Carbon And Its Compounds

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of
A. carbon monoxide only

B. carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide

C. carbon dioxide only

D. coal

Answer:
Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of Carbon dioxide in air (0.03 % only). Carbon
also occurs in the form of minerals such as carbonates, fossil fuels and other organic
compounds. Carbon monoxide is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon due to
limited supply of oxygen. It is pollutant that is formed when hydrocarbons such as petrol
and diesel are burnt. Carbon monoxide is short-lived and is oxidized into carbon dioxide.

Question 2.
A molecule of ammonia (NH3) has
A. only single bonds

B. only double bonds

C. only triple bonds

D. two double bonds and one single bond

Answer:
A molecule of ammonia (NH3) has only single bonds. Since the valency of nitrogen is 3,
one atom of nitrogen combines with three atoms of hydrogen in a molecule of ammonia.
An atom of nitrogen can form three covalent bonds.

Question 3.
Which of the following statements are usually correct for carbon compounds? These

(i) are good conductors of electricity

(ii) are poor conductors of electricity

(iii) have strong forces of attraction between their molecules

(iv) do not have strong forces of attraction between their molecules

A. (i) and (iii)

B. (ii) and (iii)

C. (i) and (iv)

D. (ii) and (iv)

Answer:
Carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity because they form covalent bonds.
In such bonds, there are no free electrons left as all are used in making the bond. Hence
carbon compounds do not dissociate into ions and hence are poor conductors of
electricity. Moreover, covalent bonds do not have strong forces of attraction. A covalent
bond is also known as a molecular bond.

Question 4.
Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of
A. Phosphorus

B. Sulphur

C. Carbon

D. Tin

Answer:
Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of carbon (C60). It was discovered in 1985. Sixty
carbon atoms form the shape of a ball with a carbon atom at each corner of the 20
hexagons and 12 pentagons. Each carbon atom has three bonds.

Question 5.
Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?
A. (i) and (iii)

B. (ii) and (iv)

C. (i) and (ii)

D. (iii) and (iv)

Answer:
The chemical formula of butane is C4H10. Structural formulae in other options (iii) and (iv)
show only 8 hydrogen atoms. Isomers are molecules that contain the same number of
atoms of the same elements but differ in structural arrangement and properties. Isomers
have same chemical formula.

Question 6.

In the above given reaction, alkaline KMnO4 acts as

A. reducing agent

B. oxidising agent

C. catalyst

D. dehydrating agent

Answer:
In this reaction, alkaline KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent. It adds oxygen to ethanol
resulting in formation of ethanoic acid. An oxidizing agent adds oxygen or takes electrons
from other substances.

Question 7.
Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats.
This is an example of
A. Addition reaction

B. Substitution reaction

C. Displacement reaction

D. Oxidation reaction

Answer:
This reaction is an example of addition reaction (also known as hydrogenation reaction). In
this reaction oil which is unsaturated hydrocarbon reacts with hydrogen in the presence of
a catalyst (palladium or nickel) to form fats which are saturated hydrocarbon.

Question 8.
In which of the following compounds, — OH is the functional group?
A. Butanone

B. Butanol

C. Butanoic acid

D. Butanal

Answer:
The alcohols are organic compounds. They all contain the functional group –OH. This
group possess the properties of alcohols. The names of alcohols end with ‘-ol’ – e.g.,
ethanol, butanol.

Question 9.
The soap molecule has a
A. hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

B. hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail

C. hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail

D. hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail

Answer:
The soap molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. When soap is mixed
into the water, the soap molecules arrange themselves into tiny clusters called 'micelles'.
The hydrophilic parts of the soap (water-loving) molecules point outwards, forming the
outer surface of the micelle. The hydrophobic parts (oil-loving) group together on the inner
side. Micelles can trap fats in the center and helps to get rid of oil and dirt.

Question 10.
Which of the following is the correct representation of electron dot structure of nitrogen?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer:
An electron dot structure represents the valence electrons as dots placed around the
chemical symbol. Electrons are placed up to two on each side of the symbol for a
maximum of eight, which is the number of electrons in a lled s and p shell.

Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. When we draw the Lewis structure for Nitrogen we draw
5 ‘dots’ or valence electrons around the element symbol (N).

