ICT WORKSHOP

LAB-1 DATE:5 AUGUST 2024

WHAT IS ICT
ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology,is all about the
tools and systems we use to handle and share information. This includes:
Computers and Phones: Devices you use to access information.
Software: Programs and apps that help you do tasks like writing, browsing
the web, or managing data.
Internet and Networks: Ways to connect with others and share information,
like Wi-Fi or mobile data.
Media: TV, radio, and other forms of broadcasting.

APPLICATION OF ICT

1. Education:

● Online Learning: Platforms like Coursera or Khan Academy let

people take courses from anywhere.
● Interactive Classrooms: Smartboards and educational software make
learning more engaging and make understanding things easier.

2. Business:

● Communication Tools: Email, video conferencing, and instant

messaging help teams stay connected.
● Data Management: Businesses use software to track inventory,
manage customer information, and analyze sales.

3. Healthcare:

● Telemedicine: Doctors can consult with patients remotely using video

calls.
 ● Electronic Health Records: Patient information is stored digitally for
easy access and management.

4. Government:

● E-Government Services: Online platforms allow people to access

services like renewing licenses or paying taxes.
● Data Analysis: Governments use ICT to analyze data for better
decision-making and policy planning.

5. Entertainment:

● Streaming Services: Platforms like Netflix or Spotify provide

on-demand access to movies, TV shows, and music.
● Gaming: Video games and online gaming communities are driven by
advanced ICT.

6. Finance:

● Online Banking: Manage bank accounts, transfer money, and pay bills
through banking apps or websites.
● Trading: Stock and cryptocurrency trading platforms allow for buying
and selling investments online.

7. Daily Life:

● Smart Homes: Devices like smart thermostats and security systems

can be controlled through apps.
● Social Media: Platforms like Facebook and Instagram help people stay
connected and share content.
LAB-2 Date:14 AUGUST 2024

ICT COMPONENTS

There are two types of ICT components:

1) Hardware
2) Software
Hardware

SMPS CABINET: A switched-Mode supply(SMPS) is an electrical power that

efficiently converts electrical power using a switching regulator.
There are two types of SMPS cabinet:
1) AT SMPS
2) ATX SMPS
AT SMPS cabinet
A type of computer case that was designed to be used in older types of
computer is called AT SMPS cabinet.
They usually have mounting points and connectors that match older AT
power supplies. This includes a 6-pin power connector that provides power to
the motherboard.

ATX SMPS cabinet

The ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) standard is a popular
specification for computer motherboards.
Uses a 20-pin or 24-pin connector to deliver power to the motherboard, with
additional connectors for extra power needs.
LAB-3 Date:14 AUGUST 2024

ICT hardware components:

Hardware component
CMOS

Motherboard: A motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that

connects all of its internal components and allows them to communicate and
receive power. It's a key part of any computer, and without it, the computer's
components wouldn't be able to interact .

CMOS: CMOS stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, and

it's a technology used in the manufacturing of digital devices, including
memory chips and computer processors. CMOS is used to create reliable,
low-power electronic circuits.
LAB: 3 DATE;28/08/2024

CPU:
The CPU is like the "brain" of a computer. It does all the thinking and
controls what the computer does. It runs programs and processes data,
making it essential for everything a computer does.

Key Parts of a CPU

1. Control Unit: Directs the CPU and tells other parts what to do.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Does math and logical operations (like
adding and comparing numbers).
3. Registers: Tiny, fast storage spots in the CPU for holding data and
instructions temporarily.
4. CPU Cache: Quick memory that stores frequently used information to
speed things up.
5. Cores: Modern CPUs have multiple cores (like mini-brains) that can work
on different tasks at the same time.
6. Clock Speed: Measures how fast the CPU can process instructions, shown
in gigahertz (GHz). Higher numbers mean faster performance.

How Does the CPU Work?

1. Fetch: Gets the next instruction from memory (RAM).

2. Decode: Figures out what the instruction means.
3. Execute: Carries out the instruction.
4. Store: Puts the result back in memory or a register.

This cycle happens billions of times per second!

Types of CPUs

1. Single-Core CPUs: Older type with one processing unit.

2. Multi-Core CPUs: Newer type with two or more cores that can do
multiple tasks at once.
3. x86 and ARM CPUs: x86 is common in PCs; ARM is used in
smartphones and tablets for better battery life.

Why is the CPU Important?

The CPU is crucial for how fast and efficiently a computer runs. A powerful
CPU means quicker program execution, better handling of complex tasks,
and faster responses to user commands.
LAB- 6 DATE:4/09/2024

RAM:RAM is a type of memory in a computer that provides temporary

storage for data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly while
running programs. It’s essential for a computer’s performance.

