Introduction to Mobile Cellular Networks

Part II: RAN / UTRAN

VU 389.134 389 134 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 12.10.2009 (http://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/teaching/courses/winter-term/389134)

Repetition of the last lecture

Fill out the missing bits ;)

X X

X X

2 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

Repetition of the last lecture

Fill out the missing bits ;) X

SGSN

Gn

GGSN

Gi

INTERNET

X
RNC
Iu-ps

SGSN X
Gn Gr

Gn X

GGSN X

SGSN X

HLR
3 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

Repetition of the last lecture

X 2G X X 3G X

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Outline of this lecture

Radio Link GPRS
TDMA Slot format Channels

Radio Link UMTS

WCDMA Slot format Channels

Upgrade to HSDPA (high level point of view)

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Outline of this lecture

Reading the standard:
Site: http://www.3gpp.org

GSM:
00 11

GSM (GPRS)
41 55

UMTS R99
21 37

Today:
TS 25.401 "UTRAN overall description", TS 25.301 "Radio Interface Protocol Architecture

Lecture slides
http://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/teaching/courses/winter-term/389134
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Accessing a Share Media

Physical access to the media
How to share the media between different users Discrimination on: Time, Frequency, Codes, Space GPRS: Time (TDMA) UMTS: Codes ((W)CDMA)

TDMA CDMA

Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access C d Di i i M l i l A

7

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Physical and Logical Channels The Difference

RLC MAC Radio Link Control Media Access Contr.

Physical channels
Provide bearers for different logical channels Each channel is identified through its physical parameters

Transport channels
Provide bearers for information exchange MAC/physical Transport channels are unidirectional

Logical channels
Provide bearers for information exchange between MAC and RLC Logical channels can be bi-directional Two types: traffic channels, control channels
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GSM Radio Link: TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access
Random Access: ALOHA + collision detection Signaled Access: fixed time slots
Each user is assigned one or more time slots Signaling overhead

How to fullduplex? full duplex?

Orthogonal frequency bands (GSM 900: 880-915/ 925-960 MHz)
124 Channels with 200kHz each

Down Up
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GSM Radio Link: Physical Channels

Time Division Multiple Access
Random Access: ALOHA + collision detection With Signaling: fixed time slots Each user is assigned one or more time slots

Frame structure of GSM

The basic TDMA frame
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

TDMA GSM

Time Division Multiple Access Global System for Mobile Communications

4,615ms Gua ard Gua ard

Data

Train

Data

Ta ail

Ta ail

577s
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GSM Radio Link: Logical Channels

Traffic Channels (TCHs)
Full/Half rate channels (TCH/F or H)
13kbit/s of audio information (map to 22.8kbit/s encoded bit rate) ( p )

Broadcast Channels (BCHs)

Downlink only, beacon signals

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)

MS frequency tuning (frequency only frame timing is missing!)

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Frame timing + BSIC

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Cell specific information (LAI, permitted power, neighboring cells )

Common Control Channels (CCCHs)

LAI BSIC Local Area Information Base Station Info Code
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GSM Radio Link: Logical Channels

Common Control Channels (CCCHs)
Start up phase of information exchange between MS and BS

Paging Channel (PCH) g g ( )

Paging a MS due to a call from landline Downlink only, may be (miss) used for traffic and commercials

R d Random A Access Ch Channel (RACH) l

Allows the MS to request for resources in the cell p y Uplink only

Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

Grants access to a stand alone Control Channel in the cell (after RACH)

D di t d C t l Ch Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH ) l (DCCHs)

Dedicated to one MS, bi-directional

Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
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GSM Radio Link: The frame structure

How to map low data rate logical channels?
Avoid excessive signaling GSM introduces a given frame structure Allow low data rate bearers on the logical link layer

Frames of GSM
Hyper frame
E Encryption (3h) ti

Super frame
Cell broadcast

Multi frame
Signalling

TDMA frame
8 Timeslots (users)

Timeslot
Data channel
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GSM Radio Link: Physical Channels

Slow Associated Contr CH (SACCH)
Permanent on connection Takes 2 slots from a multi frame Slot 13 and 26 over up to 4 multi frames 950bit/s (in bursts!)

