capacity, voltage and current rating of the transformer.
Rated primary current, I = Rated capacity in VA = A.

1
Pr imary voltage, V1
Rated secondary current, I = Rated capacity in VA = A.

2
Secondary voltage, V2
• Rated secondary voltage of transformer is Volts. So, the range of voltmeter

in secondary side winding is (0 – ) Volts.
• Rated primary voltage of transformer is Volts. So, the range of voltmeter in
primary side winding is (0 – ) Volts.
• Rated secondary current of transformer is Amps. So, the range of ammeter in
secondary side winding is (0 – ) Amps.
• The range of wattmeter in primary side is V, A, UPF.
• The range of wattmeter in secondary side is V, A, UPF.
PROCEDURE:
2. Keeping the autotransformer in its minimum position and the DPST switch on load
side in open position, the main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully operating the Autotransformer the rated voltage (230V) is
applied to the L.V side of the transformer.
4. Under this no-load condition, one set of readings namely VH.V, IH.V, WH.V, VL.V and
WL.V, are recorded in the tabular column.
5. The DPST switch on the load side is now closed and the load is increased in gradual
steps and at each step primary voltage is maintained at no load voltage and then all
meter readings are noted down in the tabular column.
6. The procedure is continued until the current on the H.V side is equal to its full load
value.
7. After the experiment is completed, the load is decreased to its minimum, the auto
transformer is brought to the minimum position and the supply is switched OFF.
8. After completing the experiment, Output Power, Input Power, Efficiency and
Regulation.
35
9. Using the data, plot of % Regulation Vs Output Power and % Efficiency Vs Output
Power are drawn in the graph sheet.
OBSERVATION:
MFp = …… MFs = ……
Wp Ws
Primary Primary (Watts) Secondary Secondary (Watts)
Sl. Efficiency Regulation
voltage current voltage current
No. Observed Actual Observed Actual (%) (%)
(Vp) Volts (Ip) Amps (Vs) Volts (Is) Amps
reading power reading power
FORMULAE USED:
1. The Output Power of the transformer = VH.V * IH.V on the H.V side
2. The Input Power of the transformer = WL.V = Wattmeter reading on the L.V side
Output Power
3. %Efficiency = * 100
Input Power
𝑉H.V(no−load) - VH.V(load)
4. %Regulation = *100
𝑉H.V(no−load)
100
36
MODEL GRAPH:
REFERENCES:
1. I.J.Nagrath&D.P.Kothari “ Electrical Machines.”
2. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock“ The performance and Design of Direct
CurrentMachines.”
3. K. Murugesh Kumar “ D.C. Machines &Transformers”.
1. Define Regulation of a Transformer.

2. What is the effect of load power factor on regulation of Transformer?
3. What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
4. Determine the % load at which maximum efficiency occurred for the given 1-Φ
transformer?
5. Explain mutual induction principle.
RESULT:
37
OC & SC TEST ON A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct the open circuit test and short circuit test on a single-phase transformer and
to predetermine the efficiency, regulation, and equivalent circuit of the transformer (referred to
primary side).
To plot performance characteristics (i) %η Vs Output Power (ii) % Regulation Vs Power
factor.
NAME PLATE DETAILS
TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS
KVA RATING 2
Rated Voltage HV WINDING 230 V
Rated Voltage LV WINDING 230 V
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Apparatus
1 1Ф Autotransformer 230V/(0-270) V 1 No
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V, (0-30)V MI 1 No each
3 Ammeter (0-1A), (0-10A) MI 1 No each

