4 Inspection, Maintenance and Repair For Civil Works: Source: Manual of Hydrological Analysis, Nippon Koei Co., LTD

4 Inspection, Maintenance and Repair for Civil Works
4.1 Monitoring of Hydro-meteorological Conditions and Recording
(1) Objectives of Monitoring
It is essential for the correct operation and maintenance of hydroelectric power

stations and related hydraulic structures to grasp the hydro-meteorological conditions
surrounding the stations.
The hydro-meteorological information is gathered through the monitoring of rainfall

and water levels. The collected data are useful for forecasting water levels of
reservoirs and regulating ponds in both normal and flood conditions and the efficient
operation of the stations.
It is recommended that monitoring of the following items be carried out:
(i) Rainfall at sites surrounding the powerhouse and intake.
(ii) Water levels of reservoirs (and regulating ponds for run-of-river type
station) and also the water levels in the river downstream of the tailrace.
To accomplish effective operation and maintenance of hydroelectric power

stations and their relevant hydraulic structures, the rainfall and water level
monitoring results are to be recorded, reported and kept in accordance with the
regulations on operation and maintenance.
Source: Manual of Hydrological Analysis,

(2) Monitoring of Rainfall Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
Figure 4.1.1 Rainfall Gauge
Daily Monitoring of Rainfalls
• The daily monitoring of rainfall is recommended at the sites surrounding the

powerhouse and intake.
• Daily observation of rainfall by a rainfall gauge of conventional type is to be

carried out at 09:00 a.m. or at some other specified time.
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• The volume of rainfall is to be represented at a water depth (unit: mm) which
could be obtained by the assumption that rainfall has passed a pan within certain
hours and be stored at the horizontal surface of the pan.
• The minimum reading unit is to be 0.1 mm.
Hourly Observation of Rainfalls during Flood
• The hourly observation of rainfall during floods is useful for forecasting water
levels of reservoirs and regulating ponds during future floods. However, because
the hourly observation of rainfall during floods may endanger the observer, hourly
observations should be carried out only using automatic rain gauges.
(3) Monitoring of Water Levels

Staff gauge
Levee Staff gauge
lap
HWL
Source: Manual of Hydrological Analysis,

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
Daily Observation of Water Levels Figure 4.1.2 Installation of Staff Gauge in River
• The daily observation of water levels is recommended at both reservoirs and

regulating ponds for run-of-river type power stations.
• Also, it is recommended to carry out daily observation of water levels in the river
downstream of the tailrace to grasp the volume of river flow.
• Staff gauges are to be installed at such locations so as not to be affected by

backwater and the water levels are to be observed daily at 10:00 a.m. or at some
other specified time.
• The readings of staff gauges should be accurate and recorded to the nearest centimeter.
• An example of a staff gauge is shown below with the specification as follows:
(i) Minimum reading: 1 cm
(ii) Dimensions: length.....1,000 mm, and width.....130 mm

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Staff Gauge
Detail of Staff Gauge
Source: Manual of Hydrological Analysis, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
Figure 4.1.3 Detail of Staff Gauge
• The installation of automatic water level gauges is convenient for the observation
of water levels in regulating ponds where the water levels are always variable
Hut housing automatic recorder
Automatic recorder
Portion receiving water pressure
Conduit of water
pressure transmission
Water Level Gauge Housing Automatic Recorder with Water Pressure Type
Source: Manual of Hydrological Analysis, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.

Figure 4.1.4 Water Level Gauge Housing Automatic Recorder with Water Pressure Type

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Hourly Observation of Water Levels during Floods
• The hourly observation data of water levels during floods is useful for forecasting
water levels of reservoirs and regulating ponds during floods in future. In addition,
the hourly observation of water levels in the river downstream of the tailrace
during the flood is also useful. However, in due consideration that hourly
observation of water levels during floods may endanger the observer, hourly
observation is recommended to be carried out only when an automatic water level
gauge is installed.
• Further to the recording of water levels observed in the river downstream from the
tailrace during floods, the data of the maximum water level will be useful for
further confirmation of the safety of hydraulic facilities relevant to the
hydroelectric power station.

