A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Declaration
Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

All relevant resources of information used in this paper have been duly acknowledged.

Yohannis Tekeste here declare that the work, which is being presented in the report on
internship at Ethio telecom Company for the completion of internship program, carried out
from oct.10/2004 to feb.10/2004 under the supervision of Mr.Dawd N. He is instructor in School
of electrical and computer Engineering and Engineering program in Bahir dar University.

Yohannis Tekeste 16/06/2007

Name of student Signature Date

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief. This report has been submitted for presentation with my approval.

Name Signature Date

Mr. Dawd Nesru 16/06/2007

University Mentor
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Acknowledgment
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide
Workineh Abiyu ,Haile and Markos for their exemplary guidance ,monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout this program .the blessing ,help and guidance given by their time to
time shall carry me a long way in the journey of this internship program

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to ethio-telecom for its cordial
support valuable information and guidance, which helped me in completing this task through
various stages

I express my gratitude to staff members of ethio telecom, for the valuable information provided
by them in their respective fields .I am grate full further cooperation during the period of my
assignment

Lastly I thank my family and friends for their constant encouragements without which this
program would not be possible.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Executive summary
This report is all about the thirteen week or four month long industrial internship program that is
it contains different topics in the consecutive chapters.

Part one is intended to elaborate the hosting companies’ detail that is it tries to describe the brief
history, the main products or services, the main customers or the end users of its products or
services and the overall organization and work flow of the company.

Part two is also about the overall experience I have gained there like how we get into the
company, section of the company I was working in and its work flow, the task I have allocated,
the challenge faced and measures taken in order to overcome these challenges while doing my
task.

Part three describes the benefits I have gained from the program such as benefits gained in terms
of improving practical skills, theoretical knowledge, inter personal communication skills and
understanding about work ethics related issues.

Finally there is conclusion and recommendations on the overall program as seen from my point
of view.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

List of Tables and Figures

Tables page

Table 1 traffic matrix.................................................................................................................................10

Table 2 EVDO packages and their prices....................................................................................................16
Table 3 ADSL for residential customers.....................................................................................................16
Table 4 ADSL for enterprise customers.....................................................................................................16
Table 5 transmission hierarchies...............................................................................................................32

Figures
Figure 1 physical topology diagram.............................................................................................................9
Figure 2 organizational objective...............................................................................................................13
Figure 3organizational structure of ethiotelecom...................................................................................18
Figure 4organizational Work Flow.............................................................................................................19
Figure 5 Network prefix and host number.................................................................................................24
Figure 6 dotted decimal notation..............................................................................................................24
Figure 7 subnatting....................................................................................................................................25
Figure 8 cell planning process....................................................................................................................26
Figure 9 cell definion.................................................................................................................................27
Figure 10 bad site location........................................................................................................................28
Figure 11 good site location......................................................................................................................29
Figure 12 SDH Network Elements..............................................................................................................31
Figure 13 SDH Frame Structure.................................................................................................................34
Figure 14 Point-to-Point SDH Network topology.......................................................................................35
Figure 15 linear SDH Network topology....................................................................................................36
Figure 16 Mesh SDH Network topology.....................................................................................................36
Figure 17 Ring SDH Network topology.......................................................................................................37
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Contents
Summery of the project...............................................................................................................................6
Objective of the project...........................................................................................................................9
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................9
1.1Historical over view of telecommunication........................................................................................9
1.1.1 Ethio’s Vision & Mission.........................................................................................................11
1.1.2 Organizational Values..............................................................................................................11
1.1.3 Organizational Objectives........................................................................................................12
1.1.4 Ethio telecom’s Strategy..........................................................................................................12
Main products and service of etho’s telecom........................................................................................12
Exchange capacity..............................................................................................................................12
Fixed wireless CDMA.........................................................................................................................13
Fixed line value added services..........................................................................................................13
Mobile services..................................................................................................................................13
Internet Services................................................................................................................................13
1.3 Customers of Ethio telecom...........................................................................................................14
1.3.1 Mobile Users and Tariffs of Ethio Telecom...............................................................................14
1.4 ORGANIZATIONAL STRECTURE OF ETHIO TELECOM......................................................................15
1.4.1 Division...................................................................................................................................15
Regions..............................................................................................................................................15
Organizational Work Flow.....................................................................................................................18
2.1 Overall Internship Expriance............................................................................................................19
2.1.1 How do we get into the company?...............................................................................................19
2.1.2 The section of the company we have been working in.................................................................19
2.1.3 The division that I face for work..................................................................................................20
2.1.5 Executed Work Task and Procedure...........................................................................................21
IP (Internet Protocol).........................................................................................................................21
Radio Access Network (RAN)............................................................................................................24
Transmission Network Engineering...................................................................................................29
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