Key Characteristics of RAM

1. Volatile: RAM only keeps data while the computer is on. When you turn it
off, everything stored in RAM is lost.
2. Speed: RAM is much faster than other storage types (like hard drives or
SSDs), allowing quick access to data, which helps programs run smoothly.
3. Temporary Storage: It holds data and instructions the CPU is currently
working on, including parts of the operating system and open applications.
4. Multitasking Ability: The more RAM a computer has, the better it can
handle multiple applications at once and work with larger files.

Types of RAM

1. DRAM (Dynamic RAM): The most common type, needs to be refreshed

thousands of times a second to keep data.
2. SRAM (Static RAM): Faster and more reliable than DRAM; doesn’t need
constant refreshing but is more expensive.
3. DDR RAM (Double Data Rate RAM): A type of DRAM used in modern
computers, with versions like DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5, each faster
than the last.
4. ECC RAM (Error-Correcting Code RAM): Used in servers; it can
detect and fix errors, providing extra reliability.

Importance of RAM
Performance: More RAM helps the computer run multiple applications
smoothly and switch tasks quickly.
Multitasking: Allows more programs to be open at the same time without
slowing down.
High-Performance Tasks: Tasks like gaming, video editing, and 3D
rendering require a lot of RAM to work efficiently.
LAB -7 DATE:11/09/2024

Storage device: SSD for the operating system and applications, and an HDD
for additional storage, balancing speed and capacity effectively.
Both HDDs and SSDs are types of storage devices used in computers to store
data like the operating system, applications, and files. They serve the same
purpose but work differently.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

1. How It Works: Uses rotating magnetic disks (platters) to store data. A

mechanical arm moves over these platters to read or write data.
2. Storage Capacity: Generally offers larger storage sizes (from 500GB to
several terabytes) at a lower cost.
3. Speed: Slower than SSDs, with read/write speeds around 80 to 160 MB/s.
4. Durability: More prone to physical damage due to moving parts; dropping
an HDD can lead to data loss.
5. Lifespan: Has a limited lifespan based on operational hours and read/write
cycles.
6. Cost: More affordable per gigabyte, making them good for large data
storage needs.
7. Best For: Storing large files, media, backups, and archives in desktops and
laptops.

Solid State Drive (SSD)

1. How It Works: Uses flash memory with no moving parts, storing data in
integrated circuits for quick access.
2. Storage Capacity: Available in various sizes (from 120GB to several
terabytes), but generally more expensive per gigabyte.
3. Speed: Much faster than HDDs, with read/write speeds from 200 to over
3,000 MB/s for NVMe SSDs, allowing for quick boot times and file transfers.
4. Durability: More resistant to physical shock, making them ideal for
laptops and portable devices.
5. Lifespan: Has a limited number of write cycles but lasts many years with
normal use.
6. Cost: More expensive per gigabyte than HDDs, although prices are
decreasing.
7. Best ForOperating systems, applications, and files that need fast access.

Key Differences

Speed: SSDs are significantly faster than HDDs.

Durability: SSDs are more reliable due to no moving parts.
Capacity vs. Cost: HDDs offer more storage for the price, ideal for
budget-friendly large-scale storage.
Noise:HDDs can be noisy because of mechanical parts, while SSDs are

silent.
LAB-8 DATE:18/09/2024

OUTPUT DEVICE
Key Components of a Monitor

1. Display Technology:
-LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Common type, often backlit by LEDs.
- LED (Light Emitting Diode): A variant of LCD that is energy-efficient
and thinner.
- OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode): Offers superior color accuracy,
contrast, and true blacks.

2. Resolution:
- Measured as width × height (e.g., 1920×1080 for Full HD).
- Higher resolutions provide sharper images.

3. Refresh Rate:
- Measured in Hertz (Hz); indicates how often the screen updates (e.g.,
60Hz for standard, up to 144Hz for gaming).
4. Aspect Ratio: Ratio of width to height; common ratios include 16:9
(widescreen) and 4:3 (standard).
5. Response Time: Measured in milliseconds (ms); lower times reduce
motion blur, important for gaming.
6. Input Ports: Common ports include HDMI, DisplayPort, DVI, and VGA;
may also include USB ports.
7. Color Accuracy: High-end monitors provide better color reproduction,
crucial for professionals in graphic design and video editing.

Types of Monitors

1. LCD Monitors: The most common, using liquid crystals for display.
2. LED Monitors: A type of LCD with LED backlighting for efficiency.
3. OLED Monitors: Use organic compounds for better contrast and color.
4. Curved Monitors: Provide an immersive viewing experience, often used
in gaming.
5. Touchscreen Monitors: Allow direct interaction through touch, used in
kiosks and some desktops.
6.Ultra-Wide Monitors: With a 21:9 aspect ratio or higher, ideal for
multitasking and gaming.

Uses of Monitors

General Use: Web browsing, document writing, and video watching.