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Part 1
4.2 Category of Inspection for Hydroelectric Power Facilities
Failure or partial failure of the hydroelectric power facilities (see the following figure)
could jeopardise operation of the facilities, endanger the lives and safety of the public
and staff or cause substantial property damage.
Intake Weir De-Silting Basin Head Tank

Penstock Line
Waterway (free flow)
Power Station
Sand Flushing Channel Tailrace
Spillway Channel
(1) Longitudinal Section
Power Station
Intake De-Silting Basin Head Tank
Penstock Line Tailrace
Waterway
Tailrace Exit
Intake Weir
Sand Flushing Channel Spillway Channel
River Flow
(2) Plan
Source: Exercise of Hydro Power, Japan
Figure 4.2.1 Hydroelectric Power Facilities with Run-of-River Type
It is essential to constantly evaluate the surrounding conditions of the

hydroelectric power facility by periodical inspection, i.e. a periodical patrol of
observation in order to ensure the stable operations of the plant and ensure its
safety and efficient operation.
In addition, an emergency inspection should be carried out; (i) to confirm the

safety of the hydroelectric power facilities and their surroundings, (ii) to maintain
stability and safety of each facility, and (iii) to evaluate quantitatively the degree
of ageing and deterioration of each facility should the results of periodical
inspection show abnormalities in the facilities or after the occurrence of an
earthquake, flood and/or heavy rainfall.
The results of these evaluations will be useful for provision of countermeasures

inclusive of repairs against the abnormal conditions of facilities in reference to Figure
4.2.2.

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Safe & Efficient Operation
of Hydroelectric Power Facility
(3) Countermeasures (1) Periodical Patrol of “Earthquakes, floods and/or

incl. Report Observation incl. Report heavy rainfalls, if occur”
“Abnormal conditions, if any”

Yes” “No”
“No”
“Yes”
(2) Emergency Inspection
“Abnormal conditions, if any” incl. Report
Cycle of Inspection
Source: JICA Study Team
Figure 4.2.2 Cycle of Inspection
(1) Periodical Patrol Observation
• The periodical patrol observation is aimed to grasp: (i) whether abnormal

conditions exist in the hydroelectric power facilities, and (ii) their fulfillment of
functions. It is to be carried out periodically once or twice a year in line with the
patrol route, and the items to be observed, both of which should be determined in
advance.
(2) Emergency Inspection
• The emergency inspection is to be carried out based on the results of periodical

patrol observation, if necessary
• In addition, the emergency inspection is to be carried out after earthquakes, floods

and/or heavy rainfalls, if necessary.
• The emergency inspection includes inspection and confirmation of the inner

conditions of waterway after de-watering as to whether the condition of waterways
are abnormal or not, and its fulfillment of functions. It should be carried out once
every five years regardless of any other event.

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4.3 Civil Works structures
4.3.1 Items to Be Inspected for Civil Works Structures
The items to be inspected for Civil Works structures are as shown in Table 4.3.1.
4.3.2 Inspection of Civil Works Structures
Further to the inspection items mentioned above, the procedure of inspection/

monitoring of civil works structures is to be as shown below, which is prepared to
grasp the causes for the adverse phenomena identified and identify the
countermeasures:
Procedure of Inspection/ Monitoring for Civil Structures:

1 To restore a footpath along the headrace canal.
2 To identify adverse phenomena and classify them into (i) items related to a
decrease in available discharge for power generation, (ii) those related to a decrease
in regulation capacity of the head pond, and (iii) those related to a decrease in the
safety factor of civil structures.
3 To investigate and examine the adverse phenomena by

observation, measurement, topographic survey, hydraulic
calculations, etc.
4 To grasp causes of adverse 5To identify countermeasures

phenomena. for adverse phenomena.
With respect to each stage (1 - 5), the detailed discussions are exhibited in Figure
4.3.1(1/5) - 4.3.1(5/5) in reference to the inspection of the civil works structures of Zi
Chaung power station which was carried out in the course of both of the 7th and 8th
field investigations in Myanmar:
It has been reconfirmed that an inspection of civil works structures is indispensable,

irrespective of the importance of an inspection of electro-mechanical works, especially
for quantitative confirmation of inflow as to how much volume of inflow is available
for power generation. The discharge measurements at the inspection of the civil works
structures of Zi Chaung power station showed that the available discharge of power
generation has decreased to 69.5% of the inflow at the intake due to leakage of water
in the headrace canal (refer to Appendix 1 14 of Part 6-1 in Vol.6 Supporting Report).