300V, 2A, LPF
4 Wattmeter Dynamo 1 No each
150V, 10A, UPF
5 DPST Switch - 1 No
6 Connecting Wires & Fuse - Required
7 1Ф Transformer 2KVA - 1 No
38
THEORY:
The actual performance characteristics of transformers can be obtained by conducting a
direct load test on them. When this has to be performed on large rating transformers, the loads of
the required size may not be available, and the power consumed during this test will be very large as
the transformers are loaded up to 120% of their rated capacity. The time required to perform such a
test is also more. The same performance characteristics can be obtained by comparatively easier
methods, which are known as indirect methods or predetermination techniques. To predetermine the
efficiency and regulation of transformers, the open circuit test [to determine the core loss] and short
circuit test [to determine the full load copper loss (variable loss)] are carried out. Assuming the
output and load power factor, the efficiency at different loads is computed. The regulation on full
load for different assumed load power factors can also be computed. The data obtained from these
tests are also useful to find the equivalent circuit parameters. The results obtained from these tests
are almost closer to the actual values obtained by direct load test.
OPEN -CIRCUIT TEST:
Consider a practical transformer on no load, i.e., secondary on open circuit. The primary will
draw a small current I0 to supply the iron losses and a very small amount of copper loss in primary,
hence the primary no load current I0 lags V1 by an angle Ø0 less than 90deg and no load input
power W0 = V1 I0Cos Ø0. The no load primary current I0 can be resolved into two components Ic &
Im.
Ic is in phase with V1 and known as working/active/Iron loss component.
Ic = I0Cos Ø0 . [Note: I0 = I0C]
Im lags V1 by 90deg and known as magnetizing component or lossless component.
Im = I0Sin Ø0
39
Note:
Secondary being left open, primary is given with rated voltage. The voltmeter, ammeter and
wattmeter readings are noted down. Power consumed under open circuit is practically core loss
which is same for all loads. The no load primary copper loss I02R1 is very small and may be
neglected. Therefore the no load input power W0 = Iron Loss. The no-load components (X0 and R0 )
can be found from this test.
SHORT -CIRCUIT TEST:

This test is conducted to determine R1e (or R2e), X1e (or X2e) and full load copper losses of
the Transformer. In this test, the secondary winding is short circuited by a thick wire and a variable
voltage is applied to the primary and gradually raised till full load current I1 flows through the
primary. Under this condition the copper loss in the winding is equal to that of full load copper
losses (since the current in the secondary is equal to its rated value). Since there is no output in the
transformer under the short circuit conditions, the input power is all equal the losses of the
Transformer. The voltage VSC is very small in this condition, the core loss is negligibly small, and
hence the total loss can be considered as full load copper losses of the Transformer winding. Core
losses are very small with the result that wattmeter reading represents full load copper loss for the
whole transformer.
This is an economical method for determining the following:
i, Equivalent impedance (Z1e or Z2e), Leakage reactance (X1e or X2e) and total
resistance (R1e or R2e) of the transformer as referred to the winding in which the measuring
instruments are placed.
ii. Copper loss at full load (at any desired load). This loss is used in calculating the
efficiency the transformer.
iii. Knowing Z1e or Z2e the total voltage drop in the transformer as referred to primary
or secondary can be calculated and hence regulation of the transformer is determined.
Subsequently, it is evident that copper loss depends on current and iron loss on voltage.
Hence total transformer loss depends on volt-ampere (VA) and not on phase angle between voltage
and current. (ie) it is independent of load power factor. That is why rating of transformer is in kVA
and not in kw.

Rated current of Primary winding = A.
(i) For O.C test:
40
Fuse rating = 20% of rated current of primary winding = A.
(ii) For S.C test:
Fuse ratings = 120% of rated current of primary winding = A.
PRECAUTION:
➢ Check fuse connection. Remove the fuse carriers before wiring and start wiring as per the
circuit diagram.
➢ The auto transformer is kept at minimum potential position at time of starting and stopping
the experiment.
➢ Replace the fuse carriers with appropriate fuse wires after the circuit connections are checked
by the Staff-in-charge.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OC TEST
41
SC TEST
Equivalent Circuit of Single Phase Transformer referred to Primary Side:
RANGE FIXING:
Let both O.C. and S.C. test be conducted on primary side. The range for voltmeter, ammeter,
and wattmeter in the primary winding can be fixed based on the capacity, voltage and current rating
of the transformer.
Full load primary current, I = Rated capacity in VA = A. (1)

