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ABSTRACT
 The intensive development of agriculture means that more and more toxic
organic and inorganic compounds are entering the environment.
 Because of their widespread use, stability, selective toxicity and bio

accumulation, pesticides are among the most toxic substances
contaminating the environment.
 They are particularly dangerous in fruit and vegetables, by which people

are exposed to them. It is therefore crucial to monitor pesticide residues in
fruit and vegetables using all available analytical methods.
 We present results from the literature in the context of Maximum Residue

Levels (MRLs) of target pesticides in fruit and vegetables samples.
 We also discuss about the presence of pesticide and insecticide in

fruit and vegetables.
INTRODUCTION
 Pesticides are a numerous and diverse group of chemical compounds,

which are used to eliminate pests in agriculture and households. They
enable the quantities and the quality of crops and food to be controlled, and
help to limit the many human diseases transmitted by insect or rodent
vector.
 However, despite their many merits, pesticides are some of the most toxic;
environmentally stable and mobile substances in the environment.
 Their excessive use has a deleterious effect on humans and the

environment; their presence in food is particularly dangerous.
 With their environmental stability, ability to bio accumulate and toxicity,

pesticides may place the human body at greater risk of disease and
poisoning.
 Pesticides enter the environment in various forms (e.g., powders,

moistened powders, powders for preparing aqueous solutions, and
concentrates for making up emulsions or sprays).
EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT
 Pesticides have many advantages, but they also do much harm to the
environment. In view of both positive and negative effects of pesticides;
we should aim to achieve full selectivity of their action. Nonetheless, the
latest studies show that pesticides still constitute a hazard to the
environment and human health.
 Each year, 140,000 tons of pesticides are sprayed onto crops in the
European Union (EU) alone. Fruit and vegetables are the crops most likely
to be contaminated by pesticides, particularly grapes, citrus fruits and
potatoes.
 According to data from the EUs Pesticide Action Network, as of 2008,

some 350 different pesticides were detected in food produced in the EU.
 More than 5% of products contained pesticides at levels exceeding the EU

maximum permitted level (MPL).
 The diversity of their chemical structures, actions and which they can be
categorized:
(1) Toxicity;
(2) Purpose of application;
(3) Chemical structure;
(4) Environmental stability; and,
(5) The pathways by which they penetrate target organisms.
THEORY
 In the decade, there has been a tremendous increase in the guilds of various
crops to meet the demand of our growing world population.
 This great feat has been achieved by adopting new methods of forming and
by expensive use of fertilizers and insecticides. A pesticide is any substance
is mixture of substance intended for preventing, destroying repelling or
mitigating any pest.
 A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent antimiobial

disinfectant or device used against any pest. Pests includes insects, plant
pathogens insects, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish nematodes and microbus
that destroy property, spread disease or are a vector for disease or cause a
nuisance.
 Although there are also drawbacks, such as potential to humans and other
animals. The term includes substances intended for use as a plant growth.
Farmers use insecticides to protect their crops from insect damage. In urban
areas, public health officials use them to fight mosquitos and that insect
carry germs. People use insecticides indoor to control pests and ants
and cockroaches.
HISTORY
 Since before 20BC, humans have utilised pesticides to protect their crops
 ; The first known pesticides were elemental sulphur dusting used in ancient
summer about 4500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia.
 By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and led being
applied sulphate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use an insecticide.
 The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides,
pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, rotenone which is
derived from the root of tropical vegetables.
 In 1940s, manufacture began to produce large amounts of synthetic

pesticides and their use become widespread. Some sources consider the
1940s &1950s to have been the start of the "pesticides era". Pesticide use
has increased 50 field since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes of pesticides are
now used each year. In 1960s, it was discovered that DDT was preventing
many fish-eating birds from reproducing which was a serious threat to bio-
diversity.
 The agricultural use of DDT is now leaned under the Stockholm