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1 TO RESTORE A FOOTPATH
ALONG HEADRACE CANAL
Damaged Screen Sediment in Headrace Canal
Footpath along Headrace Canal
2 TO IDENTIFY ADVERSE (i) Items related to a decrease in

PHENOMENA available discharge for power
generation
Sediment Upstream of Intake & Weir

Erosion of Foot of Side Wall
(ii) Items related to a decrease in

regulation capacity of the head pond
Figure 4.3.1(1/5) Detailed Procedure of Inspection/ Monitoring
Sediment in Head Pond Water Leakage from Headrace
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1
(iii) Items related to a decrease

in the safety factor of civil
structures Sediment Upstream of Intake & Weir Erosion of Weir Body
Damaged Screen Damaged Side-Spillway

Different Water Level Caused by Leaves
Slope Easy to Slide Big Stone Fallen from Slope Debris Once Entered and Removed
Figure 4.3.1(2/5) Detailed Procedure of Inspection/ Monitoring

Volume 4 Manual
2
3 TO INVESTIGATE AND (i) Items related to a decrease in

available discharge for power
EXAMINE ADVERSE
generation
PHENOMENA
Discharge Measurement Sediment Thickness

BY OBSERVATION,
(ii) Items related to a decrease
MEAUREMENT, in regulation capacity of the
head pond
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY,
CALCULATIONS, ETC.
(iii) Items related to a decrease

in the safety factor of civil
Topographic Survey
3 structures Lecture on Leveling Survey
270
Canal wall Bed El (m)
269 W.S.El (m)
268 Wall El. (m)
EL. (m)
267
Water surface
Figure 4.3.1 (3/5) Detailed Procedure of Inspection/ Monitoring 266
265 Floor of canal
264
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
BP+ (m)
Hydraulic Calculations
Intake and Water Way Hydraulic Calculations (BP-20m ~ +20m)
Hydraulic Calculations

Volume 4 Manual
3
Causes for Leakage of Water:
(i) Items related to a decrease in 1 Sediments upstream of weir and intake, 2 Inappropriate flow
available discharge for power conditions of Intake, 3 Damaged screen, 4 Sediment transport in
4 TO GRASP CAUSES OF
generation headrace canal, and 5 Erosion of foot of wall in headrace canal.
ADVERSE PHENOMENA
(ii) Items related to a decrease in Causes for Sediment in Head Pond:

regulation capacity of the head
1 Sediment in de-silting basin (refer to (5) Damaged Screen and Operation Deck).
pond
Causes for Damaged Side-Spillway: Possibility-a:1 Damaged screen, and 2 Erosion of foot of
side-spillway. Possibility-b: 1Lack of stability in side-spillway due to less thickness of wall.
(iii) Items related to a decrease in
the safety factor of civil structures
Causes for Erosion of Downstream Slope of Weir:
1 Sediment upstream of weir and intake.
Causes for Debris Once Entered and Removed:

Figure 4.3.1 (4/5) Detailed Procedure of
1 Slope beside headrace canal, being easy to Inspection/ Monitoring
4 slide, and 2 no concrete covers at the location.

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4
(i) Items related to a decrease in 1 Provision of “Gabion Training Walls” for achievement of appropriate flow
5TO IDENTIFY COUNTERMEASURES
available discharge for power conditions of intake, to reduce sediment inflow into headrace canal, 2
FOR ADVERSE PHENOMENA
generation Removal of sediment in headrace canal, and 3 Repair of eroded portion in
headrace canal.
(ii) Items related to a decrease in 1 Periodical removal of sediment in head pond, and 2 Removal of sediment in de-silting
regulation capacity of the head pond basin through operation of sand flushing gates.
1 Repairing of screen, 2 Provision of operation deck at suitable location for removal of