Fast Associated Contr CH (FACCH)

Only if heavy signaling is needed (HO) No normal TCH channel Steals bit between Midamble and Data 456 bit in 8 consecutive TDMA frames

R d Random A Access CH (RACH)

Uplink slot for access burst Only present if cell not fully loaded
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A real example: KPI analysis

Error causes for mobile terminals attach requests
What mobile generate the most signals (faulty terminals)

Analysis on IuPS show 10 top users generating 100 requests per second
Why? y

More detailed analysis show

Same mobile has different patterns throughout the day
Why?

Any Ideas.
Consider the picture! Mobility is the key
Different cells have different mappings

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A real example: KPI analysis II

Signaling load in a cell
A certain cell shows periodic massive register rejects? Certain neighbors show similar behavior

Cell was not loaded Ideas?

Hints:
GMM Train Physical layer

All mobiles in IDLE get active to register in LAC B LAC-B

LAC at a train line

Handover of all idle terminals cause overload in the BCCH! Next cells impacted by the mobiles rejected to change LAC

BCCH Resources depleted!

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GSM Radio Link: Summary

TDMA based transmission
Slot based physical channels One physical channel mapping needed

8 users per cell

One power amplifier p p

Signaling hidden in super-frames

Data transfer in bursts Allows for different data rate channels

Cells may be signaling limited

Information of the physical layer is important to understand measurements at the link layer!

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From GSM to GPRS

PS domain
Core network elements PCU unit

More than one slot per user and TDMA multi frame
Up to 8 slots ( p (classes of mobiles) ) Allows higher data rate

Up / Down link not symmetric

Packet oriented traffic

Different coding sets (data protection)

CS 1 - 4

Mobility management
All Allow physical idle and l i l active at the same time h i l idl d logical i h i Different to audio data
CS Code Set
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Repetition of the last lecture

2G

3G

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UMTS Radio Link: Welcome to the UTRAN

UTRAN: UMTS RAN
Contains: RNC, NodeB, MS Supports softhandover (SH) RNC fully meshed

Protocols, Interfaces ,
Iub, Iur, Uu RANAP
RNC SRNC DRNC Radio Network Controller Serving RNC Drift RNC

Operation modes

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UMTS RAN: The Protocol Architecture

RRC PDCP BMC RLC MAC Radio Resource Control Packet Data Conv. Proto. Broadcast Message Contr Contr. Radio Link Control Media Access Control

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UMTS RAN: The Protocol Architecture

Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
PS data header compression Protocol abstraction layer (support for IPv4 and IPv6 Optional implementation (not used)

Radio Link Control Protocol

Two modes of operation
Transparent, Non-Transparent Ack / NonAck

Functions
Mapping Ciphering Error correction E ti Flow control, segmentation

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UMTS RAN: The Protocol Architecture

Broadcast Multicast Control Protocol (BMC)
Cell broadcast messages Storage and planning of messages

Radio Resource Control Protocol (RRC) ( )

Routing Function Entity
Route CM and MM to/from RNC

Broadcast Control F B d C l Function E i i Entity Paging / Notification Ctrl Func Ent Dedicated Control Function Entity Transfer Mode Entity

All UTRAN to UE control functions

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UMTS Radio Link: WCDMA

Separating radio resources in UMTS
TDD + TDMA + CMDA (UTRA TDD) FDD + CDMA (UTRA FDD) called WCDMA
Wideband compared to cdmaOne Problem: Qualcom owns key patents in UTRA FDD (and pushed them to the standard ;) )

WCDMA key numbers

Signal is spread using orthogonal codes Higher bit rate less spreading Frequency reuse one (different cell planning) Near-far effect - power control is important

Courses on modulation and spreading:

389.063: Mobile Communications 389 051 Introduction to Telecommunications 389.051: d i l i i
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UMTS Radio Link: Logical Channels

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
distributes information that allows UEs to attach to network
information about radio environment: power levels network identity levels, identity..

