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EE483-K2-C1

ELECTRICAL STANDARDS AND


PRACTICES

ERWIN J. SALVADOR, PEE,MEng.EE


Professor
VARIOUS FORMS OF STANDARDIZATION
BASIC STANDARD – The Basic Standard is concerned with fundamental facts in one
or more technical fields. It may cover language, terminology, measuring systems,
drawing, rules, mathematical symbols, etc.

PRODUCT STANDARD – A Product Standard is more or less a detailed description


of a product and may cover dimensions, strengths, functions or other
characteristics

SYSTEM STANDARD – A System Standard deals with fundamental functional


characteristics and requirements for products intended to form part of a
coherent system, e.g. standards for insulation level, nominal voltages or sizes of
apparatus, etc.
METHOD STANDARD -A Method
Standard describes procedures,
methods and the like. It maybe for
example, a test methodology for
determining the characteristics of a
product.

QUALITY STANDARD – A Quality Standard contains


requirements or guidelines in relation to quality system of
an organization
Standards can also be seen as official
technical specifications that enable
users to express their requirements.
The result from a consensus
amongst parties concerned as:
engineering firms, equipment and
component manufacturers, machine
builders, control panel
manufacturers, installers, inspection
authorities, administrators, insurers
and among others.
What is conformity assessment?
While standard is a technical expression of how to make a product safe, efficient and
compatible with others, a standard alone cannot guarantee a performance. As piece of
documents, Standards therefore are not ENOUGH! The world needs CONFORMITY
ASSESSMENT

Complementing with published


standards, Conformity Assessment is
defined as any activity concern with
determining directly or indirectly that
relevant requirements of a published
standards are fulfilled.
Ø Conformity Assessment (as defined in ISO/IEC
Guide2:1996) refers of variety of process
whereby goods and/or services are determine to
meet voluntary or mandatory standards of
specification.

Ø Conformity Assessment provides assurance to


consumers by establishing consumers’
confidence when personnel, products, systems,
processes, or services are evaluated against the
requirements of a voluntary standards.

Ø Conformity Assessment encompasses the areas


of: testing, surveillance, inspection, auditing,
certification, registration and accreditation.
North American & European Systems

The most identifiable differences


between US and European systems are
the voltages and frequency.

But the “European System” found its way to the most of the countries in
the world. There are only twelve major countries that are employing
American System of 60Hz as standard frequency. The rest of the world
is IEC-based.
North American & European Service Voltages
ANSI Standard voltage classification at 60Hz

Low voltage – up to 600V


Medium Voltage 2,400V to 69,000V
High Voltage – 115,000V to 230,000V
Ultra High Voltage – 345,000V to 1,100,000V
IEC Standard voltage classification at 60Hz

Low voltage – up to 1,000V


High Voltage – above 1,000V and
Extra High Voltage – 750kV and above
Liloan (23kV – 240V)

CIT-CE Dept. and S&T Bldg. (23kV – 240V)


Gaisano Capital Davao City (13.8kV – 480V)

BPO in Iloilo City (13.8kV – 480V)


NAIA Terminal 2 (34.5kV – 4.16kV)
ILECO (7960V – 240kV)

CAPELCO (7960V – 240kV)

CEBECO III (7960V – 240kV)


J-Park (13.8kV – 400V)
ELECTRICITY UTILIZATION AROUND THE WORLD
Ø Three-Phase low voltage motors in Europe are rated 220V & 380V (400V, 415
in some European countries), in 50Hz frequency. Other voltages may exist but
in special applications. On the other hand in the USA, standard motor
voltages are 208V, 230V and 460V all in 60Hz.

Ø Today, residences and small factories in Europe and most other countries in
the world use a voltage between “220V to 240V, whereas in Japan and in
most of North America, the voltage is between 100V to 127V for residences.

Voltage & Frequency


Ø In terms of voltage use, 82% use 220-240V at either 50Hz or 60Hz while the
rest use 100-127Volts
WIRES AND CABLES IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

The international size standard wire sizes are given in the IEC 60228 if the
International Electrotechnical Commission. In the North America on the other
hand, the American Wire Guage (AWG) is still used.

While European cables are in the metric system, the US did not “metricate” their
wires and cables sizes. US cable manufacturers and the NEC maintained the
AWG/kCMil method of sizing.