(iii) Items related to a decrease in
drift leaves and driftwoods trapped at screen, and 3 Provision of “Skimmer Walls” in front of
the safety factor of civil structures
intake for avoiding inflow of driftwoods and excessive water into intake.
1 Repair and protection of damaged portion

in crest and downstream slope of weir.
1 Placement of concrete covers over headrace canal in such section where the mountainside
Source: JICA Study Team slope is found apt to collapse.
Figure 4.3.1 (5/5) Detailed Procedure of Inspection/ Monitoring.
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Table 4.3.1 Items to Be Inspected for Civil Works structures
Items to Be Inspected
Civil Works structures Locations Water Erosion/
Damage Crack Displacement Clogging Sediment Land slide
leakage Scoring
1. Intake weir (a) Body of intake weir
(b) Surrounding areas of intake weir
(c) Related structures
(d) Other facilities such as water level gauges, staff

gauges, safety fences and lighting facilities
2. Waterway
(1) Intake (a) Intake body

(b) Screen
(2) De-silting basin (a) Inside of de-silting basins

(3) Headrace (a) Surrounding areas of headrace channel
channel
(b) Inside of headrace channel
(4) Head tank and (a) Body of head tanks/ spillway channels,
spillway water level gauges and staff gauges
channel
(b) Surrounding areas
(5) Foundations of (a) Body of penstock foundations

penstock (b) Surrounding areas
(6) Power station (a) Foundations of powerhouses and related structures
(7) Tailrace (a) Body of tailraces, water level gauges and

staff gauges
3. Inspection and (a) Road surfaces, side ditches, retaining walls,
insitu roads bridges, etc.
Note: The mark denoted as “ ” means a item to be inspected. Source: JICA Study Team

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The major subjects conducted in the aforesaid inspection/ monitoring are discussed
below.
(1) Discharge Measurement and Leakage of Water
In advance of the inspection of the headrace canal (6.5’Wx5.5’H, i.e. 1.981 m

Wx1.676 m H) about 3.6 km long, a footpath was restored along the headrace canal by
clearing bushes and providing temporary bamboo bridges over small streams and
handrails along some parts of the concrete walls of the headrace canal. To confirm the
discharge available for power generation, discharge measurements by use of an
electric preiss current meter were carried out at four (4) locations for the waterway
consisting of an intake, a side spillway, a headrace canal, a de-silting basin and a head
pond during the 8th field investigation in Myanmar.
The result of discharge measurements is summarized below (refer to Appendix 1-14 of

Part 6-1 in Vol.6 Supporting Report).
Table 4.3.2 Discharge Measurement
Discharge Leakage Percentage
No. Location
(m3/s) (m3/s) (%)
(1) Downstream face of 2nd concrete cover about 100 m 1.74
downstream of intake
(2) Upstream face of the concrete cover about 200 m 1.74
downstream of intake
(3) Upstream of de-silting basin 1.35
(4) Just upstream of inlet of head pond 1.21 69.5
(Available discharge of power generation)
(5) Water leakage to upstream of de-silting basin 0.39 22.4
(6) Total of water leakage: 0.53 30.5
(Water leakage to just upstream of inlet of head pond)
Source: Measured by JICA Study Team
As seen from the above table, the discharge available for power generation was 1.21
m3/s (decreased to 69.5% of the inflow of 1.74 m3/s) due to the leakage of water from
the headrace canal estimated at 0.53 m3/s (30.5% of inflow of 1.74 m3/s).
Such a fact as identified above recommends the following items:
- A footpath along the headrace canal is to be provided for inspections.
- The leakage of water means the loss of energy; accordingly, periodical

discharge measurement by use of an electric preiss current meter is
recommended for quantitative confirmation of inflow as to how much
volume of inflow is available for power generation.
(2) Sediment inside the Headrace Canal and Erosion of the Headrace Canal
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On May 25, 2003 during the 8th field investigation in Myanmar the intake gates were
closed so that the headrace canal was dewatered and inspection of the canal was
carried out along the footpath. It revealed much sediment inside the headrace canal
beyond expectations as shown in the following photographs. In particular, the
sediments just downstream of the side-spillway, for example, measured about 35 cm
thick as shown in the following photographs:
Source: JICA Study Team Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 4.3.2 Sediment in Headrace Canal Figure 4.3.3 Sediment Measurement
Other conditions of the canal observed during the inspection are summarized below:
Erosion of Foundation
The foundation of the canal seemed to have been eroded by leakage water.

