ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

Diploma 2ND SEM

Experiment No.1 Resistor Color Code
Aim:

Apparatus:
1. To learn Resistor Color Code
2. To determine the stated value of a resistor by interpreting the color code
1. Set of wires.
2. Carbon Resistors.
3. Multi meter.
Theory:
There are two ways to find the resistance value of a resistor. The color bands
on the body of the resistor tell how much resistance it has. As shown in the
following diagrams figure (1), there are 5-band resistors and 4-band resistors. Form
both 5- and 4-band resistors, the last band indicates tolerance in table (1). Consult
with the “Resistor Tolerance” in table (2) chart for finding the tolerance value

Fig.( 1) 5- Band and 4- Band resistors

The first method for read resistor colors in Fig.(2)

The first letter word to represent color resistor code in table (1)

View the resistors and based on the color bands determine its value.
Below is an example:
The first band is a one (1), the second band is a zero (0), and the multiplier band or
third band is one time text to the third power ( ) or one thousand (1000). Multiply 10
times 1000.
Another way to tell the resistance value of a resistor is to actually measure it with the
ohmmeter. The explanation of how to measure the resistance is given in the later tip.

Where:-
Rmax = R+(R * T)

Procedure
1. Measure and record twenty resistors with value of 1 Kohm.
2. Find the R max. , R min. then calculate the percentage error.
3. Repeat the steps (1,2) with resistor value of 10K ohm.
4. Repeat the steps (1,2) with resistor value of 100K ohm.

Observation
1 Comment on your results
2. Determine the value and tolerance of the 10 resistors as shown in the following
tables for chart fig. (3):
Result:
Hence the color coding of resistor has
been Verified and the values has been

EXPERIMENT NO: 2
P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
Aim: To plot Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Silicon P-N Junction Diode

Apparatus:
1 Diode
2 Regulated power supply
3 Ammeter (use appropriat range)
4 Voltmeter
Connecting wires

Theory:
The term bias refers to the use of a dc voltage to establish certain operating conditions
for an electronic device. Depending on the magnitude and polarity of the applied
voltage the diode is said to be:

Forward Biased, Anode voltage is greater than the Cathode voltage

Reverse Biased, Cathode voltage is greater than the Anode voltage

So, diode is a simple switch that is either closed (conducting) or open (non
conducting). Specifically, the diode is a short circuit, like a closed switch, when
voltage is applied in the forward direction, and an open circuit, like an open switch,
when the voltage is applied in the reverse direction

Let us now take the earlier model one more step. The offset voltage model adds
the barrier potential to the ideal switch model. When the diode is forward biased it is
equivalent to a closed switch in series with a small equivalent voltage source equal to
the barrier potential (0.7 V for Silicon, 0.4 for germanium) with the positive side
towards the anode. When the diode is reverse biased, it is equivalent to an open
switch just as in the ideal model.
When forward biased, Vg ( 0.7 for Silicon and 0.4 for Germanium ) volts appears
across the diode and current flows.

During reverse bias, when the voltage applied across the diode is less than Vg, there
will be no current flowing.
Let us now take the earlier model one more step. It is the most accurate of the
diode models. The Complete diode model of a diode consists of the barrier
potential, the small forward dynamic resistance and the ideal diode. The resistor
approximates the semiconductor resistance under forward bias. This diode model
most accurately represents the true operating characteristics of the real diode.
Static Resistance of a P-N junction diode is the ratio of forward voltage to forward
current
Dynamic Resistance of a P-N junction diode is the small change in forward voltage
to small change in forward current at a particular operating point.

When a diode is reverse biased a leakage current flows through the device. This
current can be effectively ignored as long as the reverse breakdown voltage of the
diode is not exceeded. At potentials greater than the reverse breakdown voltage,
charge is pulled through the p-n junction by the strong electric fields in the device and
large reverse current flows. This usually destroys the device. There are special diodes
that are designed to operate in breakdown. Such diodes are called zener diodes and
used as voltage regulators.

Circuit Diagram:
Forwarad Bias:

Reverse Bias:
Procedure:
Forwarad Bias:
1. Connect the PN Junction diode in forward bias i.e anode is connected
to positive of the power supply and cathode is connected to negative of
the power supply .

2. Use a Regulated power supply of range (0-30)V and a series resistance

of
1kΏ.
3. For various values of forward voltage (Vf) note down the
corresponding values of forward current(If) .
Reverse bias:
1. Connect the PN Junction diode in Reverse bias i.e; anode is connected
to negative of the power supply and cathode is connected to positive of
the
power supply.
2. For various values of reverse voltage (Vr ) note down the
corresponding
values of reverse current ( Ir ).
Tabular column:
Forward Bias:

sn Diode voltage (v) Current (mA)

1 0.0
2 0.1
3 0.2
4 0.3
5 0.4
6 0.5
7 0.6…….

Revers Bias
sn Volts Current ( μA)
1 0
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
Graph

Results
Thus the VI characteristics of PN junction diode is verified

EXPERIMENT NO 3

Characteristics of zener diode (Forward & Reverse Bias)

Aim of the Experiment:
To study characteristics of zener diode in both forward and reverse
bias condition.
Equipments & Components Required:
1. Resistors - 1KΩ
2. Zener Diode
3. Regulated power supply.
4. Connecting wires.
5. Ammeter and Multimeter.

Theory:
A Zener diode is a diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the
same manner as an ideal diode, but will also permit it to flow in the reverse direction
when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "zener
knee voltage", "zener voltage" or "avalanche point".
A conventional solid-state diode will allow significant current if it is reversebiased
above its reverse breakdown voltage. When the reverse bias breakdown voltage is
exceeded, a conventional diode is subject to high current due to avalanche breakdown.
Unless this current is limited by circuitry, the diode will be permanently damaged due
to overheating. A zener diode exhibits almost the same properties, except the device is
specially designed so as to have a reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called zener
voltage.
By contrast with the conventional device, a reverse-biased zener diode will exhibit a
controlled breakdown and allow the current to keep the voltage across the zener diode
close to the zener breakdown voltage. For example, a diode with a zener breakdown
voltage of 3.2 V will exhibit a voltage drop of very nearly 3.2 V across a wide range
of reverse currents. The zener diode is therefore ideal for applications such as the
generation of a reference voltage (e.g. for an amplifier stage), or as a voltage stabilizer
for lowcurrent applications.

Circuit Diagram:
Forward Biased Junction Diode

Reverse Biased Junction Diode

Zener diode characteristics

Procedure:
1. Before doing the connection, check all the components and equipment.
2. Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Vary the applied voltage in both forward and reverse bias as given in the
data table.
4. Record forward and reverse currents in both forward and reverse conditions.
5. Plot a graph for both forward and reverse bias conditions by taking voltage
along the X-axis and current along Y-axis

Tabular Column:
Forward Bias
Sn Diode Voltage (v) Current (mA)
1 0
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
6.…. 5…..
Revers Bias

1 0
2 1
3 3
4 4
5 5

Results

Hence the V-I characteristic of Zener diode is verified.