The timing capacitor cT is linearly charged or discharged by a constant current
source/sink.The amount of current can be controlled by changing the voltage v c applied at the modulating input (pin 5) or by changing the timing resistor R T external to the IC chip.The voltage at pin 6 is held at the same voltage as pin 5.Thus, if the modulating voltage at pin 5 is increased, the voltage at pin 6 also increases, resulting in less voltage across R T and thereby decreasing the charging current. Pin configuration of VCo is shown in figure 3.5.1.
Figure 3.5.2 shown below is the block diagram of VCO.A small capacitor of 0.001μf should be connected between pin 5 & 6 to eliminate possible oscillations.A VCO is commonly used in converting low frequency signals such as EEG,ECG in to an audio frequency range.These audio signals can be transmitted over telephone lines or a two way radio communication system for diagnostic purposes or can be recorded on a magnetic tape for further references.
The voltage across the capacitor CT is applied to the inverting i/p terminal of Schmitt trigger A2 via buffer amplifier A1 .The o/p voltage swing of the Schmitt trigger is designed to Vcc & 0.5 Vcc .If Ra=Rb in the +ive feedback loop, the voltage at the non-inverting i/p terminal of A2 swings from 0.5Vcc to 0.25Vcc.Figure 3.5.3 a). when the voltage on the capacitor CT exceeds 0.5Vcc during charging, the o/p of the Schmitt trigger goes low(0.5Vcc)The capacitor now discharges & when it is at 0.25Vcc.The o/p of Schmitt trigger goes high(Vcc).Since the source & sink currents are equal, capacitor for the same amount of time.This gives a triangular voltage waveform across CT which is also available at pin 4.The square wave o/p of the Schmitt trigger is inverted by inverter A3 & is available at pin 3.The inverter A3 is basically a current amplifier used to drive the load.
The total voltage on the capacitor changes from 0.25Vcc to 0.5Vcc.Thus Δv=0.25Vcc The capacitor charges with a constant current source.
𝛥𝑣 𝑖 = 𝛥𝑡 𝐶𝑇
0.25𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝑖 = 𝛥𝑡 𝐶𝑇
0.25𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝑇 𝛥𝑡 = 𝑖
The time period T of the triangular waveform =2Δt.The freq of oscillator fo is
1 1 𝑖 𝑓𝑜 = = = 𝑇 2𝛥𝑡 . 5𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝑇
𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑐 𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑖 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑐 → 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑛 5
2(𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑐 ) 𝑓𝑜 = − − − −(1) 𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑇 𝑉𝑐𝑐
The o/p freq of VCO can be changed either by (i)RT (ii)CT or (iii) the voltage Vc at the modulating i/p terminal pin 5. The voltage vc can be varied by connecting a R1R2 circuit as
EC8453 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
shown in the figure 3.5.3 b). The components R1 and c1 are first selected so that VCO output frequency lies in the centre of the operating frequency range. Now the modulating input voltage is usually varied from 0.75 Vcc to Vcc which can produce a frequency variation of about 10 to 1.
The signetics NE/SE 560 series is monolithic phase locked loops. The SE/NE 560, 561, 562, 564, 565 & 567 differ mainly in operating frequency range, poser supply requirements & frequency & bandwidth adjustment ranges. 7 With no modulating i/p signal .if the voltage at pin 5 is biased at 𝑉𝑐𝑐 (1) gives the VCO o/p 8
frequency
2(𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 7⁄8 𝑉𝑐𝑐 ) 1 0.25
𝑓𝑜 = = = − − − (2) 𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑇 𝑉𝐶𝐶 4𝑅𝑇 𝐶𝑇 𝑅𝑇 𝐶𝑇
VOLTAGE TO FREQUENCY CONVERSION FACTOR
Voltage to frequency conversion factor Kv & is defined as