1
Pr imary voltage, V1
Full load secondary current, I = Rated capacity in VA = A (2)

2
Secondary voltage, V2
42
O.C. TEST
• On O.C. test the current drawn by the transformer is about 5 – 10% of Full load Primary
current. Therefore, the Ammeter range is (0 – ) A.
• Rated primary voltage of transformer is Volts. So, the range of voltmeter in
primary side winding is (0 – ) Volts.
• The current rating and voltage rating of Wattmeter are to be nearer to the values calculated
above. On O.C. condition the reactive power drawn is more and the active power drawn is
less. So power factor on no-load will be very low. LPF wattmeter can be used. The range of
wattmeter is V, A, LPF.
S.C. Test:
• The voltage applied to the transformer primary in order to circulate rated full load current is
only about 5 to 10% of rated primary voltage. Therefore, the voltmeter range is
(0 – ) V and the ammeter range is (0 – ) Amps.
• The active power drawn by the transformer on short circuit condition is more and reactive
power drawn is less. Unity Power factor wattmeter can be used. Therefore, the range of
wattmeter is V, A, UPF.
PROCEDURE:
O.C TEST:
2. Keeping the secondary winding open and the autotransformer in its minimum position, the
main supply is switched ON.
3. By closing DPST switch, slowly and carefully adjusting the autotransformer, the rated
voltage (230V) is applied to the primary winding of the transformer.
4. Under this condition the ammeter (Ioc), Voltmeter (Voc) and Wattmeter (Woc) readings are
noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is slowly brought back to its
minimum position and then the main supply is switched OFF.
6. After completing the experiment, Constant iron loss is calculated.
7. From the OC meter readings, the exciting branch parameters Ro and Xo are calculated.
8. Using the data, plot of % Regulation Vs Power Factor is drawn in the graph sheets.
43
S.C TEST:

2. Short circuiting the secondary winding and keeping the autotransformer in its minimum
position, the main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully adjusting the auto transformer, the rated current I1 = (Isc) [refer
equation (1)] is circulated through the primary winding.
4. Under this condition, the ammeter (Isc), the voltmeter (Vsc) and the Wattmeter (Wsc)
readings are noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is brought back to its minimum
position and main supply is switched OFF.
6. After completing the experiment, Copper loss is calculated.
7. Using the data, plots such as % Efficiency Vs Output Power and % Regulation Vs power
factor are drawn in the separate graph sheets.
OBSERVATION:
TEST VOLTAGE (V) CURRENT (A) POWER (W)
MF =
O.C TEST
WOC (OBSERVED) =
(On Py side) VOC = IOC =
WOC (ACTUAL) =
MF =
S.C. TEST
WSC (OBSERVED) =
(On Py side) VSC = ISC =
WSC (ACTUAL) =
FORMULAE USED:
I. To Obtain the Equivalent Circuit Parameters w.r.t primary Side (To draw the
equivalent circuit):
i) From the O.C test the constant loss (Iron loss) is noted. Wc = Woc =
Watts.
ii) From the S.C test the full load copper loss is noted. Wsc = watts.
For a transformer, the equivalent circuit parameters can be determined either with
respect to H.V side or with respect to L.V side. Here the parameters are estimated on the primary
44
side and the resulting equivalent circuit is called primary side equivalent circuit of the transformer.
From the O.C test Ro and Xo are calculated using the following expressions,
A) OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Calculate no load Power Factor

Cos Ø0 = Woc / (Voc Ioc)
where, WOC is Open circuit power in watts, VOC is Open circuit voltage in volts and IOC is
Open circuit current in amps
2. Resistance to account for core loss
Ro = Voc / Ic
where, Ic = I0CCos Ø0 [I0C = I0 ]
3. Magnetising reactance
Xo = Voc / Im
where, Im = I0CSin Ø0
B) SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
4. (a) Equivalent winding resistance referred to HV side is given by

