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    Lec 13

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    Lec 13

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    Lec13

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    Math 1 (MA111)

    Lecture # 13
    Differentiation and
    Applications
    3.13 The maximum and minimum values of a function

    Introduction: One of the most important


    applications of calculus of differentiation is to
    find the best way to perform certain task. This
    problem is eventually known as the
    optimization problem. Solving an optimization
    problem usually reduces to finding the
    maximum or the minimum value of a
    function and determine where this value
    occurs.
    Our task in this section concentrates on
    developing some mathematical tools for
    2
    solving this problem.
    The existence of abs.
    max or min. depends
    on the function
    and on its domain

    3
    4
    abs. max. or min.
    may occur at an interior
    point or at an end point

    5
    If the domain of the continuous
    function is not a closed interval,
    then the function may neither
    have maximum nor minimum.

    6
    Horizontal tangent

    Is it true that every critical point is


    a point of local max. or min.?

    7
    Example 1: Find the absolute maximum and minimum
    values for the function f(x) = x2 on the interval [-2, 1].

    Steps of (1) Find the values of the function at all critical points
    solution (2) Find the values of the function at the end points
    (3) Compare to get the abs. max. and the abs. min.

    Solution: The function is differential on the whole domain


    so the only critical points are where f’(x) = 2x = 0. So we
    need to check the function at the critical point x = 0 and
    the two end points x = -2 and x = 1.
    At x = 0 : f(0) = 0
    At x = -2: f(-2) = 4 The function has an absolute
    At x = 1 : f(1) = 1 maximum 4 at x = -2
    The function has an absolute
    minimum 0 at x = 0

    8
    Absolute maximum

    Local maximum

    Absolute minimum

    9
    Example 2: Find the absolute maximum and minimum
    values for the function f(x) = x2/3 0n [-2,3] .

    Solution:
    f ( x )  x2 / 3 
    2 2
    f ( x )  x 1 / 3  3
    3 3 x
     the only critical point is x  0 ,
    where f ( 0 ) does not exist.
    f( 0 )  0 ,f ( 2 )  ( 2 )2 / 3  3 4
    f ( 3 )  ( 3 )2 / 3  3 9
     the absolute minimum is 0
    at x  0 and the absolute
    3
    maximum is 9 at x  3. ( 3 ) f ( x )  cosh( 2  x ) on [ 0 , 3 ]
    x
    Exercises (4) f( x) e on [ 1, 1 ] 10
    optimization problems

    Example 1: Find two nonnegative numbers whose


    sum is 20 and whose product is as large as possible.

    Solution: Let us denote the first number by x, then the second


    number is 20 - x. The product P of the two numbers is given by:
    P(x) = x(20 - x)=20x - x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 20.
    dP Domain is a
    For the critical points =0 ⇒ 20−2 x= 0⇒ x= 10 closed interval
    dx
    P( 10 )=10 ( 20−10 )=100
    For x = 0, P(0) = 0, and for x = 20, P(20) = 0.
    Therefore, the point of absolute maximum is x =10 at which P(10)
    =100
    Conclusion: The two numbers are equal and each of them is 10 and
    the maximum product is 100.

    11
    Example 3: A rectangle is to be inscribed in a
    semicircle of radius 2 in. What is the largest
    area the rectangle can have, and what are its
    dimensions?

    Domain is a
    closed interval

    12
    Solution: Let us denote the length of the rectangle by 2x, then in
    order to get the maximum area, the two upper corners of the
    rectangle must lie on the given circle. Hence, the y coordinate of
    the shown corner is as shown in the figure and hence, the area of
    the rectangle will be A( x )=2 x× √ 4−x 2=2 x √ 4− x 2 , 0≤x≤2
    For the critical points:
    2
    dA −x 2 8−4 x dA
    =2 x . +2 √ 4−x = ⇒ =0 ⇒ 4 x 2=8 ⇒ x 2=2⇒ x=± √2
    dx √ 4−x 2 √ 4 −x 2 dx
    x=− √2 is rejected because it is out of the domain . So, the only interior critical point is x= √ 2.
    A( √2 )=4. At x=0, A (0 )=0, and at x=2, A( 2)=0 .

    Therefore, the absolute max. is 4 and it occurs at x= √ 2 .


    Conclusion: The maximum area is 4 square units, for the
    rectangle height √ 4− x 2 =√ 2 and length 2 x=2 √ 2 units.

    13
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    20
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    22
    Can we find
    ABSOLUTE
    Exrema on open
    interval or
    infinite intervals?
    Dr. Ahmad Moursy 25

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