Question 11.
Structural formula of ethyne is
A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer:
The chemical formula of Ethyne is C2H2, the structure of which is shown in option ‘a’.
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Question 12.
Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following:

(i) Propane

(ii) Propene

(iii) Propyne

(iv) Chloropropane
A. (i) and (ii)

B. (ii) and (iv)

C. (iii) and (iv)

D. (ii) and (iii)

Answer:
Alkanes such as propane are saturated hydrocarbons. An unsaturated compound contains
carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds, such as those found in alkenes (propene) or
alkynes (propyne), respectively.

Question 13.
Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the
A. absence of sunlight

B. presence of sunlight

C. presence of water

D. presence of hydrochloric acid

Answer:
Saturated hydrocarbons reacts with chlorine at room temperature in the presence of
sunlight to form alkyl chloride by displacement reaction.

Question 14.
In the soap micelles
A. the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the
interior of the cluster.

B. ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the
cluster.
C. both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster

D. both ionic end and carbon chain are on the exterior of the cluster

Answer:
The soap molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. When soap is mixed
into the water, the soap molecules arrange themselves into tiny clusters called 'micelles'.
The hydrophilic parts of the soap (water-loving) molecules point outwards, forming the
outer surface of the micelle. The hydrophobic parts (oil-loving) group together on the inner
side. Micelles can trap fats in the center and helps to get rid of oil and dirt.

Question 15.
Pentane has the molecular formula C5H12. It has
A. 5 covalent bonds

B. 12 covalent bonds

C. 16 covalent bonds

D. 17 covalent bonds

Answer:
Pentane has 16 covalent bonds. The structural diagram is as follows:

Question 16.
Structural formula of benzene is

A.
B.

C.

D.

Answer:
The chemical formula of benzene is C6H6.

The benzene ring consists of six carbon atoms bonded in a hexagon ring. Each carbon is
bonded to one hydrogen. There are three alternating double bonds between carbon
atoms. This reveals that each carbon is bonded to 3 others.

Question 17.
Ethanol reacts with sodium and forms two products. These are
A. sodium ethanoate and hydrogen

B. sodium ethanoate and oxygen

C. sodium ethoxide and hydrogen

D. sodium ethoxide and oxygen

Answer:
When a small piece of sodium reacts with ethanol, a colourless solution of sodium
ethoxide, CH3CH2ONa is obtained. It also gives off bubbles of hydrogen gas. Sodium
ethoxide is known as an alkoxide.

This following equation shows this reaction:

2CH3CH2OH + 2Na 2CH3CH2ONa + H₂

Question 18.
The correct structural formula of butanoic acid is

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer:
Butanoic acid has the structural formula: C3H7COOH (CH₃CH₂CH₂-COOH ).

Question 19.
Vinegar is a solution of
A. 50% – 60% acetic acid in alcohol

B. 5% – 8% acetic acid in alcohol

C. 5% – 8% acetic acid in water

 D. 50% – 60% acetic acid in water

Answer:
Vinegar is a solution of 5% - 8% acetic acid in water. Acetic acid is the solute and water is
the solvent.

Question 20.
Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because

(i) mineral acids are completely ionised

(ii) carboxylic acids are completely ionised

(iii) mineral acids are partially ionised

(iv) carboxylic acids are partially ionised

A. (i) and (iv)

B. (ii) and (iii)

C. (i) and (ii)

D. (iii) and (iv)

Answer:
Acids ionize in a solution. Strength of an acid is determined by the ability to furnish H+ions
in a solution. A strong acid such as mineral acids dissociate completely to furnish H+ions
whereas weaker acids such as carboxylic acids do not dissociate completely to furnish
H+ions. Hence, mineral acids are more acidic than carboxylic acids.

Question 21.
Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent
atoms, e.g. hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic
con guration of
A. helium

B. neon

C. argon

D. krypton

Answer:
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After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic con guration of neon, the
nearest noble gas or inert gas.

Electronic con guration of carbon (C) = 2, 4. When it reacts with hydrogen, it forms
methane (CH4). Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons.
Now, electronic con guration of C in CH4 = 2, 8. Therefore, after the formation of four
bonds, carbon attains the electronic con guration of neon with the atomic number 10.

Question 22.
The correct electron dot structure of a water molecule is

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer:
Oxygen (O) has 6 valence electrons and hydrogen (H) has 1. All the 8 electrons must be
arranged in pairs so that oxygen completes the octet structure (8 electrons in its valence
cell). Each hydrogen has now 2 electrons in its valence shell.

Question 23.
Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?

A.

B.

C.