2.1.6 Problem Encountered During Internship Period.........................................................................37

3.1 Overall Benefits gained from the internship......................................................................................38
3.1.1 Benefits gained in terms of upgrading theoretical skills...............................................................38
3.1.2 Benefits gained in terms nterpersonal communication skill, Team play skill, professional skill. . .38
3.1. 3 Benefits gained in terms of improving leadership skills...............................................................39
3.1.4 Benefits gained in terms of understanding Work ethics related issues........................................39
3.1.5 Benefits gained in terms of Entrepreneurship skills.....................................................................40
4.1 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................41
Recommendations.....................................................................................................................................42
4.2 Reference............................................................................................................................................42
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Transmission Network Design

Summery of the project
The purpose of the project is to design an optical SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy )

transmission network in order to inter connect twenty cities (A-T) which have their own

corresponding traffic demands as indicated in the traffic matrix table below. The physical to

topology of the cities is shown in fig. 1.

For the network design ,the following typical parameters will used:-

 Type of fiber G.652 fiber

 SM fiber dispersion at 1550nm= -20 ps/km/nm
 Fiber loss = 0.3dB/km
 Distance between splices = 6km
 Splice attenuation = 0.1dB
 Dispersion tolerance 12,800 ps/nm
 Transmission out put power = -2dBm
 Min detectable power = -28dBm
 System loss margin = 3dB
 Neglect connector losses
 Amplifier specifications(OBA 17/17,OBA 27/26,OBA 22/20,OBA 20/20,OBA
24/24, OPA 17/17,OPA 22/17,OPA 27/17)

Deliverables of the project will be to find /show:-

1. Logical topology
2. Capacity of each link
3. Calculate optical power budget
4. Calculate the dispersion to be compensated
5. Equipment type
5.1 Equipment capacity
5.2 Optical line board capacity and
5.3 Service boards required at each station
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

The following diagram depicts the physical topology of the cities A-T to be connected by optical
fiber cable

O `80KM P 95KM Q

110KM

B A F G S
110KM 100KM 95KM 100KM

105KM

90KM 80KM

90KM 80KM
D E M N
C
90KM

100KM 120KM 100KM

H J
R

120KM 85KM

K
I

95KM

80KM

T L
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Figure 1 physical topology diagram

E1 Traffic Matrix Table

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
A 7 4 9 3 5 4 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B 70 5 8 50 60 60 45 70
0 0
C 40 5 3 9 90
0 0 0
D 8 3 70 55 3 63 8
0 0 0 0
E 7 12 12 7
0 0 0 5
F 5 12 2 80 7 60
0 0 1 0
G 21 6 63 80
0
H 5 4 10 4
5 0 0 0
I 90 40 7
0
J 6 12 12 2 6 7
0 0 0 0 3 0
K 6 12
0 0
L 3 6 20 60
0 0
M 30 9
0
N 80 10
0
O 50 70 63 4
0
P 40 75 70 4 20
0
Q 4 9 10 6 2 55
5 0 0 0 0
R 10 7 6
0 0 3
S 6 60 8 10 55
3 0 0
T 8 40 7
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

0 0

Table 1 traffic matrix

Objective of the project

 To design an optical SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ) transmission
network in order to inter connect twenty cities (A-T) which have their
own corresponding traffic demands.

CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction

1.1 Historical over view of telecommunication

The history of Ethio Telecom starts in recent days after a reformation takes place from the
previous company titled Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporations which is now a day does
not exist. In this section before we see the short history of Ethio Telecom we deal with the long
history of telecommunications in Ethiopia since it is the back bone of the current existence of
Ethio Telecom as Telecommunications Company.

Telecommunications service was introduced in Ethiopia in 1894, 17 years after it is introduced to

the world, during the rule of emperor Menilik II. The first major telephone line constructed
spanned a total distance of about 477 Km and connects Harare a major trade center in eastern
region with Addis Ababa. Immediately after the telephone line, a telegraph line was installed
following the construction of the first and only rail way line in Ethiopia. With a construction
period of two years 880km North to South telephone line connecting Asmara with Addis Ababa
was constructed and made operational in 1904. The ‘verbal repeater’ system was used to
facilitate long distance calls, making use of the several intermediate stations opened at the small
towns and villages along the route
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

By 1930 a route distance of 7000 km was completed and over 170 towns were being served by
the telephone network. International communication service, however took long to develop.
Until 1930 Asmara and Djibouti are the only cities connected. By 1932 Ethiopia becomes the
member of ITU (International telecommunication Union)

By 1934 Ethiopia has established direct radio telephone links with Cairo, Djibouti, Aden and
London and soon after radio communications training sectors for Ethiopians.

By 1941 they build a telephone line in Addis Ababa and Asmara with a capacity of 1,500 and
1,200 respectively. After all when they leave Ethiopia
After the Ethiopian Army defeats them they left nothing in the sector, they destroy all things they
deploy. As we say above the next period (the post war period) starts here after the return of Italy
to their country.

The main thing done at the beginning of this period was rehabilitation of the destroyed telephone
network. In this period the ministry of Telephone, Telegraph and post was reestablished to
facilitate the rehabilitation work.
By 1972 a new organizational structure was made and Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority
(ETA) was established. The authority comprises of the following three departments and
respective divisions.
 Financial and supply department

 Operations department

 Energy department

At last when we come to recent days we can see the transformation from ETC to Ethio Telecom.
As a continuation of the last five years plan and after concentrating its efforts on educations
health and agriculture, the Ethiopian government has decide to focus on the improvement of
telecommunication service, considering them as a key lever in the development of Ethiopia.

In 2005, ETC installed a national fiber optic backbone comprising 4000 kilometers radiating out
in six major directions from the capital (to Dire-Dawa, Djibouti, Dessie- Mekele, Bahir-
Dar,Nekemte, Jimma and Awassa), laying a foundation for delivering current and future services
including digital radio, TV, Internet, data and other multimedia services. In order to increase the
service capacity, reliability, quality, speed and size of data transfer, ETC transferred from
narrowband to broadband service in January 2005
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

1.1.1 Ethio’s Vision & Mission

ethio’s Vision

# To be a world-class provider of telecommunications

services in Ethiopia

ethio’s Mission

# Provide an ubiquitous application and network infrastructure telecommunications and

implement critical enterprise and business processes in satisfying customers, enhancing
service capability throughout Ethiopia.

1.1.2 Organizational Values

Lead with vision

# We commit to understand, meet and exceed the telecommunications needs and
expectations of our country at large and of customers in particular.
Respect
# We respect our customers and recognize that their revenues allow ethio
telecom to operate We recognize that the company employees are the most
valuable asset and want to create an efficient corporate managemen
environment that allows them to develop and grow

Integrit
# We uphold ethical standards, being honest in all assignments
Accountability
# We will hold ourselves accountable to all our stakeholders
Excellence
# We will commit to high-level job performance, customer service quality,
organizational excellence and continuous improvement in all areas we will
make every effort to achieve a superior financial return.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

1.1.3 Organizational Objectives

Being a Building a
customer Offering the best
financially Meeting world
focused quality of
sound class standards
company services
company

Leverage to achieve ethio telecom’s objectives

Better Imple
Develop Develo ment
& Sourci Better
Develop p & Devel
enhanc ng & Commun
reliable & Human contro op
e Faciliti ication
quality Resour l Finan
Informat es and
Network ces stand cial,
ion proces brand
manag ard Tools
System ses image
ement proce
Figure 2 organizational objective sses
1.1.4 Ethio telecom’s Strategy

