PRINCIPLES OF ARTS & DESIGN

Harmony in visual design means all parts of the visual image Symmetrical balance can be described as having
relate to and complement each other. Harmony is the use of equal "weight" on equal sides of a centrally placed
related elements. fulcrum. It may also be referred to as formal balance.

Rhythm When the elements are arranged equally on either side of a

central axis, the result is Bilateral symmetry. This axis may be horizontal
✓ is created by repetition, and repetitive patterns convey a sense or vertical. It is also possible to build formal balance by arranging elements
of movement. equally around a central point, resulting in radial symmetry.
✓ the viewer perceives rhythm by grouping elements such as
color, line and shape ➢ Balance in a three-dimensional object is easy to understand; if
balance isn't achieved, the object tips over.
Rhythmical patterns help the eye to move easily from one part of the room
to another or from one part of a design to another (Sanchez, et al., 2009). ➢ To understand balance in a two-dimensional composition, we
must use our imaginations to carry this three-dimensional
Regular Repetition analogy forward to the flat surface.
✓ A means of creating rhythm in which elements of a composition “All emphasis is no emphasis.” Emphasis is an extension of
are duplicated at orderly or fixed intervals. these first two principles: it is when
✓ The easiest and most precise way to create rhythm. contrast, placement, size, color, or other
✓ Regular repetition was a core property of Minimalist features are used to highlight one object,
artists, of which Flavin was one. area, or other elements of the artwork.
This is used to draw attention – a focal
Dan Flavin. Untitled (to Jan and Ron Greenberg), installation point – or accentuate a feature.
view at the Dan Flavin Art Institute, Bridgehampton, NY. (1972–
73) Fluorescent light (96”x96”). Emphasis by Directional Lines. Lines that
lead the eye to a focal point
Donald Judd’s sculpture was based on the repetition of simple
geometric shapes mounted on walls or set on the floor in a Oskar Schlemmer Bauhaus Stairway (1932) Oil
steady, evenly spaced pattern. on canvas (63 7/8” x 45”)
that emphasizes the use of pure and simple shapes and
materials.

Alternating Rhythm a type of rhythm in which different

elements in a work repeat themselves in predictable
order. Emphasis by Isolation Picasso’s (Family of
Saltimbanques, 1905) emphasis on the woman’s
Progressive Rhythm aloneness draws us to her along the edge of the canvas
(Fichner-Rathus,2008).
➢ Such variations are seen in progressive rhythm, in which the
rhythm of elements of a work of art such as shape, texture, or Unity is a powerful concept. In art, unity implies harmony. It suggests that
color change slightly as they move, or progress toward a defined the parts of a composition are there by happenstance; rather, they fit
point in the composition. together to form a meaningful whole (Fichner-Rathus, 2008).
➢ Minor variations in rhythm can add interest to a composition.
Variety Aphra Behn said, “Variety is the soul of pleasure.” Without variety,
Balance the concept of visual equilibrium and relates to our physical life would comprise a bland sameness, a cookie-cutter existence from
sense of balance. It is a reconciliation of opposing forces in a composition which we all shrink. (Fichner-Rathus, 2008). Variety is a sense of the
that results in visual stability. difference between elements of an artwork – the opposite of unity, or
harmony.
Most successful compositions achieve balance in one of
twoways: symmetrically or asymmetrically. Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in
a design. The issue is the relationship between objects, or parts, of a
In architectural works like the United States Capitol – the house whole. This means that it is necessary to discuss proportion in terms of the
in which the laws of the land are created – repetition and context or standard used to determine proportions.
symmetry can imply rationality and decorum, tying the structure of
the building to a certain symbolic ideal. Contrast is the disparity between the elements that figure
into the composition. One object may be made stronger
Leonardo da Vinci. Study of Human Proportion: The Vitruvian Man compared to other objects (hence, emphasis). This can be
(1492) Pen and Ink drawing (13 ½” x 9 ¾”). done in many ways using the elements of art. For
instance, specifically, the use of negative and positive
Types of Balance space, is an example of contrast. Another example is the
use complementary colors in a work art.
Symmetrical Balance the type of balance in which the elements of
a work are balanced by similarity of form or arrangement on either
side of a dividing line or plane, or to correspondence of parts, as in
size, shape, or position.

Asymmetrical Balance the type of balance in which there are more

than slight differences between the divided areas of a work, yet
there is an overall sense of balance.
PRE-HISTORIC ARTS CIVILIZATION NATURALISTIC APPROACH Focused on everyday life, showing humans,
animals, and hunting scenes.
STONE AGE – Is a term used to describe a period of history when stones
were used to make tools for survival. STYLIZED FIGURES Forms are less detailed and more simplified
compared to Paleolithic art.
• The term conjures an image of men and women dressed in
skin, huddling before a fire in a cave.
• Stone Age roughly span the 14,000-2,000 BCE.
NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE AGE) (Around 8,000 BCE to 3,000 BCE)
PREHISTORIC ART
The Neolithic Era began after the conclusion of the last Ice Age and varies
- The visual works created by humans before the invention of writing among different cultures. Marked the shift to agricultural societies, and
systems. this change is reflected in their art.