Philippine manufacturers uses metric and PEC also follow the metric as Europe.
But it must be noted that Philippines’ wires and cables has no direct equivalent
of the mm^2 cross-sectional area of the conductors to the Europe standards
sizes.
ELECTRIC WIRES

In general, electric wires refer to insulated


conductors used to convey electricity.

Although the term wire refers primarily to the


slender copper or aluminum metal; yet, when
the context shows that the wires is insulated,
the term wire is understood to include the
insulation. In practice, electric wires usually
refer to smaller sizes up to #1 AWG.
ELECTRIC CABLES
Electric Cable is composed of two or more small
wires running side by side, stranded and bonded,
twisted or braided together and is used to carry
electric current.

The term cable is generally in practice applied only


to larger sizes. Normally, an electric wires becomes
a cable if the size is 1/0 (50mm^2) and larger. It is
also applies to a combination of conductors
insulated from one another, multi-core in
construction and package with an overall jacket as
a multi-conductor cables.
CONDUCTORS
In science and engineering, a conductor is a material which contains movable
electric charges. In metallic conductors, such as copper or aluminum, the
movable charged particles are electrons.

Conductor Sizing:
- The size of a conductor are express in two ways
a. American Wire Gauge (AWG) – American standard
b. Metric system in terms of mm2 – Philippine standard
Table of approximate equivalent:

AWG sq. mm. AWG sq. mm.


14 2.0 0 or 1/0 50
12 3.5 00 or 2/0 60
10 5.5 000 or 3/0 80
8 8.0 0000 or 4/0 100
6 14.0 250 MCM or kCM 125
4 22.0 300 MCM or kCM 150
2 30.0 400 MCM or kCM 200
1 38.0 500 MCM or kCM 250
AMPACITY
The term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry
before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as
current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a
device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The
ampacity of a cable depends on:

Ø its insulation temperature rating;


Ø conductor electrical properties for current flow;
Ø ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
Ø ambient temperature.
PEC Part 1 2017
Table 3.10.2.6(B)(16)
PEC Part 1 2017
Table 3.10.2.6(B)(17)
Typical Ambient Temperature

Temperature Maximum Rating of


Location required conductor
in deg celsuis
insulation in deg celsuis

1. Well ventilated, normally


30 60
heated building

2. Building with such major 40 75


heat sources such as power
station or industrial processes
3. Poorly ventilated spaces,
45 75
such as attics
4. Furnaces and boiler room
Min 40 75
Max 60 90
5. Outdoors in shade air 40 75
6. In thermal insulation 45 75
7. Direct solar exposure 45 75
8. Places above 60 deg celsuis 110
Maximum temperature rating:
Define as the highest temperature that the insulation of a conductor can withstand while it
is carrying current.

Say:
A 5.5mm2 THW copper wire from Table 3.10.2.6(B)(16) has the following ratings:
Ampacity = 35 A Maximum operating temperature = 75°C

Analysis:

In this conductor, 75°C is the maximum safe temperature that the insulation could withstand while conductor capacity is
35A (full-load ampacity) at an ambient temperature of 30°C, that is
75°C = 30°C (Ambient temperature) + 45°C (temperature of heat generated by the wire while carrying full
ampacity of 35A)
Note: if the ambient temperature is greater than 30°C, and the conductor is forced to carry 35A, the temperature at
which the conductor is operating will exceeds 75°C and the insulation will deteriorate that will cause fire.
Derating based on Ambient
Temperature

The conductor ampacities in the previous


example was determined based on the
ambient temperature of 30°C ambient
temperatures. In some cases, ambient
temperature may be greater than 30°C,
hence temperature correction factor must
be applied to the table –listed ampacity to
determine the derated ampacity of the
conductor.

PEC Part 1 2017


Table 3.10.2.6(B)(12)(b)
Derating based on number of current
carrying conductors

A large number of conductors in the


same raceways restrict heat dissipation. Table
3.10.2.16 was developed based on no more than
three current-carrying conductors in the raceway.
If there are more than three conductors in the
raceway, a raceway fill adjustment factor must be
applied.