 Creating new brand for a new image and a new culture

 Creating an organization based on world class standards
 Create improved service availability by optimizing of the network coverage
 A segmented products and service portfolio for serving all categories of population
as well as companies
 An increased availability of services based on comprehensive sales organization
 A quality oriented customer service focusing on increasing customer satisfaction
and operations efficiency

Main products and service of etho’s telecom

Exchange capacity

At present, the total number of exchanges is 306 with a total exchange capacity of 780,000 lines;
out of this 171 are automatic Digital exchanges with 760,368 capacities of lines. The remaining
lines are connected to Manual exchanges.

Fixed Telephone Subscription & Traffic

 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

The total number of fixed telephone subscribers has reached 484,368. These subscribers had
generated 2,225.14 million urban metered calls and 17.7 million outgoing minutes.

Fixed wireless CDMA

Fixed wireless refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as
homes and offices. It works wherever CDMA network is available. The tariff of fixed wireless is
the same as the traditional fixed line.

Fixed line value added services

There are different packages of fixed line value added services which are very important for
enterprise and residential customers.

Mobile services

A) GSM (Global System Mobile Communication):- prepaid/ postpaid.

The service is given using SIM (Subscriber Identity Module). It has voice, data, SMS, and other
value added capabilities.

 SMS (short messaging service)

 Call divert
 Call waiting
 Call barring

B) WCDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)

It offers a wide range of advanced services: high speed internet accesses, video and high quality
image transmission, video conversation, online chat.

Internet Services

The corporation has been providing internet services since1997. The number of subscribers has
reached 12,155 by the end of June 2004. The current server capacity is about 20 Mb. Ethio
internet renders Domain name web designing and web hosting service .Metro Ethernet, Wireless
internet, ADSL GPRS services are planned to be provisioned.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

1.3 Customers of Ethio telecom

Ethio telecom has lots of customers and it divides its customer’s accordingly different criteria.
For example there are:-
 Residential customers
 Enterprise customers
The different of these customers is accordingly how frequently and prodigiously the customers
use Ethio telecom’s services i.e. the enterprise customers use services of Ethio telecom
abundantly so Ethio telecom gives special discount for them. And Of course the number of
customers increases at alarming rate. Now even only mobile users reached around seventeen
million. And also the number of internet users increases every month and year.

1.3.1 Mobile Users and Tariffs of Ethio Telecom

The national tariff plan is as follows:

 For peak hours I mean from 7 am to 9 pm except public holidays is 83 cent per minute
including vat.

 For the off peak hours from 9 pm to 7 pm including Sunday and public holidays, it is 35 cents
per minute including vat. International rates remain the same SMS rates remain the same.

 Ethio telecom reduced SIM price to stimulate customer’s acquisition. The SIM price is found
to be mesmerizingly decreasing even when one specially buys a phone from Ethio telecom
shops he could get the SIM almost for free.

EVDO packaging and prices are also as follows:

Package Subscription fee Monthly charge Megabyte
1 GB 230 300 0.35
2 GB 230 500 0.35
4 GB 230 700 0.35

Table 2 EVDO packages and their prices

Ethio telecom has also introduced 3 ADSL service Packages for both enterprise customers and
Residential customers

Package Limited usage Subscription fee Monthly OOB(m

per month charge bytes
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

512 kbps 2 GB 400 400 0.23

1 mbps 4GB 400 550 0.23
2 mbps 6GB 400 700 0.23
Table 3 ADSL for residential customers

Package Bundle with(FUP Subscription fee Monthly charge

512 kbps Unlimited 348 950
1 mbps Unlimited 348 1700
2 mbps Unlimited 348 3,075
4 mbps Unlimited 348 5,550

Table 4 ADSL for enterprise customers

1.4 ORGANIZATIONAL STRECTURE OF ETHIO TELECOM

1.4.1 Division

 There are nine departments in ethio telecom

1. Customer service
2. Enterprise
3. Network engineering
4. Information system
5. Network service
6. Network project management
7. Network project rollout
8. Network fixed accesses
9. Network operation &maintenance