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

for exchange of first messages with attaching UE
no specific (dedicated) control channel has been assigned yet

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

for exchange of control information with attached UE
e.g. power control

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

for paging UEs

Common Transport Channel (CTCH)

unidirectional downlink channel
for broadcasting information to all, or a group of UEs

Dedicated Transport Channel (DTCH)

exchange of user d t h f data
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UMTS Radio Link: Transport Channels

Specify to how information is transferred Provide specific service quality, e.g.
Bit rate, error protection, power level, access method

Data packets that are transmitted over Transport Channels are called Transport Blocks
Several are transmitted simultaneously in Transport Block Sets Transport Sets

Each Transport Channel is described by a set of Transport Formats it can provide, i.e.
Transport Block Size, Transport Block Set Size, Transmission time interval
How long does it take to transmit a Transport Block Set

Type of error protection (Channel Coding and Cyclic Redundancy Check)

Channel Coding: redundant transmission of information

Efficiency of Channel Coding

For each Transport Block Set transmission, a suitable Transport Format transmission is chosen from the Transport Format Set

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UMTS Radio Link: Transport Channels (some)

Broadcast Channel (BCH)
downlink, fixed bit rate, high power level (needs to be audible to all) used for BCCH uplink, random access mostly used by CCCH and DCCH (also DTCH) uplink and downlink, dedicated to a particular UE one DCH may carry several DCCH and DTCH dedicated user traffic but shared by several users very important for data traffic (no d di t d b d idth f one user) i t t f d t t ffi ( dedicated bandwidth for ) optional to implement

R d Random A Access Ch Channel (RACH) l RAC

Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)

Note there is no Uplink Shared Channel

At the time of standardization no use was anticipated

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UMTS Radio Link: Physical Channels

C Common Pil t Channel (CPICH) Pilot Ch l
a signaling sequence known to network and UE is spread with the code used in the P CCPCH, in which further information is available P-CCPCH,

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

used by BCCH / BCH uses a code broadcasted on CPICH Every UE can listen

Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

physical channel dedicated to a user

Primary Synchronization Channel (for FDD) (P SCH) (P-SCH)

P-SCH sends known, invariant signaling sequence of 256 chips allows UE to synchronize y
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UMTS Radio Link: Mapping of the Channels

GSM h one physical channel has h i l h l UMTS has several physical channels
Mapping is more comple complex

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UMTS Radio Link: Packetization on the Link

Dedicated channel for every transmission
We need packetization for
Error control Synchronization Start/End of Transmission

UMTS R99 packetization example

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UMTS Radio Link: Transmission on DPDCH

Data flow in the UTRAN physical layer (64kbit/s)

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UMTS Radio Link: Summary

WCDMA li k link Max data rate DCH: 384kbit/s Different data rate channels available Diff td t t h l il bl Higher complexity in the RAN
M h d RNC Meshed Soft Handover

Dedicated channels use packetization!

Errors will show time patterns

RLC
Two different operation modes Used codes will introduce patterns (Turbo Code!)

Again understand physical layer to understand measurements on Gn

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From UMTS R99 to HSDPA

Th goals The l
Reduce RTT Introduce real PS-oriented bearers PS oriented

New elements
The MAC-hs MAC hs Hybrid ARQ Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

MAC-hs

RTT AMC

Round Trip Time Adaptive Modulation and Coding

33

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From UMTS R99 to HSDPA

H b id ARQ (HARQ) Hybrid
Error correction methods:
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Add information to protect payload, e.g. CRC

Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)

TCP like acknowledgement

Hybrid ARQ combines FEC and ARQ

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

UMTS R99
Fixed modulation d d l Variable Spreading Factor (SF)

HSDPA S
Fixed SF (16) Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
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HSDPA: The new Channels

HSDPA channels h l
HSDPA needs major changes to UMTS links High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) (HS PDSCH) High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)

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LTE Whatever it may be

LTE
Revolutionary step to update the core network Remove RNC SSGN RNC, Put everything into the NodeB

Today

LTE

Implementation I l t ti

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Summary of this lecture

GSM
TDMA based technology One physical link Fixed time patterns

GPRS
Inherited most elements from GSM
One receiver, one sender (up/downlink link correlated!)

RAN i not meshed! is h d!

UMTS
Dedicated channels Packetization still present! RNCs are meshed C
Soft handover Low RTT possible

Ph i l l Physical layer methods lik coding will b visible at hi h l th d like di ill be i ibl t higher layers
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Summary of this lecture

HSDPA
Real packet switched channels Intelligence RNC NodeB
Lower RTT (80ms) Hard handover only

Data transmission on IP depends on

Physical link technology (slots, frames, time stamps, error patterns, ) patterns ) Logical Channels (frame sizes, ) Transport Channels ( p (data rate, residual errors, delay, ) y )

Next stop: IP transmission over UMTS link p

Error patterns Optimization headroom
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Thank you for your attention

Questions? Q i ? psvoboda@nt.tuwien.ac.at