Homework Signaling

Signal Transduction Mechanisms: II.
Messengers and Receptors
1. 1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Inhibitors of which of the following would interfere with nitric oxide stimulation of cardiac
artery dilation through relaxation of smooth muscle cells?
A) protein kinase G.
B) nitric oxide synthase
C) guanylyl cyclase
D) calmodulin
E) Inhibitors of all of the above would interfere with nitric oxide stimulation.
2) Desensitization of a cell to a ligand may involve each of the following except

A) destruction of the ligand.
B) decrease in receptor ability to activate intracellular signaling pathway.
C) receptor destruction.
D) receptor endocytosis.
E) decrease in receptor affinity for the ligand.
3) Each of the following is a step in the epinephrine–cAMP pathway in which the signal is
amplified except
A) receptor activation of G-protein.
B) G-protein activation of adenylyl cyclase.
C) adenylyl cyclase production of cAMP.
D) protein kinase A phosphorylation of target proteins.
4) Reception of a signal released by the same cell is which of the following types of signaling?
A) paracrine
B) endocrine
C) autocrine
D) juxtacrine
E) exocrine
5) Kinases and phosphatases are essential in the cell because they directly
A) turn proteins "on and off" through changes in phosphorylation status.
B) bind hydrophobic hormones in the cytoplasm.
C) bind and release calcium ions.
D) destroy IP3, turning off that signaling pathway.
E) activate and repress genes.
6) cAMP activates
A) protein kinase A.
B) protein kinase B.
C) protein kinase C.
D) protein kinase G.
E) MAPK.
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7) Which of the following is the correct order of steps in the EGF–cAMP signaling pathway?
A) ligand binding–G-protein activation– adenylyl cyclase activation–cAMP production–protein
kinase A activation
B) ligand binding–protein kinase A activation–G-protein activation–adenylyl cyclase activation–
cAMP production
C) G-protein activation–ligand binding–adenylyl cyclase activation–cAMP production–protein
kinase A activation.
D) ligand binding–G-protein activation–adenylyl cyclase activation–cAMP production–protein
kinase A activation
E) ligand binding–adenylyl cyclase activation–G-protein activation–cAMP production–protein
kinase A activation
8) The low level of cytosolic calcium ions in unactivated cells is established by which of the
following?
A) calmodulin
B) calcium ATPases
C) kinases
D) phosphatases
E) phospholipase C
9) You recently identified a molecule that you believe is a primary messenger for a signal
transduction mechanism. All you know about this ligand is that it is hydrophilic. Where would
you expect to find initial interaction of the molecule with its receptor?
A) on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
B) within the cytoplasm of the cell
C) within the nucleus of the cell
D) on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
E) in endosome vesicles
10) IP3 receptors are associated with

A) plasma membranes.
B) Golgi apparatus membranes.
C) mitochondrial membranes.
D) ER membranes.
E) endosome membranes.
11) Each of the following is a second messenger except

A) cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
B) inositol trisphosphate.
C) diacylglycerol.
D) epinephrine.
E) calcium ions.
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12) Each of the following is true about Ras except
A) Ras is monomeric.
B) Ras activity is inhibited by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs).
C) Ras binds steroid hormones.
D) Ras is activated by Sos, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor.
E) Ras activates a cascade of phosphorylation events within the cell.
13) Insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake and storage in cells is promoted by activation
of each of the following except
A) Ras.
B) PI 3-kinase.
C) PTEN.
D) Akt kinase.
E) Glut4 (glucose transporter).
14) You have isolated a primary signal factor from the blood of a space alien, which you
name XFF (for X-files factor). You also have isolated various types of alien cells which
appear to interact with XFF. Based on preliminary data, you think that XFF could be
similar to one of three compounds normally found in human blood: epidermal growth
factor (EGF), epinephrine, or estrogen. Answer below questions (14a-14d)based on this
information:
14a) To test whether the XFF signal system is similar to that of epinephrine, you microinject a
nonhydrolyzable analogue of GTP into an XFF-responsive cell. If the XFF mechanism is similar
to that of epinephrine, you would expect the cellular response to be
A) blocked completely.
B) prolonged.
C) delayed.
D) 50 percent of normal.
E) It is not possible to predict without knowing how many receptors are present on the cell.
14b) You add a large amount of XFF to cultured alien liver cells. Which of the following would
confirm that XFF is the alien equivalent of human epinephrine?
A) increased cell division
B) decreased cell division
C) glycogen breakdown
D) increased glucose uptake
E) insensitivity to insulin
14c) Which of the following would best be used to demonstrate XFF is most like EGF?
A) exposure of cells to radioactive XFF
B) receptor binding assays
C) microinjection into cells of nonhydrolyzable GTP analogues
D) exposure of cells to ryanodine
E) exposure of cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors
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14d) Previous experiments have not conclusively demonstrated XFF is the alien epinephrine, so
you decide to investigate other XFF properties using radioactive XFF. Which of the following
XFF behaviors confirm that XFF is similar to estrogen?
A) XFF binds only to the cell surface.
B) XFF diffuses into the cell cytoplasm.
C) XFF is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
D) Ryanodine blocks the interaction of XFF with cells.
E) Opioids block the interaction of XFF with cells.
1.2 Short Answer Questions
15) Following fertilization of animal eggs, ________ are the second messengers that trigger egg
activation.
Answer: calcium ions
16) ________ nucleotides are common second messengers in animal cells.

Answer: Cyclic
17) Cells can regulate precisely where signaling occurs within the cell (e.g., in the yeast mating
pathway) by association of the signal pathway proteins with a ________.
Answer: scaffold protein or scaffold complex
1.3 Inquiry
18) Initial attempts to culture cells demonstrated that blood serum but not blood plasma provided
factors that increased the viability and proliferation of the cultured cells. Explain. (If you answer
this question on your own; you are excellent in understanding the signaling chapter!!)
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Signal Transduction Mechanisms: II.

Messengers and Receptors

2) Desensitization of a cell to a ligand may involve each of the following except

10) IP3 receptors are associated with

11) Each of the following is a second messenger except

1.2 Short Answer Questions

16) ________ nucleotides are common second messengers in animal cells.

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