R1e = Wsc / Isc2 Ohm
where Wsc is the short circuit power in watts and Isc is the short circuit current in
Amp.
(b) Equivalent winding resistance referred to LV side is
R2e = R1e * K2 Ohm
where K is the transformation ratio given by (V2 / V1)
5. (a) Equivalent winding impedance referred to HV side is given by
Z1e = Vsc / Isc Ohm
where Vsc is the short circuit voltage in volts and Isc is short circuit current in Amp.
(b) Equivalent winding impedance referred to LV side is
Z2e = Z1e * K2 Ohm
6. (a) Equivalent winding reactance referred to HV side is given by
X1e = (Z1e2 - R1e2) Ohm
(b) Equivalent winding reactance referred to LV side is
X2e = X1e * K2 Ohm
Note: Here 4) to 6) HV side refers primary winding and LV side refers secondary winding.
45
II. TO PREDETERMINE EFFICIENCY:
The percentage efficiency is then predetermined for different load conditions for a
specified load power factor using the expression,
Output power = x*KVA*cos*1000 Watts
Copper loss = x2 *WSC Watts
Total loss = Core loss + Copper loss
Input power = Output Power + Total loss
% Efficiency =(Output Power/Input Power) x 100 %
where `x' is the fraction of the full load which is 0.25 for 25% load, 0.5 for 50% load, 0.75 for 75%
load, 1.0 for full load, cos is the load p.f (assumed as 0.8 lag).
Here, core loss = WOC
The efficiency values so calculated are entered in the tabular column.
II. TO PREDETERMINE PERCENTAGE REGULATION:

( I 2 R02 Cos  I 2 X 02 sin  )
% Regulation =  100 ,
V2
where, I2 - Full load secondary current.
V2 - rated secondary voltage
cos is the load p.f (assumed as 0.8 lag) ‘+’ for lagging power factor and ‘-‘forleading
power factor.
MODEL GRAPH
REGULATION CURVE: EFFICIENCY CURVE:
%
η
Output power (w)
46
I. TO PREDETERMINE 
Copper loss Total loss = Cos = 1 Cos = 0.8 Cos = 0.6

% of
Sl. No. Wc = x2*Wsc Wi + Wc Po Pi Po Pi Po Pi
load x
(watts) (watts)   
(watts) (watts) (watts) (watts) (watts) (watts)
1 0
2 20
3 40
4 60
5 80
6 100
7 120
47
II. TO PREDETERMINE % REGULATION
POWER FACTOR % Reg. % Reg.

(Cos) Sin for lagging P.F for leading P.F
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
REFERENCES:
1. I.J.Nagrath&D.P.Kothari “ ElectricalMachines.”
2. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock“ The performance and Design of Direct
CurrentMachines.”
1. Why O.C test is conducted on the L.V side and S.C test on the H.V side?
2. Define regulation in a transformer.
3. Why the regulation graph is not passing through the origin?
4. State the condition for maximum efficiency?
5. What are the parameters that are calculated from OC and SC tests?
RESULT:
48
REGULATION OF A THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF
AND MMF METHODS
AIM:
To conduct OC and SC tests on a given 3-ϕ alternator and hence to predetermine

the regulation by (i) EMF method (ii) MMF method
NAME PLATE DETAILS
PARAMETERS ALTERNATOR MOTOR

Power Rating 5 kVA 7.5 kW
Rated Current 7.5 A 4.5 A
Excitation Current 1.2 A 1.2 A
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Rheostat 200ohms/3A 2 Nos