convention, but it is still used in some developing nations.
CLASSIFICATION
 Pesticides classified according to the pests they control. The four main
types of pesticides are
A. Herbicides:
 Herbicides eliminates plant threats grow where they are not wanted.
Farmers use them to reduce weeds in such public areas as parks and
ponds. People use herbicides in their yards to get rid of Crab grass,
Dandelions and other weeds.
B. Fungicides
 Certain fungi cause disease and may infect both plants and animals
including human beings. Fungicides control plant diseases that infect
food- crops.
C. Rodenticides
 Colloquially "rat poison" are typically non-specific pest control
chemicals made and sold for the purpose of killing rodents. Some
rodenticides are lethal after one exposure while others require more
than one.
D. Insecticides:
 Farmers use insecticides to protect their crops from insect damage. In
Urban areas public health officials use them to fight mosquitoes and
that insects carry germs. People use insecticides indoor to control pests
and cockroaches.
EXPERIMENT
 Aim: Test for identification of pesticides and insecticides in fruits and

vegetables.
 Materials Required: Mortar, Pestle, Beakers , Funnel , Glass rod , Filter

paper , China dish , Water bath , Tripod stand , Fusion-tubes , Knife , Test-
tube , Samples of fruits & vegetables , Alcohol , Sodium metal , Ferric
chloride solution , Ferrous sulphate crystals , Distilled water and
Dilute sulphuric acid.
 Experiment Procedure :
1. Heat a small piece of dry sodium in a fusion tubes, till it melts. Then add
Take different kinds of fruit and vegetables and cut them into small piece
separately.
2. Transfer the cut piece of various fruits and vegetables in mortar

separately and crush them.
3. Take different beaker of each kind of fruits and vegetables and place the
crushed fruit and vegetable in these beakers, and add 10ml of alcohol to
each or these. Stir well and filter collect the filtrate in separate china dishes.
4. Evaporate the alcohol by heating china dishes one by one over water
bath and let the residue dry in an oven.
5. One of the above residue from china dish to the fusion tube and heat till
red hot. Drop the hot fusion tube in china dish containing about 110ml of
distilled water. Break the tube and boil the contents of the china dish for
about 5 minute to cool and filter solution. Collect the filtrate.
6. To the filtrate add 1ml freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution and
warm the contents. Then, add 2-3drops of ferric chloride solution and
acidity with the dil. Hydrochloric acid if a blue or green precipitate or
coloration is obtained, it indicated the presence of nitrogen containing
insecticide.
7. Repeat the test of nitrogen for residue obtained from other fruits and
vegetable and record observation.
 CONCLUSION:
Thus, from the above experiment we conclude that the fruits and vegetables
that we consume especially grapes, tomato and potato contain nitrogen
containing insecticides and pesticides.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://byjus.com/chemistry/pesticides/
 https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/pesticides/index.
cfm
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide
 http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ptype/index.html
 https://www.fda.gov/food/chemical-contaminants-
pesticides/pesticides
 https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/basic-
information-about-pesticide-ingredients
 https://www.pesticidereform.org/pesticides-human-health/
 https://extension.psu.edu/potential-health-effects-of-pesticides

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ABSTRACT

 Because of their widespread use, stability, selective toxicity and bio

 They are particularly dangerous in fruit and vegetables, by which people

 We present results from the literature in the context of Maximum Residue

 We also discuss about the presence of pesticide and insecticide in

 Pesticides are a numerous and diverse group of chemical compounds,

 Their excessive use has a deleterious effect on humans and the

 With their environmental stability, ability to bio accumulate and toxicity,

 Pesticides enter the environment in various forms (e.g., powders,

 According to data from the EUs Pesticide Action Network, as of 2008,

 More than 5% of products contained pesticides at levels exceeding the EU

 A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent antimiobial

 In 1940s, manufacture began to produce large amounts of synthetic

 The agricultural use of DDT is now leaned under the Stockholm

 Aim: Test for identification of pesticides and insecticides in fruits and

 Materials Required: Mortar, Pestle, Beakers , Funnel , Glass rod , Filter

2. Transfer the cut piece of various fruits and vegetables in mortar

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