Regions

 Zones (For Addis Ababa)

 EAAZ
 NAAZ
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

 CAAZ
 WAAZ
 SAAZ
 SWAAZ

 Regions

 ER & Jigijga (Dire Dawa)

 NER & Semera (Dessie)
 NR (Mekele)
 NWR (Bahir Dar)
 WR & Assosa (Nekemet)
 SWR & Gambella (Jimma)
 SR & SSWR (Hawassa)
 SER (Adama)
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Figure 3organizational structure of ethiotelecom

 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Organizational Work Flow

Figure 4organizational Work Flow

 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

CHAPER TWO

2.1 Overall Internship Expriance

2.1.1 How do we get into the company?
According to the curriculum of Bahir Dar University poly Institute of technology all under graduate
students of engineering must have one semester or 4 month of internship program on industry level. As it
is known Bahir Dar poly Institute of technology has an office called UIL (University industry Linkage)
just for the purpose of linking students and industries. Then according to our first choice the UIL office
gave us the opportunity to work with ethiotelecom with preconditions, in Addis Ababa for about four
month. After all this procedure the ethiotelecom reported to the UIL of university as they are ready to
accept UIL students from all universities. Following this UIL (University industry Linkage) officer takes
fifteen students from our department and send students profile to ethiotelecom. I am among in fifteen
students and I am interesting in ethiotelecom because I have interest working on networking section of
ethiotelecom.

2.1.2 The section of the company we have been working in

On October 21, 2014 , the first thing done was Welcome training program by ethio telecom in
Wolo safer Telecommunication Engineering College. The program was opened by Ato Haile
who is HR manager of ethio telecom and there were other invited guests. The training program
was started at 8:30 for one days morning and afternoon. The training program was great to know
about ethio telecom. The outline of the training was about
 Introduction
 Vision and Mission
 Values
 Objectives
 Bing a customer focused company
 Offering the best quality of services
 Building a financially sound company
 Meeting world class standards

 Strategy of ethio telecom

 Organizational structure
 Division
 regions
 Domain services
 Mobile
 Fixed line
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

 Enterprise

 Telecom overview
 Mobile communication
 Evolution of mobile communication
 Mobile stations
 GSM cellular structure
 Switching and transmission systems overview
 NGN (Next Generation Network )

After the end of the training the Head office HR told us there is election by chance to where we
work here the officer told us whatever the place you assigned you have to get experience. There
is no other way or choice to make change if it’s not comfortable even not in your type of work
place.

They told us the places and in each place the amount of intern student assigned.then I take mine
it was Network Engineering.

2.1.3 The division that I face for work

The department where I enter for internship was Transmission Network Engineering in the of
section Network Engineering. When I join the company of where that I work my supervisor
Worhineh Abiyu and his staffs members told me about Network Engineering and its sub
branches:

 Transmission
 RAN(Radio Access Network)
 Core Network
 IP (Internet Protocol)
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

2.1.5 Executed Work Task and Procedure

After that the supervisor of each branch of Network Engineering give us a lecture to introduce
the branches of the section of Network Engineering.

IP (Internet Protocol)
This branch concerns about the Networking Fundamentals

 Network

A network is simply two or more computers that are linked together.

 BENEFITS OF A NETWORK
 Information sharing
 Hardware sharing
 Software sharing
 Collaborative environment

 Internet
Internet can be seen entirely different angle as an infrastructure that provides
services to applications. And also called a network of network.
These applications include:
 Electronic mail (E- mail)
 Web surfing
 social networks
 instant messaging
 Voiceover-IP (VoIP)
 video streaming
 distributed games
 peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing
 television over the Internet
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

 protocol
A protocol defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between
two or more communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the
transmission and/or receipt of a message or other event.
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS:
 File transfer protocol (FTP)
 Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
 Post office protocol (POP)
 Wireless application protocol
 802.11

 IP Addresses
On the Internet, the major protocol is TCP/IP (an acronym for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol).
An IP address is a unique global address for a network interface.
It is a 32 bit long identifier

 Dotted Decimal Notation

IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal notation

Each byte is identified by a decimal number in the range [0 to 255]:

The network prefix identifies a network and the host number identifies

a specific host (actually, interface on the network).

