1 Learning Theories

Learning Theories In Psychology
VerywellMind
By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Updated on November 16, 2022
Reviewed by David Susman, PhD
https://www.verywellmind.com/learning-theories-in-psychology-an-overview-
2795082
While definitions may vary, learning is often thought of as a relatively permanent

change in behavior due to experience. It is influenced by various biological, cultural,
social, and emotional variables.
Several different theories have emerged to explain how people learn. Some of the
main theories of learning include:
• Behavioral learning theory
• Cognitive learning theory
• Constructivist learning theory
• Social learning theory
• Experiential learning theory
This article explores these learning theories, including how each one explains the
learning process.
Behavioral Learning Theories

During the early part of the twentieth century, many psychologists became increasingly
interested in turning psychology into a more scientific endeavor. These psychologists,
known as behaviorists, argued that psychology needed to study only things that could
be measured and quantified to be more scientific.
A few different behavioral theories emerged to explain how and why people behave
the way they do. Behavioral theories are centered on the environmental influences on
the learning process. Environmental influences include associations, reinforcements,
and punishments.
Learning Through Association

Classical conditioning suggests that learning occurs when an association is formed
between a previously neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
In experiments conducted by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, a natural stimulus
(food) was paired with the sound of a bell. The dogs would naturally salivate in
response to food, but after multiple associations, the dogs would salivate to the sound
of the bell alone.
In classical conditioning:
Learning occurs by forming associations between naturally occurring stimuli and a
previously neutral stimulus
The neutral stimulus must occur immediately before the naturally occurring one
Focuses on automatic, naturally occurring behaviors
Learning Through Reinforcement

Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning that involves strengthening or
weakening a behavior by using reinforcement or punishment.
Operant conditioning was first described by the behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner.
It is sometimes also referred to as Skinnerian conditioning and instrumental
conditioning. Skinner believed that classical conditioning simply could not account for
all types of learning and was more interested in learning how the consequences of
actions influence behaviors.
Like classical conditioning, operant conditioning relies on forming associations. In

operant conditioning, however, associations are made between a behavior and the
consequences of that behavior.
In operant conditioning:
Learning occurs when behaviors are followed by either reinforcement or punishment
The consequences must quickly follow the behavior
Focuses on voluntary behaviors
When a behavior leads to a desirable consequence, it becomes more likely that the
behavior will be repeated in the future. The behavior becomes less likely if the actions
lead to a negative outcome.
Cognitive Learning Theories
The cognitive approach to learning focuses on how attention, memory, and information
processing contribute to the acquisition of knowledge. One of the best-known cognitive
learning theories is Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Piaget described four
stages of intellectual development that occur in childhood.1
These four stages explain how a child learns about the world and processes
information.
Sensorimotor stage: During this period of cognitive development, children learn about
the world primarily through their senses.
Preoperational stage: This stage is marked by the emergence of language and
learning through pretend play.
Concrete operations stage: During this period, kids begin to utilize logic but still think
about the world very concretely.
Formal operations stage: At this point, kids begin to use deductive reasoning and can
understand abstract, hypothetical ideas.
Constructivist Learning Theories

The constructivist approach to learning characterizes learners as active participants in
the process who play a role in constructing their knowledge. Constructivist theories of
learning were influenced by the work of psychologist Lev Vygotsky.
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory stressed the importance of collaboration and social
interaction in the learning process.2
Two important concepts of constructivist learning theories are the more knowledgeable
other and the zone of proximal development:
More knowledgeable other: Vygotsky described the more knowledgeable other as

anyone with an understanding or ability level higher than the learner. This can often
be a teacher or adult, but it can also refer to peers with more knowledge about a
specific concept, task, or process.
Zone of proximal development: Vygotsky described the zone of proximal development
as the range of knowledge or ability that a person can display with the help of the more
knowledgeable other, but that they are not yet capable of performing independently.
Gradually expanding this zone is how people can learn and improve their skills over
time.
Social Learning Theories

Psychologist Albert Bandura suggested that much of learning takes place through
observation. Children observe the actions of those around them, particularly
caregivers and siblings, and then imitate these behaviors.
In social learning:
Learning occurs through observation
Observations can take place at any time
Focuses on the give-and-take interaction between social, cognitive, and
environmental influences
In his well-known Bobo doll experiment, Bandura revealed just how easily children
could be led to imitate even negative actions. Children who watched a video of an
adult beating up a large inflatable doll were likelier to copy those actions when given
a chance.
Bandura noted that learning something does not necessarily result in a behavior
change. Children frequently learn new things through observation but might not
engage in such behaviors until they need or are motivated to utilize the information.
Experiential Learning Theories

This learning theory focuses on learning via hands-on experience. The theory was
formally introduced by psychologist David Kolb but was influenced by the work of other
theorists, including Jean Piaget and John Dewey.
According to Kolb, there are four stages in experiential learning. The first two, abstract
conceptualization and concrete experience, relate to how people grasp experiences.
The final two, active experimentation and reflective observation, refer to how people
transform experiences.
Modern Views
Such theories are typically not used in isolation. Instead, modern educators and
psychologists draw on information from a variety of theories to develop effective
educational strategies and psychological interventions that help people acquire new
skills and knowledge.
For example, while behavioral approaches are no longer as dominant as they once
were, they still play an important role in educational and therapeutic settings. For
example, teachers continue to use behavioral strategies such as positive
reinforcement and token economies to help shape the learning process.
The goal of learning more about these learning theories is to help adapt educational
and therapeutic interventions to best suit an individual's needs.
All learners are different, so drawing on various approaches, such as incorporating

behavioral, constructivist, and experiential strategies can help maximize learning
opportunities and improve educational outcomes.
Behavioral, cognitive, constructivist, social, and experiential learning theories are

among psychology's best-known and most influential. Such theories have played a
part in influencing education, therapy, and parenting approaches.
By Kendra Cherry, MSEd

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator,
and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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Learning Theories In Psychology

While definitions may vary, learning is often thought of as a relatively permanent

Behavioral Learning Theories

Learning Through Association

Learning Through Reinforcement

Like classical conditioning, operant conditioning relies on forming associations. In

Constructivist Learning Theories

More knowledgeable other: Vygotsky described the more knowledgeable other as

Social Learning Theories

Experiential Learning Theories

All learners are different, so drawing on various approaches, such as incorporating

Behavioral, cognitive, constructivist, social, and experiential learning theories are

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd

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