D.
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Answer:
A straight chain hydrocarbon is one that is made from carbon atoms that are joined to not
more than two other carbon atoms.

A branched chain hydrocarbon is one that is made from carbon atoms where at least one
carbon atom is joined to more than two other carbon atoms.

Question 24.
Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A. (i) and (iii)

B. (ii) and (iii)

C. (ii) and (iv)

D. (iii) and (iv)

Answer:
In these options, carbon atoms show double bond and triple bonds; hence these are
unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that form double or triple covalent bonds with
other carbon atoms. Those hydrocarbons that have at least one carbon-to-carbon double
bond are called alkenes. Those hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-to-carbon triple
bond are called alkynes.

Question 25.
Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?
A. CH4

B. C2H6

C. C3H8
D. C4H8

Answer:
follows the general formula CnH2n, whereas other options follow the general formula
CnH2n+2.

A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds that differ in the number of carbon
atoms they have but possess the same functional group. Methane, ethane, propane,
butane are part of alkane homologous series. The homologous series of a class of
alcohols has the hydroxyl functional group.

Question 26.
The name of the compound CH3 — CH2 — CHO is
A. Propanal

B. Propanone

C. Ethanol

D. Ethanal

Answer:
The functional group – CHO is used with the compounds ending with suf x ‘al’.

Propanal (also known as propionaldehyde) is an organic compound with the formula

CH3CH2CHO. It is a saturated 3-carbon aldehyde. It is also a structural isomer of acetone.
It is colourless liquid with a fruity smell.

Question 27.
The heteroatoms present in CH3 — CH2 — O — CH2 — CH2Cl are

(i) oxygen

(ii) carbon

(iii) hydrogen

(iv) chlorine
A. (i) and (ii)

B. (ii) and (iii)

C. (iii) and (iv)

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 D. (i) and (iv)

Answer:
Oxygen and chlorine are heteroatoms.
A heteroatom is any atom other than carbon or hydrogen in a molecular structure.

Question 28.
Which of the following represents saponi cation reaction?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Answer:
Soaps are made by the process of saponi cation. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of
long chain fatty acids. When triglycerides in fats react with aqueous NaOH or KOH, they
are converted into soap and glycerol. This is called saponi cation or alkaline hydrolysis of
esters.

Question 29.
The rst member of alkyne homologous series is
A. ethyne

B. ethene

C. propyne

D. methane

Answer:
Ethyne (C2H2) is the rst member of alkyne homologous series.

Short Answer Questions

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Question 1.
Draw the electron dot structure of ethyne and also draw its structural formula.

Answer:

Ethyne (also known as acetylene) is the simplest alkyne. Its molecular formula is C2H2.
The structural formula for ethyne is

Question 2.
Write the names of the following compounds.

Answer:

(a) Pentanoic acid

(b) Butyne

(c) Heptanal

(d) Pentanol

Question 3.
Identify and name the functional groups present in the following compounds.

Answer:

(a) Propanol (C3H7OH). It is commonly represented by the molecule propan-1-ol, a

primary alcohol. It has –OH functional group.
 (b) Carboxylic acid. It is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group [C(=O)OH].
The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH. It has –COOH functional group.

(c) Ketone. It is an organic compound with the structure RC(=O)R'. Here R and R' can be a
carbon-containing compounds. Ketones and aldehydes are simple compounds that
contain a carbon–oxygen double bond (carbonyl group). It has carbon–oxygen double
bond functional group.

(d) Alkene. These are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon–carbon double bond. The
number of hydrogen atoms in an alkene is just double the number of carbon atoms. For
example, the number of hydrogen atoms in ethane (C2H4) is 4 and that of carbon is 2. In
propene (C3H6), the number of hydrogen atoms is 6 and that of carbon is 3. It carbon-to-
carbon double bond functional group.

Question 4.
A compound X is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid C2H4O2 and an alcohol in
presence of a few drops of H2SO4. The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed
by acidi cation gives the same carboxylic acid as used in this reaction. Give the names
and structures of (a) carboxylic acid, (b) alcohol and (c) the compound X. Also write the
reaction.

Answer:
(a) The name of carboxylic acid is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).
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(b) The name of alcohol is ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH).

(c) Compound X is ester (CH3-COOC2H5).