 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Figure 5 Network prefix and host number

Figure 6 dotted decimal notation

 Subnetting
Allocate one or more addresses for each network
Difficult to manage
From the outside of the organization, each network must be
addressable.

Because of these problem add another level of hierarchy

to the IP addressing structure.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Figure 7 subnatting

Radio Access Network (RAN)

In my lecture I also understand the same thing for Radio Access Network (RAN) . From this I try
to understand certain things and sub-section of Radio Access Network .

 Radio Network Planning(RNP)

The main aim of Radio Network Planning to provide cost effective solution for the radio
network in terms of coverage, capacity and quality. The network planning process and
design criteria vary from region to region depending upon the dominating factor which
could be capacity and coverage.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Figure 8 cell planning process

A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Figure 9 cell definion

 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Figure 10 bad site location

 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Figure 11 good site location

 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Transmission Network Engineering

Transmission Network Engineering is one of the branch of a Network Engineering section
where I enter for internship.

This branch of Network Engineering section concern about the transmission of data from
transmitter to receiver.

Transmission (abbreviation: Tx) is the process of sending and propagating an analogue or

digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint through
transmission medium. Fore example :

 optical fiber

Transmission technologies and schemes typically refer to physical layer protocol duties such as
modulation, demodulation, line coding, equalization, error control, bit synchronization and
multiplexing, but the term may also involve higher-layer protocol duties, for example, digitizing
an analog message signal, and source coding (compression).

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Synchronous: One master clock and all elements synchronize with it

Digital: Information in binary

Hierarchy: A set of bit rates in hierarchical order

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) refer to a group of fiber-optic transmission rates that can
transport digital signals with different capacities
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

SDH Network Elements

Figure 12 SDH Network Elements

 Path Terminating Element

These are the end point devices where the lower speed channels enter and leave the SDH
Network.

These are known as “Path Level” devices.

 Digital Cross Connect

These devices can x-connect at the STM level down to individual E1 streams. So an E1 stream
on one STM trunk could be x-connected to another STM trunk.

 Regenerator

Is a device that regenerates the signal.

 Add/Drop Multiplexer
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

The Add/Drop mux has the ability to breakout and insert low speed channels into an STM
stream.

Transmission Hierarchies

Table 5 transmission hierarchies

SDH Frame Representation

Synchronous Transport Module (STM) frame is the basic transmission format for SDH.
It lasts for 125 microseconds, therefore, there are 8000 frames per second.
It consists of overhead plus a virtual container capacity
The first nine columns of each frame make up the Section Overhead, and the last 261 columns
make up the Virtual Container (VC) capacity. The VC plus the pointers is called the AU
(Administrative Unit).

SDH Multiplexing
 The Container (C)
Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)
Synchronous to the STM-1
s Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits

 The Virtual Container (VC)

Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area

 The Tributary Unit (TU)

 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC

 The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)
Combines several TUs for a new VC

 The Administrative Unit (AU)

is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
 The Synchronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1)
Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
Clock justification through positive-zero-negative
 Stuffing in the AU pointer area
byte by byte stuffing

The SDH Frame

The basis of SDH is the STM-1 Frame. The STM-1 frame runs at 155.52Mbit/s, and is 125uS
long. This means that you get 8,000 STM-1 frames per second.
8,000 frames a second is a very common rate in telecommunications networks for example G.704
operates at 8,000 frames a second.

This means that each Byte in the frame is equal to a64kbit/s channel.
The Frame is made up of a “Section Overhead” field and a “Payload” field.
STM-1 Frames are usually represented as 9 Rows by 270 Columns for a total of 2430 Bytes.
The bytes are transmitted from Left to Right, Top to Bottom. The first 9 Columns are the section
overhead and the other 261 columns are used to carry the payload.