- The first building blocks of Art history. Symbolism: Artworks often contained symbolic elements
Pottery: functional & decorative ceramics, often featuring intricate
- Art was a powerful form of communicating information between tribes
designs and patterns.
and generations
Sculpture / Figurines: created figures

The Venus of Willendorf Carvings and Engravings often seen on stone or wood
(24,000-22,000 B.C.)
Wall Murals: depicting scenes of daily life, rituals, and animals
Lascaux Caves
BRONZE AGE (Around 3,300 BCE to 1,300 BCE) This period was defined
(15,000 B.C.) by the production of bronze (an alloy of copper and tin), leading to an
increase in both functional and decorative metalwork. Skilled artisans
PERIODS OF PRE-HISTORIC ARTS
emerged, creating ornamental designs for weapons, helmets, and
PALEOLITHIC (OLD STONE AGE) body armor, while ceramics became more refined.

(Around 30,000 BCE until 10,000 BCE)

IRON AGE (Around 1,300 BCE to 900 BCE) The use of iron tools led to rapid
Key Art Forms: Cave paintings, rock engravings, sculptures, and portable development and prosperity, especially around the eastern
art. Mediterranean.
Greek art, particularly sculpture and pottery, flourished, while Minoan and
Cave Paintings: Found in sites like Lascaux and Altamira, depicting Mycenaean civilizations declined. Etruscan, Egyptian, Persian, and Celtic
animals and possibly linked to hunting or spiritual beliefs. art also made significant contributions, especially in metallurgy.

Rock Engravings: Petroglyphs carved into stone (representing animals

and human figures). CIVILIZATION OD EACH PERIODS

Sculptures: Venus’s figurines (fertility and the female form). The Stone Age

Materials: Natural materials found around them such as charcoal, Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age)
ochre, and minerals.
• Early humans lived in simple shelters, hunted, gathered, and
Styles: Ranges from naturalistic depictions to abstract forms, reflecting used fire for cooking.
early humans' understanding of their environment.
• They made tools from stone and bone and created art using
CAVE PAINTINGS & ROCK ART Includes paintings, engravings, and natural materials.
carvings on cave walls and rock surfaces. • The end of the Ice Age led to climate changes, animal
extinctions, and human migration.
SCULPTURE Small figurines (like the Venus figurines), carvings, and relief
sculptures. Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age)
• People used refined stone tools, often with points attached to
MEGALITHIC STRUCTURES Large stone constructions, such as antlers or wood for spears and arrows.
Stonehenge, often related to burial or religious purposes. • They lived near water sources in temporary camps, but with the
advent of agriculture, more permanent villages began to form.

MESOLITHIC (MIDDLE STONE AGE) (About 10,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE)

Neolithic Period (New Stone Age) (8,000 BCE to 3,000 BCE)
The Mesolithic period (approximately 10,000 BCE to 5,000 BCE) serves as
• Humans shifted from hunting and gathering to agriculture,
a transitional phase between the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras.
raising animals and growing cereal crops.
During the Mesolithic period, humans developed cave paintings, • They crafted polished tools for farming and began settling in
engravings, and ceramics to reflect their daily lives. plains.
• This period also saw advancements in farming methods,
Rock Paintings: depicting hunting scenes house building, pottery, sewing, and weaving.

Mesolithic Cave Painting: showcasing daily life The Bronze Age (3,000 B.C. to 1,300 B.C.)

Mesolithic Sculpture: representing animals or human figures • Bronze replaced stone for tools and weapons, leading to
innovations like the ox-drawn plowand the wheel.
Mesolithic Decorative Crafts: made from various materials • Architecture and art advanced with the development of
roundhouses, the potter's wheel, and wool clothing.
Architecture and Megalithic Art: large stone structures
 • More villages and cities formed, along with organized • Göbekli Tepe, a 11,000-year-old site in southeast Turkey, is
governments, laws, warfare, and early religious practices, regarded as the world’s oldest temple, predating both
especially seen in Egypt’s pyramids. Stonehenge in England and the Egyptian pyramids by a
• This era also marked the first written records, such as significant margin.
hieroglyphs and rock engravings. • Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site in July 2018, the
site existed before the development of pottery, writing, or the
The Iron Age (1300 B.C. to 900 B.C.)
wheel
• Commenced with the advent of iron forging, which allowed • This has prompted archaeologists, including its discoverer
for the easier production of iron tools and weapons compared Klaus Schmidt, to speculate that Göbekli Tepe may not only
to bronze. represent humanity’s earliest architecture but also have played
• Architectural developments included the construction of four- a pivotal role in the rise of settled societies.
room houses, hill forts, palaces, and temples.
• Early urban planning featured paved roads and water systems. Early settlements (Catalhöyük)
• This period also saw advancements in agriculture, art, religion,
and writing systems, signaling the beginning of the Early • The past often offers a doorway to hidden treasures—treasures
Historical Period. that hold timeless value for those living in each era. Frequently,
these treasures remain buried beneath layers of history.
These traits are evident in the materials used. • Çatalhöyük is one such doorway, revealing a civilization with
architecture that might seem unusual to us today.
• Charcoal
• Ash • This settlement existed between roughly 7500 BC and 5700 BC,
• Pigments reaching its peak around 7000 BC.
• Carvings in Stone and Wood • It stands as one of the most well-preserved Neolithic sites,
• Techniques of the Artists protected under UNESCO’s care.

FAMOUS PRE-HISTORIC ARTS Role of art in social and religious Art and architecture are mirrors of the
societies that produce them, and this is especially true for the ancient
Lascaux Cave Paintings (France): September 12, 1940 Greeks. Their temples, sculptures, and pottery all express a core value of
Greek culture: arete. For the Greeks, arete represented the pursuit of
• Lascaux is famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings, primarily
excellence and the realization of one’s highest potential.
consisting of large animals, once native to the region.
• Estimated to be up to 15,000 - 17,000 years old.
• Found in a complex of caves in the Dordogne region of
southwestern France.
• The cave was discovered by four teenage boys.
• Archaeologists believe that the cave was used over a long
period of time as a center for hunting and religious rites.