Gaming: High-performance monitors enhance the gaming experience.
Professional Work: Graphic design, video editing, and photography benefit
from high color accuracy.
Entertainment: High-resolution monitors improve movie and video
viewing.

Monitor Specifications to Consider

Size: Common sizes range from 21 inches to 32 inches or more.

Resolution: Higher resolutions like 4K (3840×2160) offer greater detail.
Panel Type:
IPS (In-Plane Switching): Better color reproduction and viewing angles.
TN (Twisted Nematic): Faster response times but less color accuracy.
Adjustability: Stands that allow height, tilt, and swivel adjustments for
comfort.
LAB-9 DATE:25/09/24

KEYBOARDS: Computer keyboards are essential input devices used to enter data
into a computer. They come in various types and styles, each suited to different
needs and preferences.

Types of Keyboards

1. Mechanical: Durable, tactile feedback; popular among gamers and typists.

2. Membrane: Quieter, less expensive; commonly found in office settings.
3. Chiclet: Flat, low-profile design; typical in laptops.
4. Scissor Switch: Combines mechanical feel with quiet operation; often in
laptops.
5. Ergonomic: Designed to reduce strain; ideal for long typing sessions.
6. Gaming: Mechanical with features like RGB lighting and programmable
keys.
7. Virtual: Software-based on touchscreens; found in tablets and smartphones.
8. Flexible: Portable and spill-resistant, but may have a poor typing
experience.
9. Compact: Smaller design for space-constrained environments.

Key Features

● Backlighting: For low-light visibility.

● N-Key Rollover: Allows multiple key presses.
● Customizable Keys: Programmable for specific tasks.

Switch Types

● Mechanical: Varied feedback and actuation.

● Membrane: Quieter, less tactile.

Considerations
 ● Ergonomics: Important for long use.
● Durability: Necessary for gaming or heavy use.
● Portability: Based on desktop or mobile needs.

Maintenance Tips

● Regular Cleaning: Keep keyboards free of dust and debris.

● Liquid Protection: Avoid spills to prevent damage
● Connection: Wired (low latency) vs. wireless (flexible).

MOUSE: Computer mouse is a handheld input device used to interact with a

computer's graphical user interface (GUI). It allows users to move a pointer on the
screen and perform actions like clicking, dragging, and selecting.

Types of Computer Mice

1. Mechanical Mouse:

Uses a rolling ball to detect movement.

Older technology, largely replaced by optical and laser mice.

2. Optical Mouse:

- Uses an LED light and sensor for movement detection.

- More accurate and durable; struggles on shiny surfaces.

3. Laser Mouse:

- Similar to optical but uses a laser for higher precision.

- Works on a wider variety of surfaces, including glass.

4. Wireless Mouse:

- Connects via Bluetooth or USB receiver.

- Offers freedom of movement; requires batteries or recharging.

5. Wired Mouse:

- Connects via USB or PS/2 port.

6. Trackball Mouse:

- Features a large ball for cursor movement while the mouse remains stationary.

- Ideal for limited desk space.

7. Gaming Mouse:

- Designed for gamers with high DPI settings, customizable buttons, and RGB
lighting.

- Ergonomic design for comfort during long sessions.

8. Ergonomic Mouse:

- Designed to reduce strain; may have vertical grip shapes.

- Good for users with repetitive strain injuries.

9. Stylus Mouse:
 - Combines mouse and stylus functionality, ideal for graphic design.

10. Trackpad:

- Detects finger movements; commonly found on laptops.

11. Presentation Mouse:

- Combines standard mouse features with presentation tools like laser pointers.

Key Features

DPI (Dots Per Inch): Measures sensitivity; higher DPI means greater cursor
movement with less physical movement.

Polling Rate: How often the mouse reports its position; higher rates reduce input
lag.

Customizable Buttons: Extra buttons can be programmed for specific functions.

Scroll Wheel: Facilitates navigation; some offer tilt functionality.

Ergonomics: Shape and design affect comfort during extended use.

Connectivity: Options include Bluetooth (no dongle) or USB receiver.

Battery Life: Wireless mice may use disposable batteries or rechargeable options.

Customizable Lighting: Often found in gaming mice, adjustable through

software.

Considerations for Choosing a Mouse

Purpose: Determine whether it's for gaming, office work, graphic design, etc.

Fit: Ensure the mouse suits your hand size and grip style (palm, claw, fingertip).

Features: Evaluate the importance of DPI adjustment, programmable buttons, and

connectivity.

Surface Compatibility: Choose a laser mouse for versatile surface use.

Maintenance Tips

Regular Cleaning: Remove dust and grime, especially around the sensor and
buttons.

Trackball Maintenance: Clean the ball and internal rollers for smooth operation.

Battery Management: Replace or recharge batteries in wireless models as needed.