The Section Overhead has three parts:-

 Regenerator Section Overhead
 Pointers
 Multiplex Section Overhead

In SDH the actual user data is carried in “Virtual Containers”. The Virtual Containers have a
Path Overhead field and they come in a number of different sizes.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

SDH Frame Structure

Figure 13 SDH Frame Structure

Payload :
Area for services transmission in STM-N 2M, 34M, and 140M signals are packed and carried in
the payload of STM-N frame over SDH network. If STM-N frame is a truck, the payload area is
the carriage of the truck.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Path Overhead (POH):

after packing low rate signals, POH is added to monitor the transmission of every channel. This
process is like attaching a label on the packet.

SDH Network Configurations

The flexibility of SDH can be used to best advantage by introducing a new network topology.
SDH also enables these arrangements to be combined with rings and chains of ADMs to improve
flexibility and reliability across the core and access areas of a network.

 Point-to-Point
The simplest network configuration involves two terminal multiplexers linked by fiber with or
without a regenerator in the link.s

Figure 14 Point-to-Point SDH Network topology

 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

 Chain or linear
A point-to-multipoint (linear add/drop) architecture includes adding and dropping

circuits along the way .

Figure 15 linear SDH Network topology

 Mesh Architecture
The meshed network architecture accommodates unexpected growth and change more easily
than simple point-to-point networks.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Figure 16 Mesh SDH Network topology

 Ring Architecture

The SDH building block for ring architecture is the ADM . Multiple ADMs can be put into a ring

configuration for either Bi-directional or Unidirectional traffic.

The main advantage of the ring topologsy is its survivability.

Figure 17 Ring SDH Network topology

SDH Advantages
 High Transmission Rates
 Simplified Add & Drop Function
 High Availability and Capacity
 Matching
 Reliability
 Future Proof Platform for New Services
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

2.1.6 Problem Encountered During Internship Period

My first challenge was the absence of computers to perform my task for up to three weeks. At
this time I lost all my time without any practical knowledge.
The next problem that I face was the department that I work was not focus on my study area so
it was hard for me to grasp things easily. It’s about different Networking cards, cables and
Networking equipments that they are new for me when I compared to my study in previous. So, I
had worked and try to know on this study matters and I try to relate on my focus area by asking
different question and understanding the difficulties.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

CHAPTER TREE
3.1 Overall Benefits gained from the internship
Benefits of internship are arrangements in which university students lend their talents to
companies in return for an opportunity to develop practical skill and gain exposure to work
environment they receives real practical skill experience and an early opportunity to impress
potential employers.

Generally the overall benefits of internship program are many. The following are all describing
about the benefits where I Benefitted from Internship.

3.1.1 Benefits gained in terms of upgrading theoretical skills

I felt that we have left a lot of things to learn about communication it is wise technology. Also
we was Interested with every things those have in telecom company. It is very interesting
because every time the system invite as to study more to reach the new one. We have gained the
knowledge about multi-service in ethio telecom, IP addressing and sub nettings and how legal
procurements are process.

3.1.2 Benefits gained in terms nterpersonal communication skill, Team play

skill, professional skill
As it is described in the above I got many benefits from the field tour. I got interpersonal
communication skill during field work at the field and other locations. Team play skill was good
and essential .the workers there where I was been talk smoothly.
I can say I can do anything in the future means in my professional skill because the intern ship
program shows me I can face anything in my profession
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

3.1. 3 Benefits gained in terms of improving leadership skills

During our internship program we haven’t worked as a leader, we have learned a lot of
leadership skills from the people that have been in a leading position for some time in the last
four months; we had good persons those thought us what leader would be.
They are good leaders and they show the good respect for the lower stage workers and also they
have a good ethics. They are responsible for their section as well as for the company and from
them we learnt a lot of things. Generally a person who is in the position of leadership seeks
optimal solution to problems and should be smart enough to manage those individuals whom
he/she is leading. The leader must also inspire his/her workers into higher levels of teamwork all
the time. By this side the above mentioned persons are good examples for others. Our closest
leader as well as our supervisors thought us that a good leader must be strong to carry his/her
workers and must be a responsible for everyone. Not only about the health of the company but
also he/she should have to care for the health of the workers. From them we learnt a lot of things
it never been lost from our mind.