Venus of Willendorf (Austria) August 7, 1908 Dates between: 24,000 -

22,000 B.C.

• The Venus of Willendorf is a small, prehistoric

figurine depicting a female figure with exaggerated
sexual characteristics.
• The Venus figurine was found on the left bank of the
Danube in Willendorf II/Lower Austria. The figurine
is now housed in the Natural History Museum in
Vienna.
• Discovered by Josef Szombathy, an Austro-
Hungarian archaeologist.
• It has been suggested that she is a fertility figure, a
good-luck totem, or a mother goddess symbol.

Altamira Cave Paintings (Spain) Discovered: 1879 Dates from: c. 14,820

to13,130 years ago

• Spain’s Altamira Cave is known for some of the most pristine

examples of Paleolithic cave paintings, pictographs, and
petroglyphs.
• This art reflected humanity’s economic, social and cultural
adaptations. This new level of artistry is directly related to the
appearance of Homo sapiens over 40,000 years ago in Europe.
• Discovered by Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola.
• Located near the town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria,
northern Spain, was declared a World Heritage Site by
UNESCO in 1985.

ARCHITECTURE AND CIVILIZATION

Megalithic structures (Stonehenge Göbekli Tepe)

ART OF EMERGING EUROPE ANCIENT ROME

THE CLASSICAL WORLD • Artworks are a fusion of Greek and Roman cultures.
Aimed to look stern, harsh, and strong.
• The Classical World, also known as Classical Antiquity, is a • The largest amphitheater, the Colosseum was built
historical period that encompasses the cultures of Ancient under the reign of Emperor Vespasian.
Greece and Rome. • Came from the Hellenistic Period and is Europe's
• Known for significant achievements in philosophy, art, mightiest empire.
literature and governance. • They valued their gods just like the Greeks, evident
• Spans from the 800 BCE to 476 AD. from their sculptures and works.
• Laid foundational principles that continue to shape Western • Plautus and Terence, comedic playwrights.
civilization.
MIDDLE AGES
ANCIENT GREECE
• The period between the Roman Empire and the Renaissance,
• Valued Poetry, Drama, and Philosophy characterized by ignorance and darkness.
• Involved Paintings, Sculptures, and Architecture. • The Church as the central figure and authority.
• Believed Man as the measure of all things • Christian scriptures were done by hand, which products were
• Laid the framework for the Democratic Form of Government in copied from.
modern times. • Great Cathedrals were built during this time
• Were passionate about Natural Phenomenon believing it
should be in Perfect Order. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK ART • Lasted from 1050-1200

• Characterized by semicircular arches, barrel or groin vaults
Geometric Period (900-700 BCE) for support, and massive piers and walls.
• Inspired from the old Roman Empire.
• Marks the end of the Greek Dark Ages.
• Marked by the prominence of geometric patterns and shapes GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
in its art.
• The sculptures were primarily small in scale and made of • Lasted from 1200-1500
bronze, terracotta, or ivory. • Characterized by vertical proportions, pointed arches,
external buttressing, and asymmetry.
Archaic Period (700-500 BCE)
• Barbarous and vulgar flavor from the Northern Goths.
• Transition between the Geometric and Classical periods.
• Underwent significant changes as a result of trade.
• Less rigid and more natural, focused more on depicting the
human figure.

Archaic smile. A conventional representation of the mouth characterized

by slightly upturned comes of the lips.

Classical Period (480-323 BCE)

• Often considered the pinnacle of ancient Greek art.

• Emphasis on ideal human forms, symmetry, proportion, and
naturalism.

Hellenistic Period (323-30 BCE)

• Follows the conquests of Alexander the Great.

• Exposure to new influences.
• Greek art became more expressive, placing importance on
showing emotions with more depth.

Laocoön and His Sons

• Made by Hagesandrus, Polidorus, and Athenodorus of

Rhodes.
• Depicts the tragedy of Laocoön, a Trojan priest who warned the
people of Troy.

Origins of Theater and Drama

• Traces back to the 6th century in Athens, starting from the

followers of Dionysus.
• "Tragōidia"
• Involved dances and choruses, depicting Greek Mythologies.
• Organized by the Greeks as theatrical contests.
MIDDLE AGES TO REALISM ART • Sought to capture the experience of the individual and the
beauty and mystery of the natural world
• Period between Roman Empire and the Renaissance • Valued the “individual” as a subject of arts
• Characterized by ignorance and darkness • Most artwork emphasized naturalism
• Church was the central figure and authority of the period • Most artist also added perspective of depth wherein spaces
• Scriptures were done by hand were explored in different artworks
• Great cathedrals were also built
ORIGIN OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Istanbul
• Florence, Italy
Crusader Bible 1240 • “rebirth”
A.D • Can be traced to Italy in the late 13th and early centuries

Techniques Popularized in this era

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

ROMANESQUE
• Were characterized by semi-circular arches, thick
stone walls and durable construction Characteristics of Renaissance Art
• Sculptures were also prevalent during this time
1. Realism & expression
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden by Massaccio