2 Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1 No
4 Ammeter (0-2A) MC 1 No
5 Tachometer - 1No
6 DPSTS and TPSTS - 1 No each
7 Connecting wires & Fuse - As Required
THEORY:
Loading an alternator causes its terminal voltage to drop or rise depending upon (i)
Magnitude of load (ii) Nature of load. For a pure resistive load it drops by 8-12% below no-
load value while for a lagging p.f. load the drop is 25-50% below no load value and it is 20-
49
30% higher for leading p.f. loads. The reasons are 1) Armature resistance 2) Armature
winding leakage reactance and 3) Armature reaction.
Electromotive force (EMF) and Magnetomotive force (MMF) methods are used to
predetermine the regulation of non-salient pole alternators. In emf method, the effect of
armature reaction is represented as a fictitious reactance Xar for each phase of the alternator.
In mmf method effect of armature leakage reactance is replaced by additional armature
reaction. MMF method is more accurate.
Direct load Test is not preferred due to the absence of large sized loads and the
enormous power wastage involved in testing. Voltage regulation is defined as a percentage
of rated voltage when load current is reduced to zero suddenly by throwing off the load
keeping If and speed constant.
This is a NO load test.
Alternator
Fuse rating = 20% of rated current of alternator
The fuse rating is (A)
MOTOR
The fuse rating is (A)
PRECAUTION:
➢ Remove the fuse before starting wiring.
➢ Fuse rating calculation: Since this is no load test, the required fuse rating is only
20% of the rated current of the alternator.
➢ Keep Motor field Rheostat in minimum resistance Position.
➢ Keep the potential divider for alternator field in minimum voltage position.
➢ Check that the TPST on alternator side is open.
50
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RANGE FIXING:
The range of voltmeter, ammeter and fuse rating can be fixed based on the voltage
and current rating.
• The rated field current of alternator is A; Therefore, the range of Ammeter is

(0 - Amps).
• The rated current of alternator is (A); So, the range of Ammeter in TPST side
is (0 - Amps).
• Rated voltage of alternator = (Volts). Therefore, the range of voltmeter is
(0 - Volts).
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are given as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in the indicated position and with the TPSTS open,
the motor supply is switched ON, by closing DPSTS1.
3. Motor is started using the 3-point starter by moving the handle from OFF to ON
position and the motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the rheostat in the
motor field circuit.
4. Supply is switched on to the field winding of alternator by closing the DPSTS2.
51
OC TEST:
1. Using the 200 ohm potential divider, current in field circuit is increased in steps of
0.1A and at each step the alternator induced voltage indicated by voltmeter and the
corresponding field current (If) are noted in tabular column.
2. This procedure is continued until the alternator voltage is 120% of its rated voltage.
3. After Completing O.C. Test, the potential divider is brought to its minimum position.
4. After completing the experiment, calculate Synchronous Impedance, Synchronous
Reactance & Regulation using the formulae given.
5. Using the data, Plot the graph between Eo Vs If.
S.C. TEST:
1. The alternator terminals are short circuited by closing TPST switch through an
ammeter.
2. The rated current is made to flow through the armature of the stator windings by
carefully adjusting 220 ohms potential divider from the minimum position.
3. After completing the experiment, calculate the Load current, Field Current and
Regulation.
4. Using the data, Plot the graph between Isc Vs If and % Regulation and Power Factor for
both the EMF and MMF methods.
OBSERVATION:
O.C TEST
If E0(1-1) E0 (ph)
S.No.
(A) (V) (V)
52
S.C. TEST
If ISC
S.No.
(A) (A)
EMF METHOD
P.F. Eo Reg P.F. Eo Reg.