3.1.4 Benefits gained in terms of understanding Work ethics related issues.

Work ethics is the most essential thing because I got the opportunity to visit workers who have
good work ethics and those who have not good work ethics.
Accordingly I understand how work ethics influence the working process, other workers around
that, internship students and totally the wellbeing of the country
I understand how being ethical is the most essential around the work
I can conclude that I want to be a good work ethical person in my profession because I
experienced non work ethical person affects much all the development program of the country.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

By itself the word work ethics is a strong word, we mean every person should have to know what
does mean work ethics. Work ethics is a cultural norm that advocates being personally
accountable and responsible for the work that one does and is based on a belief that work has
intrinsic Value. The first thing which mentioned in the family of work ethics is punctuality.
Every employee should be present on time; in this side our staffs were more punctual. We learnt
from them that all the time reaching to office the same time with them. Also respecting each
other, giving the big attention for the company equipment’s as individual. Doing on everything
punctually as well as on time. We got this all from the employees and from daily activity in our
last four months. Generally we have understood ethics like getting properly, respecting your
work partners; time management, Attitude and etc…we have also come to understand the
negative impacts of corruption on our society and how much of attention the government has
given to tackle this problem. We will be a good ethical employee at the next because we
understood its negative and positive impact.

3.1.5 Benefits gained in terms of Entrepreneurship skills

I have been gained creativity and the ability to solve a problem following the rules like, Risk
management, Self-confidence, Innovative skills, Market understanding ability, developing
Educational background with practical skill and develop confidences for proposing solution able
ideas for big companies.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Conclusion
During the whole my stay in ethiotelecom for Internship program it helped me to have
experience on the work, to know the society and environment how it looks like on the work
place. It develops my theoretical and practical knowledge and it helps me to prepare my selves to
face office work challenges, came up with the practical world and to decide my way of living
after graduation. So, this Internship program is provides to be a bridge between the student life
and professional life.
This program played an important role in various types of activities. The activities that I had
been undertaking during this past months on the office enhanced my knowledge in project
management and telecom work. I was also able to apply my theoretical knowledge of
communication engineering on the project Wireless ISP Hotspot Service for ethio telecom.

In these times I had been able to differentiate theoretical aspects, methodologies and how to
interpret network designs. So, this all things that I was working with the professional workers in
the office are what I got from this program. And the benefit I got here was it answer my question
“how it looks like working with the professional workers?” So, I gained knowledge, skills and
experience from different sections of the company workers. Besides of technical, practical and
theoretical knowledge, I gained experiences in real life work.
In general, I developed good confidence that will make me familiar to the work place after
graduation. And also the internship experience has helped me to:

 Upgrade my theoretical knowledge and visualizations.

 Upgrading my ability to be creative, confident and take risks in my future professional
career.

Generally this internship program played a wonderful role in preparing me as students, with the
practical knowledge of communication engineering. And it helped me to develop self-confidence
and introduced me to the world of networking.
 A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM

Finally I am really glad to thank for the ethio telecom that helped me to get experience in every
angle.

Recommendations
As ethio telecom is the company contributes different types of computer and soft ware
application to give service in different way to satisfy the costumer. It has a vision to be a world-
class telecommunications service provider by making a project that I mention above called
HOTSPOT design. since it is a company, it has also a mission to satisfy its costumer by
connecting every costumer through Information Communication Technology, providing
telecommunication services and products that enhance the development of our Nation and
building its managerial capability that enables ethos telecom to operate an international standard
and finally it would likes to be committed to high-level performances, customer service quality,
organizational excellence and continuous improvement.

Finally I would like to give a comment for ethio telecom regarding to internship trainers:

 The placement of student is not on what their focus area

 The follow up of for the internship students is
 There is no intermittent meetings at which the interns could discuss weaknesses and
strengths
 There were no Rotations in each department so that the interns will be able to know more
or less all communication related issues which in turn help in their final year projects.

4.2 Reference
A REPORT ON INTERNSHIP WORK AT ETHIO TELECOM