Figure 4.3.4 Floor Slab at the Leakage Section Figure 4.3.5 Outside Conditions of Foundation
at the Leakage Section
Erosion of Floor Slab and Foots of Side Wall
Erosion of floor slabs and the foot of the side walls was also identified as presented in
the photographs below:

Figure 4.3.6 Erosion of Floor Slab Figure 4.3.7 Erosion of Foot of Wall

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The following ways are recommended to treat water leakage in a headrace canal as
shown in the above photographs:
- Several countermeasures are to be sought to stop water leakage and the most
appropriate countermeasures selected, depending on the cause of water leakage,
i.e. erosion of floor slab, erosion of foot of side wall, erosion of foundation of
canal due to leakage water, etc.
(3) Topographic Survey and Hydraulic Calculations
Topographic Survey
In the course of monitoring of the headrace canal, the discharge capacity of the
waterway, especially for the section of waterway from the beginning of the intake to
the end of the side-spillway, was of great concern to confirm the discharge available
for power generation. The following cases were adopted for hydraulic calculations:
(i) In the case of the headrace canal having no sediment, discharge capacity
was the same as the design.
(ii) In the case of the headrace canal having sediment, surveyed data were used
to calculate discharge capacity.
In advance of hydraulic calculations, the leveling survey was carried out over the
whole 3400 m of the headrace canal in order to achieve the canal data for hydraulic
calculations.
Headrace Canal Head Pond

TOPO-SURVEY GIDE MAP
Weir
Headrace Canal
Weir Head pond

Figure 4.3.8 Guide Map of Headrace Canal

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Comparison for Elevation of Floor Top between The Designed and The Surveyed
Further, the comparison between the designed profile of the headrace canal (i.e. the
top of floor before sedimentation) and the surveyed one (i.e. the top of floor after
sedimentation) is as shown below.
270 1 Canal Bed EL.(surveyed) (m)

2Wall top EL.(surveyed)
3 (m)
268 2 3 Canal Bed EL.(designed) (m)
4Wall top EL.(designed) (m)
266 4
1
EL. (m)
264 3
262
260 2
Surveyed bed slope: 1/624.4
258
1
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600
BP+ (m)
Note: n = 0.014
Comparison of Headrace Canal between The Surveyed and The Designed

Figure 4.3.9 Comparison of Headrace Canal between The Surveyed and The Designed
The balance between the designed floor level of the canal and the surveyed one is
shown below for the upstream section of the canal from the beginning point to the
downstream point 200 m along, which corresponds to the extent of the sediment
deposition:
Table 4.3.3 Comparison of Floor Level between The Designed and The Surveyed
Source: JICA Study Team Note: n = 0.014

Hydraulic Calculations in the Case of Headrace Canal Having No Sediment
In the case of the hydraulic calculations for the headrace canal having no sediment, it
was confirmed that the upstream section between the beginning of the intake and the
end of the side-spillway has a discharge capacity of 4.0 m3/s, the same as the design
discharge, with a sufficient free board of 30 cm, as shown below.

Part 1
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Table 4.3.4 Hydraulic Calculations in The Case of Headrace Canal Having
No Sediment As Same As Design for Design Discharge (Q=4.0 m3/s) for BP-20 to BP+200
Location (BP+) Floor Level Water Surface Top of Wall Free Board Velocity Fr
(m) (EL. - m) (EL. - m) (EL. - m) (EL. - m) (m/s)
-19.4 265.66 266.69 268.80 2.11 0.5 0.16
-13.2 265.66 266.69 268.80 2.11 0.5 0.16
-4.5 264.80 266.03 268.80 2.77 1.31 0.38
0.0 264.80 265.98 267.00 1.02 1.58 0.46
3.0 264.80 265.97 266.27 0.30 1.77 0.52
25.0 264.76 265.91 266.27 0.36 1.77 0.53
50.0 264.72 265.88 266.40 0.52 1.77 0.52
100.0 264.65 265.81 266.33 0.52 1.77 0.52
200.0 264.51 265.66 266.18 0.52 1.77 0.53
Source: Calculation by JICA Study Team
270 1
Bed El (m)
269 W.S.El (m)
268 Q=4.0 m3/s
Wall El. (m)
EL. (m)
267
266
265
264
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100160 120 180 140
200
Note: n = n=0.014
0.014
BP+ (m)
Figure 4.3.10 Hydraulic Calculations in The Case of Headrace Canal Having No
Sediment As Same As Design (BP-20 - BP+200)
Hydraulic Calculations in the Case of Headrace Canal Having Sediment
In the case of the hydraulic calculations for the headrace canal having sediment as
surveyed, it was confirmed that the side-spillway started to overflow when the
discharge reached 3.8 m3/s. The discharge capacity of headrace canal is therefore
restricted to a discharge capacity of 3.8 m3/s, i.e. 96% of the design discharge of
headrace canal (4.0 m3/s ) as shown below.