2. Perspective
The trinity by Massacio

GOTHIC
3. Classicism
• Originated in the 12th century with the
The Venus de’ Medici Venus
rebuilding of the Abbey church in Saint-
Denis, France
• Gothic architecture offered revolutionary
structural advancements such as ribbed 4. Emphasis on individualism
vaults, flying buttresses, and decorative Battista Sforza and Federico da
pinnacles all contributing to taller, lighter Montefeltre: The Duke &
building designs. Dutchness of Urbino by Piero della
Francesca

5. Geometrical arrangement of figures

Madonna and Child with a Pomegranate

6. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors,
ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝE ART was characterized by its lack of realism. Architects by Giorgio Vasari
• The artists did not try to make their paintings realistic,
but focused on the symbolism of their art.
• The subjects of the paintings were almost entirely EARLY RENAISSANCE
religious with many paintings being of Christ and the
Virgin Mary. • Artists began to reject the Byzantine style of religious painting
and strove to create realism in their depiction of the human
form and space
Artists of Middle Ages and their works

RENAISSANCE ART

• Rebirth of Naturalism
• A positive willingness to learn and explore
HIGH RENAISSANCE Leonardo da Vinci. Michelangelo, and Raphael in the first two
decades of the 16th century.
• Rome had displaced Florence as the principal center of • 1519
Renaissance art.
• Da Vinci, Michelangelo & Raphael: 3 great high renaissance LAOCOON AND HIS SONS™ BY AGESANDER.
masters ATHENODOROS, AND POLYDORUS OF RHODES
Mannerism role-model: ancient sculpture. rediscovered
Leonardo’s Artwork Salvator Mundi (Latin for 'Savior of the World') in 1506, now in the Vatican Museums. The artists of
Mannerism greatly admired this sculpture piece of
The painting depicts Jesus Christ in an anachronistic
sculpture
blue Renaissance dress, making the sign of the cross
with his right hand, while holding a transparent, non-
refracting crystal orb in his left, signaling his role as
Salvator Mundi and representing the 'celestial
sphere' of the heavens. Approximately thirty copies
and variations of the work by pupils and followers of
Leonardo have been identified. Two preparatory
chalk and ink drawings of the drapery by Leonardo are held in the British
Royal Collection. Characteristics

• Exaggerated Figures
• Elaborate Decoration
• Ornamentation
• Artificial Color

"PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA" BY JOACHIM WTEWAEL

1616, Louvre, the composition displaying a Vanité of bones and seashells

in the foreground and an elaborate academic nude with a palette
borrowing from the forefront for Andromeda's cheeks. The Dragon
seems of sino-oriental influence.

MANNERISM

• Mannerism was an anti-classical movement which differed

ARCHITECTURE greatly from the aesthetic ideologies of the Renaissance.
• Though Mannerism was initially accepted with positivity based
• sensitivity towards the ancient past. on the writings of Vasari, it was later regarded in a negative light
• resumption of classical orders because it solely view as, "an alteration of natural truth and a
• clear articulation of plans and elevation proportion trite repetition of natural formulas.

