Computer Applications Reviewer  Variable name can be combination of

letter and number

Matlab
 Matlab is case sensitive (myvar is
 a mathematical and graphical software different from Myvar or MYVAR, etc).
package with numerical, graphical and  Use variable name that makes sense.
programming capabilities
>>who (shows defined variables)
 extremely powerful higher level
programming language with built-in >>whos (shows more information on the
tools defined variable)
 shorter name for “Matrix Laboratory”
>>clear (clears out all variables)
Hardware Requirements of Matlab
>>clear XXXX (clear only variable named XXXX)
Matlab 2020a
>>clear XXX1 XXX2 ... (clears variable named
 latest version XXX1, XXX2,...)
 with Intel or AMD processors with at
>>format short (display default 4 decimal
least four logical cores,
places)
 4 GB of RAM (Random Access Memory)
 3Gb of harddisk space2 >>format long (display 15 decimal places)
MATLAB 2012b >>format loose (default line spacing in the
command window)
 To support older computers with lower
specifications >>format compact
>> (referred to as the prompt and can be found ... (3 dots) = continuation operator used for
in the command window) very long expression to continue on the enxt
line
>> demo (will show examples and help in
aseparate window) Random number
>> help XXXX (will show help for the function >>rand (generates a random number in the
XXXX) open interval (0,1))
>> quit >>round(rand*10) (generates a random
number in the open interval (0,10)
>>exit (quit or exit will exit Matlab)
Character- denoted by a singke quote.
Matlab Windows:
ex. ‘a’
 command window
 current folder window String- A series of Characters
 workspace windows
 command history window ex. ‘hello world’

How to store data (values) in Matlab The For Loop

Variables- stores value or data  necessary to repeat statement/s in a

script/function.
>> variablename = value or expression
General Form of For Loop:
Semicolon- the output will not be displayed

ans- default variable name

arrow up- scroll to previously used commands

arrow left- modify the expression

Naming Variables:

 Variable name should start with a letter

Nested For Loops-the action of a loop is  commands are interpreted rather than
another loop complied.
 Matlab Scripts knows as Matlab Code
Files (M-flies, with a file extension
of .m) consists of a sequence of Matlab
instructions.
 Scripts can be executed (run) by
entering the name of the script (the M-
file without the .mextension)

Two ways of viewing a script

While Loops
1. opening the M-file in the editor
 conditional loop 2. use the type command.
 to repeat action when ahead of time it >>type scriptname
is not known how many times the
action will be repeated. Running/Executing a Script

General form of while loop >>scriptname

while condition Input Function

action  prompts the user to neter the necessary

inputs.
end
>>variablename(‘Your input instruction or
Multiple Conditions in a while Loop parameter statement here’)

 If the input is a string, “s” must be

added as the second argument,

>>variablename(‘Enter a character: ‘, ‘s’)

Algorithms- sequence of steps, sequential lines Note: Space is considered a character.

of codes needed to perform a certain operation
Output Statements- displays the results of the
or solve a particular problem.
command/expressions
Basic Algorithm consist of 3 basic steps:
disp - display the output of an expression or
1. Get the input/s command.

2. calculate the reslt/s

3. Display the results

Computer Program – a sequence of

instructions, written in a particular language
written to accomplish a task.

Execute/run a program – the computer follows

fprintf function – used for formatted output
the instruction (lines of codes) in the given
display. It uses place holders, new line character
sequence.
and many more.
 Original lines of instructions are
Place holders:
referred to as source code
 executable program output of the %d integer (decimal integer)
compiler is referred to as the object
%f float real numbers)
code,
 line by line %c character (one character only)
Matlab Scripts %s string of characters

New line Character (\n)

-the next output will be moved to the next line elseif condition 3

action 3

end

The Switch statement -can be used when an

expression is tested to see whether it is equal to
one of several possible values

More Types of User-defined Functions

 Functions that returns more than one

value

If Statements- chooses whether another

statement or group of statements is executed
or not.

if condition

action

end

Condition – a relational expression that is

conceptually or logically true or false.

action statement – will be executed if the

condition is true
Matlab Program Organization
If-Else Statements -the if statement chooses
 Modular Programs- solution is broken
whether or not an action is executed.
down into muddles each implemented
if condition as a function.

action 1 Subfunctions

else  Primary function –the function calling a

subfunction
action2
 Both primary and subfunction are
end stored in the same code file

action 1 is executed if true Applications of Matlab

action 2 is executed if condition is false  Images as matrices

Nested if-else statements -used to choose from Image Processing Toolbox convention is to
more than two options display 0 as black and 1 as white.

the elseif statement- another way of nesting if-  Reading images

else statement to choose from more than two
options

if condition1

action 1

elseif condition2
imread(‘filename’)
action2
>> f = imread(‘baga.jpg’)  binary images- black and white
 indexed images- grayscale
>>imshow(f) %shows the image
 RGB images- 3 matrices that overlaps
>>imshow(f, [low high])
Converting between image types
ex.1

>> imshow(f, [100 200])

this means that all values 0-99 are replaced by

100 and all values 201-255 are replaced by 200

ex. 2 displays both images

>>imshow(f), figure, imshow(f,[50 200])

This example shows how to automatically
detect circles or circular objects in an image
shows the original img shows the processed img andvisualize the detected circles.
ex. 3 Step 1: Load Image
>>imshow(f, [ ]) rgb = imread('coloredChips.png');
imshow(rgb)
the brackets sets the lowest and highest value
in the matrix Step 2: Determine Radius Range for Searching
Circles
>>pixval %specifies the value of each
pixel Find the appropriate radius range of the circles
using the drawline function.
>>size(f) %shows pixel length and width
d = drawline;
>>whos(f) %shows additional info

To save the file:

>>imwrite(f, ‘filename’)

>>imwrite(f, ‘filename.jpg’,’quality’,q)

whereas ‘q’ sets the quality of the image, 100

being the highest quality.

Data Classes
The length of the line ROI is the diameter of the

chip.

pos = d.Position;

diffPos = diff(pos);

diameter = hypot(diffPos(1),diffPos(2))

diameter = 45.3448

Step 3: Initial Attempt to Find Circles

gray_image = rgb2gray(rgb);

imshow(gray_image)

parameter 'ObjectPolarity'- set to bright or

Image types dark
 intensity images- grayscale
parameter 'Sensitivity'- higher 'Sensitivity'  low value (closer to 0) is more
permissive and includes even the
value sets the detection threshold lower and
weaker edges
leads to detecting more circles.

Step 4: Increase Detection Sensitivity

Step 5: Draw the Circles on the Image

function viscircles-to draw circles on the image.

Step 11: Draw 'Dark' and 'Bright' Circles
Together

Step 6: Use the Second Method (Two-stage) for

Finding Circles

Step 7: Why are Some Circles Still Getting

Missed?

The yellow chips do not have strong contrast

with the background.

imshow(gray_image)

Step 8: Find 'Bright' Circles in the Image

Step 9: Draw 'Bright' Circles with Different

Color

-Draw the bright circles in a different color, by

changing the 'Color' parameter in viscircles.

Step 10: Lower the Value of 'EdgeThreshold'

 uses only the edge pixels in the image

 controls how high the gradient value at
a pixel has to be before it is considered
an edge pixel
 A high value (closer to 1) for this
parameter will allow only
the strong edges (higher gradient
values) to be included