PEC Part 1 2017


Table 3.10.2.6(B)(3)(a)
Derating Ampacity = (Correction Factor) x (Adjustment Factor) x (Table Listed Ampacity)

Example :
Determine the total derating conductor ampacity for a 150mm2 THW copper
conductor used in a three phase, four wire circuit supplying a nonlinear load in an
ambient temperature of 43°C.

Solutions:

The table listed the ampacity @ 30°C ambient temperature is 285A. The ambient
temperature correction factor is 0.93. Since the load is nonlinear, the neutral is counted
as current carrying conductor. Therefore there are four current carrying conductors in
the raceway and the raceway fill adjustment factor is 0.80.

Derating factor = O.93 x 0.80 x 285 = 212.4


Common conductor insulations used for general building wiring:

Trade Name Type Temp (deg cel) Application Provision


Moisture - Resistant
RHW 75 dry and wet locations Dry location – A location not normally subject
Thermoset
60
to dampness or wetness.
Underground feeder
and branch circuit 75
cable - single
UF see article 3.39 Wet location – Installation underground or in
conductor concrete slabs of mansory in direct contact with
Moisture - Resistant TW 60 dry and wet locations earth, and location subject to saturation with
Thermopalstic
Heat Resistant THHN
water or other liquid.
90 Dry and damp locations
Thermoplastic
75 dry and wet locations
Damp location – Partially protected location
Moisture & Heat
Resistant THW 90 special applications under canopies, roofted open porches, and like
Thermoplastic locations subject to moderate degrees of
Moisture & Heat 75
Resistant THWN dry and wet locations moisture.
Thermoplastic
Factors to be considered when calculating the allowable ampacity of a conductor.
a. Temperature rating
b. Insulation of the conductor used
c. Circuit length
d. Termination temperature rating

Conductor temperature Rating Consideration


a. Derating based on Ambient Temperature
b. Derating based on the number of current carrying conductors inside a Raceway
Insulation Materials
• Common insulation materials

• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) • Cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE)

• Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR)


• Natural Polyethylene (PE)
Thermoplastic types
1. TW
- The maximum operating temperature 4. THHN
is 60ºC in wet or dry location. This type - The maximum operating temperature is
has no jacket. 90ºC for use in dry location. This type has a
nylon jacket.
2. THW
- The maximum operating
temperature is 75ºC in wet or dry 5. Polyethylene
location. This type has no jacket.
- Its stable physical properties are also
3. THWN considerably less temperature-
- The maximum operating dependent (110ºC). It possesses
temperature is 75ºC for use in wet or dry superior moisture, chemical, and
location. This type has nylon jacket. impact resistance.
Thermosetting Types
Cross-Linked Polyethylene (XLPE)
-XLPE are usually filled with carbon black or mineral fillers to further improve
the relatively good toughness of conventional or natural polyethylene. The
combination of crosslinking through vulcanization plus fillers produces superior
mechanical properties.

Classification of XLPE:
1. Type XHHW for 75ºC maximum operating temperature in wet and
90ºC in dry locations only.
Extruded Dielectric Cables

EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber)

XLPE (Cross-linked Polyethylene)


Laminated Dielectric Cables

Paper, Pipe Type


PILC (Paper Insulated Lead Covered)
Cable Construction
Medium & High Voltage Power Cables
As listed in PEC and NEC, medium voltage cables are designated
type MV and have solid extruded dielectric insulation rated 2,001
V to 35,000 V. Single and multi-conductor cables are available with
minimal voltage rating of 5kV, 8kV, 15kV, 25V and 35kV while 46kV,
69kV and 138kV for transmission lines.

In addition to being insulated, MV and HV cables are shielded to


confined and evenly distributes the electric field within the
insulation.
Typical Cable Components and Its Function
PHASE CONDUCTOR LABELS & COLOR CODING

3-phase 4-wire system

Note: Neutral line can be replace with white or gray


3-phase 5-wire system
Note: Neutral line can be replace with white or gray
3-phase connection for transformers and motors
The use of the L1 – L2 – L3 (European) or the A-B-C (North
American) labels designate the phase conductor, with N to
designate the neutral are universally understandable. On
the other hand, the protective earth, PE (European) and G
(ground) or EGC(equipment ground conductor) for North
American must however be fully understood to avoid error.

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