Carboxylic acid with chemical formula (C2H4O2) is Acetic acid (CH3-COOH):

Ethyl alcohol on oxidation forms acetic acid.
C2H5OH + KMnO4→ CH3-COOH
Carboxylic acids reacts with alcohols to forms ester.
CH3-COOH + C2H5OH → CH3-COOC2H5 (Ethyl actetate)
Therefore, X = CH3-COOC2H5

Question 5.
Why detergents are better cleansing agents than soaps? Explain.

Answer:
Soaps work better and effectively in soft water and not in hard water. This happens
because soap forms precipitate (or scum) after reacting with magnesium and calcium ions
present in hard water. Detergents work good in soft water as well as hard water because
they do not form precipitate (or scum) even in hard water as calcium and magnesium salts
are soluble in water. Hence, detergents form more lather and clean better than soaps.

Question 6.
Name the functional groups present in the following compounds:

(a) CH3CO CH2CH2CH2CH3

(b) CH3CH2CH2 COOH

(c) CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO

(d) CH3CH2OH

Answer:
(a) CH3COCH2CH2CH2CH3 (Ketone); Functional group: carbonyl, C=O.

(b) CH3CH2CH2COOH (Carboxylic acid); Functional group: carbonyl –C=O) + the

hydroxyl –OH) = carboxyl.

(c) CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO (Aldehyde); Functional group: carbonyl, −CHO. (i.e., an

oxygen atom is attached to a carbon atom by a double covalent bond and
a hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon atom )
(d) CH3CH2OH (Alcohol); Functional group: hydroxyl functional group (–OH)

Question 7.
How is ethene prepared from ethanol? Give the reaction involved in it.

Answer:
When ethanol is heated with excess of concentrated sulphuric acid (at 443 K); it produces
ethene. This can be shown by following equation.

CH3CH2OH + hot conc. H2SO4 (at 443 K) → H2C = CH2 + H2O

Concentrated phosphoric (V) acid, H3PO4, can be used instead of concentrated sulphuric
acid.

Hydrolysis of ethanol takes place in this reaction.

Question 8.
Intake of small quantity of methanol can be lethal. Comment.

Answer:
If methanol is taken in large quantities, it gets converted into methanal or formaldehyde.
This substance coagulates the cells of the body and blocks the optic nerve thus causing
blindness. It is toxic and cancer-causing too. It is naturally present in small quantities in
fruits and in human body.

Question 9.
A gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium. Name the gas evolved and also write
the balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved.

Answer:
When ethanol reacts with sodium, hydrogen gas (H2) is evolved.

This reaction can be shown by following equation.

2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2

This is an oxidation-reduction reaction. Na is oxidized, and H is reduced.

Question 10.
Ethene is formed when ethanol at 443 K is heated with excess of concentrated sulphuric
acid. What is the role of sulphuric acid in this reaction? Write the balanced chemical
equation of this reaction.

Answer:
In this reaction, sulphuric acid is working as a dehydrating agent.

Sulphuric acid has a property to attract water. It removes water from other compounds
without dissolving in it. Thus it is considered a good drying agent.

The chemical equation of this reaction is as follows:

CH3CH2OH + hot conc. H2SO4 (at 443 K) → H2C = CH2 + H2

Question 11.
Carbon, Group (14) element in the Periodic Table, is known to form compounds with many
elements. Write an example of a compound formed with

(a) chlorine (Group 17 of periodic table)

(b) oxygen (Group 16 of periodic table)

Answer:
(a) Carbon forms carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) with chlorine. Carbon tetrachloride is used as
a solvent for oils and fats. It is also used as a refrigerant.

(b) Carbon forms carbon dioxide (CO2) with oxygen. Solid carbon dioxide (i.e., dry ice) is
used in large-scale refrigeration. It is also used in re extinguishers.

Question 12.
In electron dot structure, the valence shell electrons are represented by crosses or dots.

(a) The atomic number of chlorine is 17. Write its electronic con guration?

(b) Draw the electron dot structure of chlorine molecule.

Answer:
(a) K, L, M – 2, 8, 7
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 Question 13.
Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. It
is exhibited by both carbon and silicon. Compare the ability of catenation of the two
elements. Give reasons.

Answer:
Both carbon and silicon show catenation. Carbon shows much more catenation than
silicon or any other element as it is smaller in size. This feature helps to make strong C—C
bonds whereas the Si—Si bonds are comparatively weaker as it is larger in size. This is
the reason why long chain compounds of silicon are not as stable as those of carbon.

Question 14.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds between the two C atoms and show
addition reactions. Give the test to distinguish ethane from ethene.