S.No.
(lag) (V) (%) ( lead) (V) (%)
1 0.2 0.2
2 0.4 0.4
3 0.6 0.6
4 0.8 0.8
5 1 1
MMF METHOD
P.F. If E0 Reg P.F. If Reg. E0
S.No.
(lag) (A) ( V) (%) (lead) (A) (%) ( V)
1 0.2 0.2
2 0.4 0.4
3 0.6 0.6
4 0.8 0.8
5 1 1
FORMULAE USED
1. EMF Method:
Synchronous Impedance (ph): ZS = (Open circuit voltage/phase) / (Short circuit
current/phase)
(For the same field current)
Synchronous Reactance (Ph): XS= [(ZS) 2-(Ra) 2]1/2
E0={(Vcos Φ +IaRa)2+(VSin Φ) ± IaXS)2}1/2
where, E0 = Induced EMF per Phase, V=Rated voltage per phase, Ra = Armature
53
resistance in Ω, Ia = Armature current in A; ‘+’ for lagging p.f. load. ‘-‘for leading p.f.
load.
E0 − V
% Reg = X 100
V
2. MMF Method:
From O.C.C. graph, find
If1 - Field current required to produce rated voltage per phase.
If2 - Field current required to produce rated current per phase during S.C. test.
If = {If12+If22-2If1If2cos(90±Φ)}1/2
where ‘+’ for lagging p.f. load, ‘-‘for leading p.f. load.
Now determine Vo corresponding to If from graph.
E0 − V
% Reg = X 100
V
MODEL GRAPH
REFERENCES:
2. Albert E. Clayton & H.N. Honcock“ The performance and Design of Direct Current
Machines.”
54
1. Define regulation.
2. What is meant by pessimistic method?
3. Which method is called as optimistic method?
4. What are the advantages of EMF and MMF method?
5. Name some other methods used to predetermine the regulation.
6. Define synchronous impedance.
7. What are the two types of turbo-alternators?
8. Two identical alternators but having FL regulation of 5% & 95% are available for a
specific purpose. Which one you will choose?
9. Write the emf equation of the alternator.
10. Choose the correct answer:
The power factor of an alternator is determined by its .
a) speed b) armature reaction c) Load d) Excitation
11. Can a d.c. generator be converted into an alternator? If yes, How?
12. If load angle of a 4-pole synchronous motor is 8deg (elect.), its value in mechanical
degree is .
RESULT:
55
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct the direct load test on a given 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor
and determine and plot the performance characteristics of the machine.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Three phase Slip Ring Induction Motor

Power Rating 3.7 kW
Rated Voltage 415 V
Rated Current 7.5 A
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Apparatus
1 Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1 No
3 Wattmeter (600V, 10A, UPF) Double Element 1 No
4 TPST Switch - 1 No
5 Connecting Wires - Required
6 Fuse 10A 3
THEORY
Squirrel cage induction motors are so called because of the rotor construction, which
is the most rugged construction. The rotor conductors are heavy bars of copper, Aluminium
that are permanently short-circuited. The rotor slots are given a slight skew for quieter
operation and to prevent the locking tendency of the rotor. The direct load test is conducted
on the squirrel cage induction motor to plot its performance characteristics under loading
condition. This is more accurate than the predetermination techniques as the latter doesn’t
56
take into account the effect of factors such as temperature, which cause significant change in
its operation.
FUSE RATING CALCULATION
Since this is a load test, fuse rating = 120% of rated current of induction motor.
Therefore, the fuse rating is (A)
PRECAUTION
➢ TPST switch is kept opened initially.
➢ Before switching on the supply ensure the motor in on no load condition
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
RANGE FIXING
The range of voltmeter, ammeter and fuse rating can be fixed based on the voltage
and current rating of the motor.
• The rated line current (A); So, the range of Ammeter is (0 - Amps).
• Rated voltage of motor = (Volts). So, the range of voltmeter is
(0 - Volts).
• The current rating and voltage rating of Wattmeter are to be nearer to the value
57
calculated above. The Induction motor can be loaded up to 120% of Full load
capacity. The power factor of Induction motor on Full load is around 0.8. So, UPF
wattmeter can be chosen.
• Range of wattmeter is ( Volts, A, UPF)
PROCEDURE
1. The connections are given as shown in circuit diagram.
2. The 3Ф AC supply is switched ON to the motor using the starter.
3. Under this condition, one set of readings of the ammeter (IL), voltmeter (VL), wattmeter
(W), spring balance and the speed (N) of motor are noted down.
4. Now the mechanical load on motor is increased in regular steps in such a way that the
current drawn by the motor increases in steps of 1A.
5. At each step of loading the entire meter readings are noted down in the tabular column.
6. This procedure is continued until the current drawn by the motor equals 120% of its rated
value.
7. After the experiment is completed, the main supply is switched OFF.
8. After completing the experiment, Torque, Output Power, Power Factor, % Slip and %
efficiency are calculated by using the given formulae.
9. Using the obtained data, the plotS of % efficiency Vs Output power, % Slip Vs Output
power, Speed Vs Output power, power factor Vs Output power, and Line current Vs
Output power
MODEL GRAPH
58
OBSERVATION
Multiplication factor for wattmeter = -------
Radius of brake drum including belt thickness = ----------- m
Line Line Spring balance reading