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267.5 Based on Survey
(n=0.014 for wall, n=0.020 for
267 slab due to cobble sediments)

3
3.83 m /s 3
Spillway wall top (Surveyed) (266.45 m) 5.5 m /s
Water El.(m)
266.5
(Designed) (266.27 m)
266
265.5 Design water Lv (m)

Condition in May 03
Based on Design
265
(n=0.014 for slab and walls)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Discharge (m3/s)
Figure4.3.11 Discharge Rating Curves of Headrace Canal (at BP+2.3 m)
Consideration of Roughness Coefficient for Hydraulic Calculations and Confirmation

of Freeboard for Design of Side-Spillway
In respect of the roughness coefficient of “n” which is an empirical measure of surface

roughness for hydraulic calculation, a value of 0.014 was applied for the concrete
lined headrace canal, while 0.020 was used where sediment of cobbles was deposited
on the concrete lined slab. The n of 0.014 for the slab and walls of the headrace canal
without sediment is the same as designed. On the other hand, n of 0.014 and n of
0.020 were applied for the walls and slab respectively where sediments of cobbles
existed.
As seen from the above figure, the overflow weir of the side-spillway starts to
overflow at a discharge of 5.5 m3/s in the case of no sediment as designed. In the case
of the headrace canal having sediments as surveyed, the overflow weir of side-
spillway starts to overflow at a discharge of 3.8 m3/s, which is less than the design
discharge of 4.0 m3/s. After application of several roughness coefficients for the
hydraulic calculations of the headrace canal having no sediment, it was confirmed that
application of a roughness coefficient of 0.019 allowed the overflow weir of the side-
spillway to start to overflow at the design discharge of 4.0 m3/s with almost the same
freeboard as designed, 0.75 feet (= 22.8 cm).
The roughness coefficient of 0.019 was applied for the hydraulic calculations of
Baluchaung hydroelectric power project by reference to its design criteria (refer to
Part 1
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Appendix 3 of Part 6-2 in Vol.6: Supporting Report). Such a roughness coefficient of
0.019 was decided in due consideration of Baluchaung power plant that about 80% of
the energy required for the whole of Myanmar would be covered by Baluchaung
power plant, which would not allow the Baluchaung power plant to be stopped for
dewatering of the headrace canal for removal of sediment after the commencement of
power generation.
Consequently, it could be said that application of a roughness coefficient of 0.019 for

such a small hydro power project as Zi Chaung power plant would not be reasonable
as compared with application of a roughness coefficient of 0.014 which is a standard
value of roughness coefficient for the conventional design of hydraulic structures.
Further, it was confirmed that MEPE used the roughness coefficient of 0.018 for the
design of Zi Chaung power plant (completed in 1997); however, the Department of
Hydroelectric Power (DHP), Ministry of Electric Power has recently used the
roughness coefficient of 0.013 for the design of hydraulic structures.
(4) Gabion Training Wall
The intake is located beside the overflow weir and is in the same direction of the river
flow as shown in Figure 4.3.7. This location of the intake is judged to be a major cause
for sediment from the river entering the headrace canal. Refer to Figure 4.3.12 for a
recommendation on the selection of an intake.
“River Flow”
Convex Side
Case-1 Concave Side
“Intake”
Concave Side
Case-2:
Convex Side
Figure 4.3.12 Recommendation for Selection of Intake Location