Answer:
To distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, combustion test should
be performed. A saturated hydrocarbon undergoes complete combustion and burns with
blue ame. Also, it does not leave any residue behind after burning. On the contrary, a
unsaturated hydrocarbon undergoes incomplete combustion and burns with yellow ame.
Also, it leaves some residue behind after burning. Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Thus, burns with a blue ame and does not leave residue behind. Ethene is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon. Thus burns with a yellow ame and leaves some residue
behind.

Question 15.
Match the reactions given in Column (A) with the names given in column (B).

Column (A)
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 (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Column (B)

(i) Addition reaction

(ii) Substitution reaction

(iii) Neutralization reaction

(iv) Esteri cation reaction

Answer:
(a) → (iv), (b) → (i), (c) → (ii), (d) → (iii)

Question 16.
Write the structural formulae of all the isomers of hexane.

Answer:
There are 5 isomers of hexane. They are hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-
dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. They are known as constitutional isomers
because they each contain exactly the same number and type of atoms. In this case, six
carbons and 14 hydrogens and no other atoms.
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Question 17.
What is the role of metal or reagents written on arrows in the given chemical reactions?

Answer:
A catalyst is a substance or material that will change the rate of reaction without it being
consumed by the reaction.
(a) Nickel is working as catalyst. Ethene molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the
nickel.

(b) Sulphuric acid is working as catalyst

(c) Potassium permanganate is working as oxidising agent that removes one or more
electrons from another atom.

Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
A salt X is formed and a gas is evolved when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen
carbonate. Name the salt X and the gas evolved. Describe an activity and draw the
diagram of the apparatus to prove that the evolved gas is the one which you have named.
Also, write chemical equation of the reaction involved.

Answer:
Salt X is sodium ethanoate and the evolved gas is carbon dioxide.

Procedure: Take a test tube and a bent tube. Take ethanoic acid or acetic acid (HC2H3O2)
and sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution in the test
tube. Insert the bent tube in the cork and t the cork at the mouth of the test tube. Fill lime
water in the bent tube so that lime water is in the ‘U’ portion of this tube.
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After some time, it is observed that the lime water turns milky. This con rms that the
evolved gas is carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide always turns lime water milky.

This reaction can be shown by following equation.

NaHCO3 + HC2H3O2 → NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2

Question 2.
What are hydrocarbons? Give examples.

Answer:
Organic compounds that are made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms are called
hydrocarbons. Some common examples of hydrocarbons are methane and ethane.

Methane is the main component of natural gas. It is also released into the atmosphere by
crude oil production and other industrial activities and biological processes. Small amounts
of methane are also produced in our body.

All hydrocarbons are converted to carbon dioxide and water after a series of reactions.

Based on the number of bonds between carbon atoms, hydrocarbons are of different
types.

1. Hydrocarbons that have single bond between two carbon atoms are called alkanes.
These are the least reactive of all the hydrocarbons. Examples: methane, ethane
2. Hydrocarbons that have a double bond between two carbon atoms are called alkenes.
These are more reactive than alkanes. Examples: ethane, propene
3. Hydrocarbons that have a triple bond between two carbon atoms are called alkynes.
These are the most reactive. They are commonly called as acetylenes. Examples: ethyne,
propyne

Question 3.
Give the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two
examples each.

Answer:
In saturated hydrocarbons, all hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms are bonded together
with single bonds. Methane and ethane are examples of saturated hydrocarbons.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or even triple bonds between the carbon atoms.

Ethene and ethyne are examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

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 To distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, combustion test can be
performed. A saturated hydrocarbon undergoes complete combustion and burns with blue
ame. Also, it does not leave any residue behind after burning. On the contrary, a
unsaturated hydrocarbon undergoes incomplete combustion and burns with yellow ame.
Also, it leaves some residue behind after burning. Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Thus, burns with a blue ame and does not leave residue behind. Ethene is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon. Thus burns with a yellow ame and leaves some residue
behind.

Question 4.
What is a functional group? Give examples of four different functional groups.

Answer:
An atom or group of atoms in an organic compound that de nes the structure of a family of
compounds and determines the properties of the family is called the functional group.

A functional group is responsible for the characteristic property or behavior of a class of

compounds. For example, hydroxyl ( –OH) group in alcohols.

Examples of functional groups are: Hydroxyl group ( –OH), Aldehyde group ( –CHO),
Ketone group ( –CO) and carboxylic group ( –COOH).