Input power Input power Speed Torque Output
voltage current Power
S. No. (Observed) (Calculated) N S1 S2 S1 ~ S2 T power % %Slip
VL IL factor
(W) (W) (rpm) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (Nm) (W)
(V) (A)
59
FORMULAE USED
1. Torque = 9.81*R*(S1~S2 ) N-m
where,
R – Radius of the brake drum including belt thickness in meter
S1, S2 – spring balance readings in kg.
2. Output Power = 2NT/60 Watts
where,
T – Torque in N-m
N – Speed in r.p.m.
3. Power Factor = Input Power / 3 VL* IL
4. % Efficiency = (Output/Input)* 100 %
5. % Slip = [ (NS – NR) / NS ] x 100%
where,
NR is the rotor speed in rpm, Ns is the stator field speed in rpm.
REFERENCES
Machines.”
QUESTIONS
1. What are the advantages of DOL starter?

2. What are the applications of three phase induction motor?
3. Define slip speed.
4. What is Skewing?
5. What is cogging?
6. What is crawling?
7. Distinguish between rotating transformer and static transformer?
RESULT
60
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To draw the performance characteristics of single-phase induction
motor by conducting load test
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Single Phase Induction Motor
Power Rating
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Wattmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Auto transformer
5 Connecting wires

Since this is a load test, fuse rating = 120% of rated current of induction motor.
PRECAUTION:
61
➢ Ensure no load is applied on the motor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the circuit connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. By varying the single phase variac start the motor at no load.
3. Apply rated voltage to the motor and note down all the meter readings at no load
condition.
4. Apply load in convenient steps, till 120% of rated current and observe readings of all
meters. Also note the spring balance readings and speed.
MODEL GRAPH
62
OBSERVATION:
Wattmeter
Line Spring Balance Reading Output
Line Reading (watts)
voltage Power Efficiency
Sl. No. current (I) Torque Speed (N) Slip (S)
(V) Observed Actual (P0) %(ɳ)
amps F1 F2 (F1 - F2) Nm rpm
Volts Reading Power watts
(kg) (kg) (kg)
(W) (Pi) W
63
FORMULAE TO BE USED
Circumference of the brake drum = cm
Radius of the brake drum = m
Torque applied on the shaft of rotor = 9. 81 * (F1 − F2) * r Nm
Output Power, Po = 2𝜋𝑁𝑇 Watts

60
Input Power, Pi = W watts

Efficiency = 𝑃0 * 100
𝑃i
Power Factor = 𝑃i
𝑉*𝐼
% Slip = 𝑁𝑠−𝑁 * 100

𝑁𝑠
where, Ns is the synchronous speed in rpm and N is the actual speed of the rotor in rpm
REFERENCES:
1. I.J.Nagrath &D.P.Kothari “ Electrical Machines.”
Machines.”
RESULT: -
64
SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To control the speed of the given three phase induction motor and to draw the
rotor resistance Vs Speed curve
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Three phase Slip Ring Induction Motor
Power Rating 3.7kW