Part 1
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The above figure shows that a branch canal is perpendicularly connected to the flow
direction. In spite of such a reasonable direction of the intake, the branch canal is still
subject to sediment entering from the river. Under such a condition, an experiment
was carried out providing a separator for reduction of sediment entry as shown in
case-1 (increase of sediment) and case-2 (decrease of sediment).
Therefore, it is recommended that the intake be located where the convex shape of
river flow exists, for reduction of sediment.
In addition, Figure 4.3.15 shows the profile of the intake in the original design,
indicating the permissible height of sediment of 5.974 m (= the intake sill level at
EL.265.633 m minus the original river bed at EL.259.659 m). However, the river bed
has risen to EL.266.200 m around the weir and several water passages to the intake
exist according to the results of topographic survey.
Under such a circumstance, it is suggested to apply a gabion training wall as shown in

Figures 4.3.13 and 4.3.14 to achieve an appropriate flow condition to the intake for
reduction of sediment.
It is noted that the topographic survey of about 1.5 ha for the upstream of the intake
was carried out in advance of this planning of the gabion training wall in the course of
the 8th field investigation.

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4.3.13
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Figure 4.3.14 Detail of Gabion Training Wall
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Figure 4.3.15 Profile of Intake
Source: MEPE
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(5) Damaged Screen and Operation Deck
Damaged Screen
Generally speaking, an inclined screen is suitable for removal of drift leaves and
driftwoods from screens as compared with a vertical screen.
Nevertheless, the intake of Zie Chaung power station is facilitated with a vertical
screen and it is hard to remove drift leaves and driftwoods from the screen. In addition,
the operation deck at the site seems impractical for removal of leaves and driftwoods
from the vertical screen. Consequently, these conditions prevent removal of drift
leaves and driftwoods from the vertical screen. The screen has become damaged due
to large water pressure. The damaged screen has then allowed entry of sediment such
as cobbles, gravel, sand, etc. into the headrace canal and caused erosion of the
headrace canal as illustrated below:
1 Vertical screen and inappropriate operation deck.
2 No removal of drift leaves and driftwoods from screens.
3 Different water levels between the upstream and downstream of

the screen.
4 Large water pressure due to different water levels.
5 Screen damaged and eventually collapses of screen.
6 Sediment enters headrace canal and cause erosion of the headrace

canal and leakage of water.
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Operation Deck
To overcome the inconvenient operation deck, an idea is shown in Figure 4.3.10

modifying the operation deck for easy removal of drift leaves and driftwoods.
Preventive Measures for Driftwoods
In addition to the preventive measures for drift leaves and driftwoods by repair of the
screen and modification of the operation deck, one more option is considerable as is
shown in Figure 4.3.11, which is to utilize a frames made of reinforcing bars arranged
at 50 cm intervals in the gabion training wall.
Skimmer Wall
Another possible preventive measure for driftwoods is to provide a skimmer wall with
piers at the inlet for protection of the screen and the sand flushing gates as shown
below.

Figure 4.3.16 Skimmer
Skimmer wall at Wall
inletat Inlet
(6) Protection of Weir Crest and Downstream Slope
With regard to determining the method for protection of the weir crest and the
downstream slope against erosion by rocks, stones, cobbles, etc. transported by
overflow water, a yardstick is whether the damaged portion can be repaired or not
in future.
For example, Figure 4.3.19 shows a lining (SUS 304) applied for dams in Japan to
protect a sand flushing facility from sediment. The lining is planned to be durable for
100 years as it is located upstream of the dam body making it difficult to repair
damaged portions of the sand flushing facility in future.
Volume 4 Manuals
Part 1
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In addition to repairing the damaged portion, the following options are considerable
for protection of the weir crest and the downstream slope of Zi Chaung power station:
- Construction of check dams by gabions similar to the gabion training wall (refer to
Figure 4.3.14), steel frame gabions (refer to Figure 4.3.21), concreted gabions, etc.
to reduce the amount of gravel and sediment transported by overflow water.
- Placement of an additional reinforced concrete to the weir to allow for erosion of

concrete in the weir body (refer to Figure 4.3.20).
In establishment of the rehabilitation plan and design for the weir of Zi Chaung power
station, it is suggested that MEPE consult with the concerned staff of the Department
of Hydroelectric Power (DHP), Ministry of Electric Power.