Question 5.
Name the reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats.
Explain the reaction involved in detail.

Answer:
The reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats is called
hydrogenation reaction. During this reaction, hydrogen is added to unsaturated
hydrocarbons. This is an addition reaction which takes place in the presence of catalyst
such as palladium or nickel. Catalysts are compounds that increase the rate of a reaction
without being used up during the process. When the hydrogen molecule reacts with an
unsaturated hydrocarbon, double bond changes to a single bond. This can be shown by
following equation.
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A simple hydrogenation reaction can be represented as:

H2C=CH2+H2→CH3CH3H2C=CH2+H2→CH3CH3

alkene + hydrogen = alkane

Vegetable oils are commonly called polyunsaturated because there are several double
bonds in it. Vegetable oils may be converted from liquids to solids by the hydrogenation
reaction. Hydrogenated fats and oils are common ingredients in many foods. They are
used to extend the longevity of a food item and retain the food avor for a longer time.

Question 6.
Write the formula and draw electron dot structure of carbon tetrachloride.

Answer:
Carbon tetrachloride: CCl4.

Carbon forms carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) with chlorine. Carbon tetrachloride is used as a
solvent for oils and fats. It is also used as a refrigerant.

Question 7.
What is saponi cation? Write the reaction involved in this process.

Answer:
Soaps are made by the process of saponi cation. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of
long chain fatty acids. When triglycerides in fats react with aqueous NaOH or KOH, they
are converted into soap and glycerol. This is called saponi cation or alkaline hydrolysis of
esters.
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CH2COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3 COONa + C2H5OH

The soap molecule has two parts: a polar group (-COO-Na+) and a non-polar group (R-
hydrocarbon part). The polar group is called the head and the non-polar group is called the
tail. Therefore, the soap molecule has a polar head and a non-polar hydrocarbon tail. The
polar head is water loving in nature (hydrophilic) and the non-polar tail is water repelling
(hydrophobic) in nature.

The saponi cation reaction is exothermic in nature.

Question 8.
Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making perfumes. Suggest some
activity and the reaction involved for the preparation of an ester with well labeled diagram.

Answer:
Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the presence of an
acid catalyst. The catalyst is usually concentrated sulphuric acid.

Activity:

1. Take a test tube and add ethanol (1 ml) and glacial acetic acid (1 ml) in it. Put a few
drops of concentrated sulphuric acid in the test tube as well.

2. Now, heat the test tube in a water bath at about 60°C for about 15 minutes.

3. After heating, transfer the contents of the test tube into a beaker which is lled with
about 50 ml water.

4. The product, that is obtained, smells sweet.

This is how esters are made.

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 Formation of esters can be shown by following equation:

CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH + Conc. H2SO4→ CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O

Diagram:

Question 9.
A compound C (molecular formula, C2H4O2) reacts with Na metal to form a compound R
and evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Compound C on treatment with an
alcohol A in presence of an acid forms a sweet smelling compound S (molecular formula,
C3H6O2). On addition of NaOH to C, it also gives R and water. S on treatment with NaOH
solution gives back R and A. Identify C, R, A, S and write down the reactions involved.

Answer:
C is ethanoic acid or acetic acid (CH3COOH).

R is sodium acetate or sodium ethanoate (CH3COONa) and the gas evolved is hydrogen.

A can be methanol (CH3OH) or ethanol (C2H5OH).

S is ester or methyl acetate (CH3COOCH3), an ester.

The reactions involved in this process are as follows:

1. 2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3COONa + H2

2. CH3COOH + CH3OH + Conc. H2SO4→ CH3COOCH3 + H2O

3. CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

4. CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa+ CH3OH

Question 10.
Look at gure given below and answer the following questions.
(a) What change would you observe in the calcium hydroxide solution taken in tube B?
(b) Write the reaction involved in test tubes A and B respectively.
(c) If ethanol is given instead of ethanoic acid, would you expect the same change?
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(d) How can a solution of lime water be prepared in the laboratory?

Answer:
(a) Calcium hydroxide solution will turn milky.

(b) 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3→ 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 (Test tube A)

Ca(OH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3 + H2O (Test tube B)

The white colour of the liquid disappears with excess CO2.

CaCO3 + H2O + CO2→ Ca(HCO2)2

(c) Ethanol (C2H5OH) does not react with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Hence no similar
reaction takes place.