Rated Voltage 415 V
Rated Current 7.5 A
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 3Ф Autotransformer (0-415)V MI 1 No
2 Rotor Resistance starter (0-22.3) ohm, 4.6A
3 Fuse 5A 3
4 TPST Switch - 1 No
5 Connecting Wires - Required
THEORY:
Three-phase induction motors are practically constant speed machines like DC shunt
motors less than 5% speed regulation at full load with low resistance. But the speed
regulation causes low efficiency. The control of speed can be achieved at the stator (or) rotor
side. In the case of slip ring induction motors, the speed is controlled by introduction of an
external resistance in rotor circuit in the form of a starter, where in speed decreases with the
increase in rotor resistance. Since the method involves a decrease in efficiency due to
increase in I2R, it is used only when the speed changes are for short periods.
65
Since this is a no-load test, fuse rating = 20% of rated current of induction motor.
PRECAUTION:
➢ TPST switch is kept opened initially.
➢ Ensure no load is applied on the motor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
2. Switch ON the main supply and by varying autotransformer slowly and carefully,
apply rated voltage for the motor.
3. Now keep the rotor resistance in maximum position ‘1’, and note down the speed.
4. The procedure is repeated by decreasing the rotor resistance position to 2, 3, 4 and
66
corresponding speed readings are tabulated.
5. After the experiment is completed, the main supply is switched OFF.
6. Using the observed readings, the plot of Speed Vs Rotor Resistance is drawn in the
graph sheet.
OBSERVATION:
Rotor Resistance Switch Method
Stator voltage = 400 V; Stator current = 4.1 A
SPEED, N
S.NO STARTER POSITION ROTOR RESISTANCE (Rr)(Ohm)
(rpm)
MODEL GRAPH
67
REFERENCES:
1. I.J.Nagrath &D.P.Kothari “ Electrical Machines.”
Machines.”
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the different types of speed control methods?

2. What are the advantages of rotor rheostat control?
3. What is the difference between squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor?
4. How will you reverse the direction of 3-phase induction motor?
5. What are the applications of induction motor?
6. What are conduction motors and induction motors?
7. Name two types of three phase induction motors?
8. Define slip speed.
RESULT: -
68

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SRI SIVASUBRAMANIYA NADAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Subject Code: UEE2371

Dr. Sajjan Kumar Dr. P. Saravanan

Assistant Professor, Associate Professor,

1. Open circuit characteristics of DC generator

2. Load characteristics of DC generator

3. Load Characteristics of DC motor

4. Speed control of DC shunt motor.

5. Load test on single phase transformer

6. Open circuit and short circuit tests on single phase transformer

7. Regulation of three phase alternator using EMF method

8. Load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor

9. Load test on single phase induction motor

10. Speed control of three phase slip ring induction motor

Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to

CO2: Explain the performance of transformer.

Rubrics Score 6 Score 3 Score 1

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF DC

3 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

4 SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Parameters D.C. Shunt Generator D.C. Motor

Power Rating 3.7 kW 3.7kW

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

resistance in ohms and N is the speed of the generator in rpm.

For Generator side:

Field Current (If) No load generated

1. I.J.Nagrath & D.P.Kothari “ Electrical Machines.”

SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of operation of DC generator?

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Parameters D.C. Shunt Generator D.C. Motor

Power Rating 3.7 kW 3.7kW

Excitation Field Current 0.92A 0.6A

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

armature in Volts and Ra is the armature resistance in Ohms

• IL = V / RL - Using Ohm's law

• Ia = Ish + IL - Using KCL

Fig. 1 DC Shunt generator

For Generator side:

No load Voltage = Volts

Terminal Load current Field current Armature Generated voltage

where, Ra (eff) = 1.2 Ra

3. K. Murugesh Kumar “ D.C. Machines & Transformers”.

1. What is armature reaction?

2. What is internal & external characteristics of DC shunt generator?

3. What are the applications of DC shunt generator?

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

D.C. Shunt Motor

Excitation Field Current 0.51 A

where Eb = ΦZNP / 60A and Ia = (V – Eb) / Ra

The power developed in the armature is Pm = Eb * Ia = T * ω

The torque developed in the motor is T α Φ * Ia

Ra is the armature resistance in ohms, N is the speed of the motor in rpm

Performance Characteristics of DC shunt Motor:

Back EMF, Eb = V- IaRa

Hence, speed of a DC motor is given by, N = K (V - Ia Ra) /.