CHARACTERISTICS THAT MANNERIST ARTISTS WOULD EMPLOY IN

THEIR ARTWORKS
• Elongation Composition and space:
• Distortion of perspective:
• Mannerist movement
• Black backgrounds:
Painted frames:
• Use of darkness and light:
MUSIC • Sculptural forms:
• Clarity of line: Atmospheric effects:
• Music based on modes. • Mannerist colour
• Richer texture in four or more parts. • Clarity of line
• Blending rather than contrasting
strands in the musical texture.
• Harmony with a greater concern with BAROQUE AND ROCOCO
the flow and progression of chords
• Desperez: Ave Maria • (c. 1600-1750)
• Baroque comes from the Portuguese word barroco which
means flawed pearl/irregular shape.
• Rococo, which relates to the French words, Rocaille (mussel)
MANNERISM and Coque (seashell) is a divergence from the previous Baroque
style.
• a product of Renaissance Period; also known as the Late • Baroque style exudes a masculine energy and presence;
Renaissance Rococo art has a more demure, very beautiful, feminine aura
• regarded as a bridge between the High Renaissance and the • Baroque art is mainly Christian in subject matter. Paintings and
Baroque period, which adopted the subset's ornate aesthetic sculptures depict biblical figures and stories with intense
and adapted it as extravagance. accuracy. Public buildings such as churches and other religious
• originated as a reaction to the harmonious classicism and the sanctuaries utilized this style to imbue a sense of wonder to the
idealized naturalism of High Renaissance art as practiced by structures and entice followers.
 • Rococo art focuses on secular themes and leisurely times. of the Baroque era. His music was key in the development of
Paintings depict love stories, sexually charged escapades, and the modern genres of sonata and concerto, in establishing
classical mythology. the preeminence of the violin, and as the first coalescing of
• The subjects and themes of Rococo and Baroque art are almost modern tonality and functional harmony..
opposites Baroque art usually depicts religious themes while
the Rococo period is deeply rooted in secular culture. CLAUDIO GIOVANNI ΑΝΤΟΝΙΟ MONTEVERDI - an
Italian composer, string player, choirmaster, and
BAROQUE
priest. A composer of both secular and sacred music,
• Active dates: c. 1600-1750 and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is
• The word “baroque” derives from the Portuguese and Spanish considered a crucial transitional figure between the
words for a large, irregularly shaped pearl (“barroco” and Renaissance and Baroque periods of music history.
“Barrueco”, respectively).
• Stemmed from Italian word for "contorted idea" Other well-known Baroque composers include
• Arose mainly to promote the Catholic Churche during the Germany's Bach and Handel. They are known as two
Protestant Reformation titans of the Baroque.
• Emphasizes faith in church and power in state JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH - was a German composer
• Dramatic contrasts of lights and darks and musician of the late Baroque period (1685 - 1750)
• Emotional, often religious depictions GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL - (1685-1759) a German-
• Feelings of grandeur, awe, movement and tension British Baroque composer well known for his operas,
• Various contrasting textures oratorios, anthems, concerti concertos grossi, and
• All-encompassing works (illusionistic) organ
• Materials: bronzes, gildings, plaster, marble, stucco Focal point
in architecture: entrance axis, pavilion Characteristics
• The Baroque period saw the creation of tonality.
ROCOCO
• During the period, composers and performers used more
• 1730-18th century
elaborate musical ornamentation, made changes in musical
• A style of baroque architecture and decorative art, from 18th
century France, having elaborate ornamentation. notation, and developed new instrumental playing techniques.
• Rococo, less commonly Rococo or Late Baroque • Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity of
• It is often described as the final expression of the Baroque instrumental performance, and established opera, cantata,
movement oratorio, concerto, and sonata as musical genres.
• Rococo style developed first in the decorative arts and interior • The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early,
design, and its influence later spread to architecture, sculpture, middle, and late. Although they overlap in time, they are
theater design, painting, and music. conventionally dated from 1580 to 1630, from 1630 to 1680, and
• Rococo style is characterized by elaborate ornamentation, from 1680 to 1730.
asymmetrical values, pastel color palette, and curved or
serpentine lines. Rococo art works often depict themes of love,
classical myths, youth, and playfulness EARLY BAROQUE MUSIC (1580-1630)
• In reference to music, they based their ideals on a perception of
BAROQUE MUSIC
Classical (especially ancient Greek) musical drama that valued
• Baroque music, a style of music that prevailed during the period discourse and oration. As such, they rejected their
from about 1600 to about 1750, known for its grandiose, contemporaries’ use of polyphony and instrumental music, and
dramatic, and energetic spirit but also for its stylistic diversity. discussed such ancient Greek music devices as monody, which
• is a period or style of Western classical music from consisted of a solo singing accompanied by a kithara. The early
approximately 1600 to 1750 originated in Western Europe. realizations of these ideas, including Jacopo Peri’s Dafne and
• The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, L’Euridice, marked the beginning of opera, which in turn was
middle, and late. Overlapping in time, they are conventionally somewhat of a catalyst for Baroque music.
dated from 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to
1750. Baroque music forms a major portion of the “classical
music” canon, and is now widely studied, performed, and
MIDDLE BAROQUE MUSIC (1630-1680)
listened to.
• The middle Baroque period in Italy is defined by the emergence
• Baroque music forms a major portion of the "classical music”
of the vocal styles of cantata, oratorio, and opera during the
canon, and is now widely studied, performed, and listened to.
1630s, and a new concept of melody and harmony that elevated
The term "baroque" comes from the Portuguese word barroco,
meaning "misshapen pearl" the status of the music to one of equality with the words, which
• During the Baroque era, professional musicians were expected formerly had been regarded as pre-eminent.
to be accomplished improvisers of both solo melodic lines and • The florid, coloratura monody of the early Baroque gave way to
accompaniment parts. a simpler, more polished melodic style. These melodies were
• A characteristic Baroque form was the dance suite. While the built from short, cadentially delimited ideas often based on
pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, stylized dance patterns drawn from the sarabande or the
dance suites were designed purely for listening, not for courante.
accompanying dancers.
LATE BAROQUE MUSIC (1630-1680)
COMPOSERS • Through the work of Johann Fux, the Renaissance style of
ANTONIO VIVALDI - Antonio Lucio Vivaldi, (born March polyphony was made the basis for the study of composition.
4, 1678, Venice, Republic of Venice [Italy]-died July 28, 1741,
• A continuous worker, Handel borrowed from others and often
Vienna, Austria), Italian composer and violinist who left a
recycled his own material. He was also known for reworking
decisive mark on the form of the concerto and the style of late
pieces such as the famous Messiah, which premiered in 1742,
Baroque instrumental music.
for available singers and musicians.
•
ARCANGELO CORELLI - an Italian violinist and composer
 BAROQUE MUSIC ROMANTICISM
• Rococo style in music occupies a specific transition from • Romanticism also known as the Romantic era
Baroque style to Classical era • A movement in art and literature in the eighteenth and
• Rococo music has diluted the highly complex polyphonic nineteenth century.
structures of the Baroque period into a lighter, simpler yet very • Strong senses, emotions, and feelings. Revolt against the
ornamented elegant style of musical expression. Neoclassicism of the previous centuries
• Roughly landing on the decades between the 1740s -1770s • Awe of nature.
rococo music took root in France and spread throughout • ROMANTIC ARCHITECTURE - This flow is highly aesthetic in
Europe rapidly, to the delight of a growing class of ubiquitous the arts and literature so that more use of imagination and
music amateurs and aficionados. things that are exotic value like taking from nature
• It was referred to differently throughout Europe from Style
Galant to Empfindsamer Stil (sensitive style) in Germany.
REALISM
• Focuses in reality
COMPOSERS • Artistic movement characterized by subjects painted in a
naturalistic manner from common life.
• Johann Christian Bach and Carl Philip Emanuel Bach, two sons • Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close
of the titan of Baroque Music observation of outward appearances.
• Johann Sebastian Bach -were at the forefront of this stylistic • Indeed, realism may be viewed as a major trend in French
revolution against the density and complexity of the Baroque novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880.
period composing style in Germany. • The French proponents of realism were agreed in their
• In France Style Galant was championed by Jean Philippe rejection of the artificiality of both the Classicism and
Rameau, Louis-Claude Daquin and François Couperin Romanticism of the academies and on the necessity for
• Italy the music of composer Giovanni Battista Sammartini was contemporaneity in an effective work of art.
rococo personified • Observing society instead of creating exotic romantic works
that were out from reality.
Characteristics • Literary realism, in particular, introduced a new way of writing
and a new generation of authors whose influence can still be
• Rococo composers wanted to convey the lightness of heart and seen in American Literature and English literature to this day.
simplicity of emotional states, by focusing the artistic
• OSTALE ELEMENTS OF LITERARY REALISM Realistic
expression on a single affect, as opposed to conflating multiple
Characters and Setting Comprehensive detail about everyday
disparate emotional states as a counterpoint to themselves.
occurrences Plausible plot (story that could happen in your
• Galant style in music brought forth instrumental works such as town), •Real dialects of the area • Character development
string quartets to take center stage of musical entertainment, important . Importance in depicting class
outpacing the contrapuntal vocal compositions of the early
eighteenth century.
• New style called for instrumental music to delight the ear with NATURALISM ART TO FUTURISM ART
intricate ornamentation, memorable melodies, and positive NATURALISM
disposition • describes a true-to-life style which involves the representation
• Rococo art and music are remarkably symbiotic as they both or depiction of nature (including people) with the least
embody the cult of elegance and grace. possible distortion or interpretation.
• Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and develop itself
further throughout the Renaissance, such as with the
NEOCLASSICISM Florentine school.
• It is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise
• Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe that transpired details, and portrays things as they are.
during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
• It was the dominant art movement that time which basically WILLIAM BLISS BAKER
aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and • was an American artist who became widely hailed landscape
Roman into art and architecture. painter early in his career.
• Some historians would also say that this movement was a • Began exhibiting yearly at the National Academy in 1881
reaction to the artworks produced during the Baroque period. • Some landscape paintings of Baker’s are considered to be the
• There was a call to veer away from such extravagance in terms best example of the naturalist movement.
of style and form of the Baroque Period. • Fallen Monarchs is considered to be Baker’s masterpiece.
• The ancient Greeks and Europeans had placed emphasis on • Paintings: Summer, Shadows in a pool, and Early Summer
human reason and keeping society in order. These very
principle were also the dominant principles during the ALBERT CHARPIN
Enlightenment Period. • He was a naturalist painter associated with Barbizon school He
painted real objects in a natural setting.
ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD • His paintings can be found in museums and private collections
• Enlightenment thinkers condemned Rococo art for being in Europe and America
immoral and indecent, and called for a new kind of art that • Paintings: Troupeau à Barbizon, Bergère et ses moutons, and
would be moral instead of immoral, and teach people right and Strickende Schafhirtin mit ihrem Hund in weiter Landschaft
wrong.
• The Enlightenment encouraged criticism of the corruption of IMPRESSIONISM
the monarchy (at this point King Louis XVI), and the • describes a style of painting developed in France during the
aristocracy. mid-to-late 19th century
 emergence of Cubism and had a profound impact on the art
world, making him a pivotal figure in the transition from 19th-
• Characterizations of the style include small, visible century Impressionism to 20th-century avant-garde
brushstrokes that offer the bare impression of form, movements.
unblended color and an emphasis on the accurate depiction
of natural light. ❖ GEORGES SEURAT