(d) For preparing lime water in the laboratory, calcium oxide (quick lime) is dissolved in
water and the mixture is allowed to settle. The supernatant liquid is then decanted lime
water is obatined.

Question 11.
How would you bring about the following conversions? Name the process and write the
reaction involved.

(a) ethanol to ethene.

(b) propanol to propanoic acid.

Write the reactions.

Answer:
(a) Ethanol is dehydrated in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to obtain ethene.

This can be shown by the following equation:

CH3CH2OH + conc. H2SO4→ CH2=CH2 + H2O

(b) Propanol is oxidised by an oxidizing agent potassium permanganate to obtain

propanoic acid.

This can be shown by the following equation:

CH3CH2CH2OH + alkaline KMnO4→ CH3CH2OOH

Question 12.
Draw the possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C3H6O and also give
their electron dot structure.

Answer:
Isomers are the molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Electron dot structure of propanone

Electron dot structure of propanol

 Question 13.
Explain the given reactions with the examples
(a) Hydrogenation reaction
(b) Oxidation reaction
(c) Substitution reaction
(d) Saponi cation reaction
(e) Combustion reaction

Answer:
(a) Hydrogenation reaction: The reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of
vegetable oils to fats is called hydrogenation reaction. During this reaction, hydrogen is
added to unsaturated hydrocarbons. This is an addition reaction which takes place in the
presence of catalyst such as palladium or nickel. Catalysts are compounds used to speed
up the rate of a reaction without being eaten up during the process. When the hydrogen
molecule reacts with an unsaturated hydrocarbon, double bond changes to a single bond.
This can be shown by following equation.

A simple hydrogenation reaction can be represented as:

H2C=CH2+H2→CH3CH3H2C=CH2+H2→CH3CH3

alkene + hydrogen = alkane

Vegetable oils are commonly called polyunsaturated because there are several double
bonds in it. Vegetable oils may be converted from liquids to solids by the hydrogenation
reaction. Hydrogenated fats and oils are common ingredients in many foods. They are
used to extend the longevity of a food item and retain the food avor for a longer time.

(b) Oxidation reaction: Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by

a molecule, atom or ion. The opposite process is called reduction, which occurs when
there is a gain of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion. Metals such as
sodium, magnesium, and iron are easily oxidized.
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 After oxidation, properties of an atom or compound change. For example, when an iron
undergoes oxidation, it losses electrons. Unoxidized iron is a strong, while oxidized iron is
a weak and brittle.

The following equation shows an oxidation reaction.CH3CH2CH2OH + alkaline KMnO4→

CH3CH2OOH

(c) Substitution reaction: A substitution reaction is a reaction in which an atom or a group

of atoms replaces other atom or atoms in reactants.

There are two types of substitution reactions: nucleophilic and electrophilic. In nucleophilic
reactions, the new atom is electron-rich, while in electrophilic reactions, the new atom is
electron-de cient.

CH3Cl react with a hydroxy ion (OH-) to produce CH3OH and chlorine. This substitution
reaction replaces the chlorine atom on the original molecule with the hydroxyl ion.

The following equation is an example of substitution reaction.CH4 + Cl2 + sunlight →

CH3Cl + HCl

(d) Saponi cation reaction: Soaps are made by the process of saponi cation. Soaps are
sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. When triglycerides in fats react with
aqueous NaOH or KOH, they are converted into soap and glycerol. This is called
saponi cation or alkaline hydrolysis of esters.

CH2COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3 COONa + C2H5OH

(e) Combustion reaction: Combustion reaction occurs when a hydrocarbon reacts with
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. It is usually accompanied by the production
of heat and light. Combustion involves a reaction between any combustible substance and
an oxidizing agent to form an oxidized product.

The following equation is an example of combustion.CH4 + 2O2→ CO2 + 2H2O + Heat

and light

Question 14.
An organic compound A on heating with concentrated H2SO4 forms a compound B which
on addition of one mole of hydrogen in presence of Ni forms a compound C. One mole of
compound C on combustion forms 2 moles of CO2 and 3 moles of H2O. Identify the
compounds A, B and C and write the chemical equations of the reactions involved.

Answer:
Compound A is ethanol (C2H5OH).

Compound B is ethane (C2H4).

Compound C is ethane (C2H6).

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The following equations show the reactions involved in this process.

C2H5OH + conc. H2SO4→ C2H4 + H2O

C2H4 + H2 + Ni → C2H6

2C2H6 + 7O2→ 4CO2 + 6H2O + Heat and light