Georges Seurat (1859-1891) was a French Post-Impressionist painter

known for developing the Pointillist technique, in which small dots of color
THREE FAMOUS ARTISTS
are applied to create a cohesive image. He is most famous for his
OSCAR-CLAUDE MONET
masterpiece "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte,"
• French painter and founder of impressionist painting who is
which exemplifies his meticulous approach to painting. Seurat's
seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his
innovative use of color and light had a significant influence on the
attempts to paint nature as he perceived it.
development of modern art.

PAUL CEZANNE
PAUL GAUGUIN
• Most influential artist in the history of modern painting
• Said to have formed the bridge between the late 19th century ❖ Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) was a French Post-Impressionist painter
Impressionism and early 20th century’s new line of artistic known for his vibrant and innovative use of color. He began his career as
enquiry, Cubism. a successful stockbroker but later abandoned his conventional life to
• Known for his incredibly varied painting style pursue his passion for art. Gauguin's work, particularly his paintings of
Tahiti, is celebrated for its bold and exotic style, making him a
EDOUARD MANET significant figure in the development of modern art.
• was a French modernist painter. He was one of the first 19th-
century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the VINCENT VAN GOGH
transition from Realism to Impressionism.
❖ Vincent van Gogh was a Dutch post-impressionist painter known for
OTHER EXAMPLE OF PAINTINGS his emotionally charged and vividly colorful works. He struggled with
• “Le déjeuner sur l'herbe” - Edouard Manet mental health issues throughout his life and only gained recognition as
• “Impression, Sunrise” - Claude Monet an artist after his death. His iconic paintings, such as "Starry Night" and
• “Fog, Voisins” - Alfred Sisley "Sunflowers," have left a lasting impact on the world of art.
• “In a Park” - Berthe Morisot
NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
• “L'Absinthe” - Edgar Degas
• As an art movement, neo-impressionism is considered as a
response to empirical realism of impressionism.
POST-IMPRESSION
• Most painters who subscribe to such movements rely on a
• It is an art movement that emerged in France, which is a
systematic and scientific techniques that have a
result of both the influence and rejection of impressionist but
predetermined visual effect not only on the art work itself but
later on saw the inherent limitations and flaws of
also how the audience perceive the art.
impressionism. This eventually led to the development of
individual style that gave emphasis to defining from with the use
GEORGES SEURAT AND CHROMOLUMINARISM
of broken colors and short brush stroke.
• Seurat said he wanted "to find something new, my own way
of painting." He particularly valued color intensity in painting,
and took extensive notes on the use of color by the painter
• SEURAT AND POINTILLISM Paul Signac's The Port of Saint Eugène Delacroix. He began studying color theory and the
Tropez (1906) science of optics and embarked on a path that would lead him
to develop a new style he called Chromoluminarism.
• VAN GOGH AND JAPONISME The Great Wave Off the Coast
of Kanagawa (1906) – Katsuki Hokusai THE THEORY OF NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
• The discoveries of "optical blending and "simultaneous
• GAUGUIN AND SYNTHETISM Paul Gauguin's Mountains In contrast" that Seurat read about became the theoretical
Tahiti (1897) foundation of Chromoluminarism, which came to be known as
Neo-Impressionism.
• CÉZANNE AND THE STRUCTURE OF PICTORIAL FORM
Cézanne’s series Montagne Sainte-Victoire FOUR FAMOUS ARTISTS
HENRI-EDMOND CROSS
• ROUSSEAU AND PRIMITIVISM Henri Rousseau’s Hungry Lion • Henri-Edmond Cross was a French Neo-Impressionist
(1905) painter known for his contributions to Pointillism and
Divisionism. He was a prominent figure in the late 19th and early
• LES NABIS Maurice Denis’s Les muses au bois sacré (1893) 20th centuries, creating vibrant and colorful landscapes and
scenes that utilized small dots and strokes of pure color to
PAUL CEZANNE achieve optical blending and a sense of light.
• Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) was a French Post-Impressionist
painter known for his significant influence on the development MAXIMILIEN LUCE
of modern art. He is renowned for his innovative approach • Maximilien Luce (1858-1941) was a French Neo-Impressionist
to color, form, and composition, particularly in his still-life and painter known for his distinctive pointillist style and his
landscape paintings. His work laid the foundation for the contributions to the development of Divisionism in art. He was
 closely associated with the works of other prominent artists like recognized as one of the greatest forces of the Art Nouveau
Georges Seurat and Paul Signac. style)
CAMILLE PISSARRO • Glass Lamp ❖
• Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) was a Danish-French • GUSTAV KLIMT
Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter known for his
contributions to the development of the Impressionist style. He • Gustav Klimt whose work is another example of Art Nouveau
was a key figure in the Impressionist movement and is at its most dominant, his work is decorative, colorful, and
celebrated for his landscape and rural scenes that captured contained gold-leaf like in the painting the kiss and the portrait
the changing effects of light and color. of Adele Bloch-Bauer which leave no space unadorned
• Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer
GEORGES SEURAT • The Kiss ❖
• Georges Seurat (1859-1891) was a French Post-Impressionist
painter known for his innovative pointillist technique, which ALPHONSE MUCHA ❖
involved creating images with small dots of color. His most
• Examples of this Art Nouveau can be found in all art forms
famous work, "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande
during this time. Art Nouveau was the first artistic movement
Jette," is a masterpiece of this style and is considered a
to give serious credibility to the graphic arts especially the
landmark in the development of modern art.
poster as an art form.
• Art Nouveau had a great run and even though it lasted only
20 years, the work produced during this period made a lasting
1. A Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte (1884-86) –
expression on the art world towards the end of Art Nouveau,
Georges Seurat
the prevailing aesthetic eventually gave way to the more
industrial lines of modernism ad the more predictable
2. La Dame à la Robe Blanche (Woman in White) (1886-87) –
geometric forms of Art deco still the influence and
Albert Dubois – Pillet
appreciation of Art Nouveau organic forms and prolific
ornamentation has lasted through today.
ART NOUVEAU
• Job
• Between 1890 and 1910, countries from Europe and the
• Daydream
United States witnessed the emergence and flourishing of a
new art style.
FAUVISM
• This ornamental style of art was a break from the
• This is a style of painting that emerged in France around the
conservative historicism, which was the prevailing and
turn of the twentieth century.
dominant theme of most Western artworks.
• What makes fauvists revolutionary is that they used pure and
• This ornamental style uses long and organic lines that are
vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint tubes
concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry and glass
directly to the canvas.
design, among others.
• This is done to produce a sense of explosion of colors in the
• The defining characteristic of Art Nouveau is the asymmetrical
canvas.
line that usually is in the form of insect wings or flower stalks.
• The difference lies with how the fauves have this strong and
The line is done in such a graceful and elegant manner that
expressive reaction to how they portray their subjects.
somehow evokes a certain power to it
• Most fauvist works reject the conservative and traditional
• Art Nouveau drew inspiration from both organic and
renderings of three-dimensional space
geometric forms to create elegant flowing designs that
resembled the stems, vines, tendrils, blossoms, and flowers of • What artists did was they introduced and promoted a picture
plants. space that is defined by the movement of color.
• Both Art Nouveau and Art Deco are early expressions of • This goes along with the unique color schemes and color
modernity. The difference between Art Nouveau and Art Deco renditions of objects and people in fauvism.
was ART NOUVEAU features curved in lines and organic forms • Henri Matisse said he did not choose colors based on scientific
that celebrate nature while ART DECO is more industrial and theory like post-impressionist but on feeling, observation,
full of straight lines, geometry, and sharp edges. and the nature of each experience. Also full of artists shifted
• These rebel artists driven to impart their own style in the art away from urban themes and return to impressionist subject.
world were the innovators but highly influential movement
known as Art Nouveau. HISTORY OF FAUVISM
• Art Nouveau pieces are organic in their ornamentation • Developed in France during the 20th century
featuring what many art historians call whiplash curves • Started by Henri Matisse- He is a leader in the fauvist
decorating every available surface. movement.
• Art Nouveau artists were also influenced by the arts and crafts • The term FAUVISM means WILD BEASTS (known as Les
movements’ emphasis on hand craftsmanship and the highly Fauves in French term)
expressive paintings of post-impressionists. • The term Les Fauves was born when a painting by Henri
• Common characteristics of Art Nouveau are muted colors (all Matisse was shown at an exhibition at 1906 Salon d’Automne
colors that have low saturation (or chrome). These are subtle • There were Fauvists but Henri was one of the dominant figure
colors that are not bright or have been subdued, dulled, or • It was not exactly an art movement
grayed. • The name, Les Fauves was actually first used as a
• LOUIS COMFORT TIFFANY he produced a vast amount of derogatory remark about their work by French art critic Louis
exquisite Favrile glass, many pieces achieving mysterious and Vauxcelles. Les Fauves actually means “wild beasts”—it
impressionistic effects; his innovations made him a leader of referred to Matisse and the others' choice of colors, indicating
the Art Nouveau movement. American painter, craftsman, that their work was savage and primitive.
philanthropist, decorator, and designer, internationally • It started with Henri Matisse experimenting with colors in
painting
• Fauvism valued individual expression. The artist’s direct of Futurism on the front page of the Paris newspaper Le
experience of his subjects, his emotional response to nature, Figaro.
and his intuition were all more important than academic • Among modernist movements futurism was exceptionally
theory or elevated subject matter. vehement in its denunciation of the past. This was because in
• Color could project a mood and establish a structure within Italy the weight of past culture was felt as particularly
the work of art without having to be true to the natural world. oppressive.
Fauvism’s central artistic concerns was the overall balance of • Futurist painting used elements of neo-impressionism and
the composition. The fauves’ simplified forms and saturated cubism to create compositions that expressed the idea of the
colors drew attention to the inherent flatness of the canvas dynamism, the energy and movement, of modern life.
or paper; within that pictorial space, each element played a
specific role. The immediate visual impression of the work is GIACOMO BALLA
to be strong and unified. • Abstract Speed- The Car has Passed (1913)
• Giacomo Balla (1871-1958) was an Italian painter and a key
ONE FAMOUS ARTISTS figure in the Italian Futurist art movement. He is known for his
HENRI MATISSE dynamic and abstract representations of motion and light,
• Interior with a young girl reading with works such as "Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash"
• Le Bonheur De Vivre or “Joy of Life” exemplifying his innovative approach to capturing the modern
• Woman with a Hat age's rapid pace and energy.
• Luxe, Calme et Volupte” Henri Matisse
• “The River Seine at Chatou” Maurice de Vlaminck UMBERTO BOCCIONI
• “Pinède à Cassis (Landscape) André Derain • Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913, cast 1972)
• "Jeanne dans les fleurs” Raoul Dufy • Umberto Boccioni (1882-1916) was an Italian painter and
• “At the Circus” Georges Rouault Henri Matisse (1869-1954) sculptor, known for his significant contributions to the Futurist
was a French artist known for his innovative contributions to art movement in the early 20th century. His innovative and
modern art, particularly in the realms of Fauvism and his dynamic works captured the essence of modernity and the
mastery of color and form. impact of technology on society, making him a key figure in
the development of Italian Futurism.
CUBISM
• was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality GINO SEVERINI
invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and • Suburban Train Arriving in Paris (1915)
Georges Braque. They brought different views of subjects • Gino Severini (1883-1966) was an Italian painter and leading
(usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, figure of the Futurist movement. He is known for his
resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted. dynamic, abstract artworks that celebrated the modern
• a style of art that stresses abstract structure at the expense industrial age and the concept of movement, and he made
of other pictorial elements especially by displaying several significant contributions to the development of abstract art in
aspects of the same object simultaneously and by fragmenting the early 20th century.
the form of depicted objects.
• the geometric touches grew so intense that they sometimes
overtook the represented forms, creating a more pure level of
visual abstraction.

TWO FAMOUS ARTISTS

PABLO PICASSO
• Proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907)
• Guernica (1937)
• “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon”
• “Conquest of the Air” - Robert de la Fresnaye
• “Tea Time” - Jean Metzinger
• Pablo Picasso, a prolific and influential 20th-century Spanish
artist, is known for his diverse range of artistic styles and
contributions to the development of modern art.

GEORGES BRAQUE

• Houses of l’Estaque (1908)

• Clarinet and Bottle of Rum on a Masterpiece (1911)
• “Houses at L’Estaque”
• “Violin and Palette”
• Georges Braque was a pioneering French artist and one of the
founders of Cubism in the early 20th century.

FUTURISM

• Futurism was launched by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso

Marinetti in 1909. On 20 February he published his Manifesto