Volume 4 Manuals
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- 116 -
Figure 4.3.17 Plan of Operation Deck
4.3.10

Volume 4 in Rural Areas in MYANMAR
Manuals
- 117 -
Figure 4.3.18 Plan of Preventive Measures for Driftwoods

Manuals
- 118 -
Figure 4.3.19 Lining Plate for Protection of Concrete Surface
Source: Dam Engineering No.132 (1997.9), Japan

Manuals
- 119 -
Figure 4.3.20 Weir Body Reinforced By Additional Concrete
Source: MEPE

Manuals
- 120 -
Figure 4.3.21 Steel Frame Gabion
4.4 Gates, Trashracks and Penstocks
4.4.1 Items to Be Inspected for Gates, Trashracks and Penstocks
The items to be inspected for gates, trashracks and penstocks are shown in Table
4.4.1.
4.4.2 Operational Check Points of Discharge Control Gates for Intake and Head Pond
The operational check points of discharge control gates for the intake and head pond,
when provided, are as follows:
(1) Normal Conditions
• Gate leaves are to be in complete contact with the gate sheets to secure water
tightness and appropriate countermeasures are to be taken for the prevention of
water leakage, if any.
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Table 4.4.1 Items to Be Inspected for Gate, Trashrack and Penstock
Items to Be Inspected
Steel structures Locations Leakage
Damage Deformation Abrasion Oiling Painting Vibration
water
1. Gates and hoist (a) Gate sheet
(b) Gate leaf and hoist
2. Trashracks (a) Screen
3. Penstock (a) Pipe
(b) Bearing
4. Others (a) Steel ladder, steel cover, etc.
Note: The mark denoted as “ ” means a item to be inspected.
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• Each lifting location of the control gates for both the intake and head tank is to be
determined to ensure the lowest point of the gate leaves does not touch the water
surface.
(2) Flood Conditions
During floods, it is recommended to stop power generation and to close the control
gates of the intake to prevent sediment and drift wood from affecting the associated
structures.
4.4.3 Gates Operation in Intake
Operations of the control gate of the intake are generally required for: (i) the mandatory
release of water for irrigation and environmental requirements in downstream reaches,
even with the reduction of discharge for power generation, (ii) water filling and de-
watering for the purpose of inspection and repairs of the waterway structures, and (iii)
prevention of waterway structures from sediment and drift wood during flood
conditions.
In Japan, it has been recently required to achieve appropriate and precise gate
operations for the water intake and the mandatory release of water, being subject to the
quantity of river flow and the regulations for utilization of river flow. In reference to
the run-of-river-type hydroelectric power stations in Japan, the control of water intake
and the mandatory release of water are explained as follows:
Agreed max.
Water level gauge
discharge (Qm )
Design discharge (Qd)
Design discharge of power generation (Qd)
Control gate of intake

Water level gauge
Sand flushing gate
Overflow weir
River flow (Qr ) Required outflow (Qo )

Mandatory
Mandatory release water
of water (Qo(Q
) o)
Gates and Water Level Gauges in Intake
Source: Compiled by JICA Study Team

Figure 4.4.1 Gates and Water Level Gauge in Intake
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“River flow”
(m3/s) c d
River flow Water level
QL Qo + Qd
e
b
“Water level” a
a
Qo FSL
MOL
Time
Gate opening(%) Full opened
100 %
0%
Full closed Full closed Time
“Sand flushing gate”

“Control gate”
Figure 4.4.2 Operation of Control Gate and Sand Flushing Gate
It is noted that in respect of the gate operation for the intake gate of Zi Chaung power
station, which is located about 3.4 km from the powerhouse, the daily gate operation is
not necessary as there are no requirements for mandatory release of water and there are
a side-spillway just downstream of the intake gate and another side-spillway in the
regulating pond neighboring the powerhouse.
Procedure of Gate Operation:
Step-1 (See a in Figure 4.4.2)
Operation of Control Gate to Secure Mandatory Release of Water for Irrigation and
Environmental Requirements:
In the case when the river flow (Qr) is smaller than the mandatory water for irrigation
and environmental requirements (Qo), the control gate of the intake should be operated
to secure the mandatory release of water for irrigation and environmental requirements
and to head for achievement of the FSL (Full Supply Water Level) in the upstream of
the overflow weir.
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Step-2 (See b in Figure 4.4.2)
Operation of Control Gate to Maintain FSL:
In the case when the river flow (Qr) is greater than the mandatory water for irrigation
and environmental requirements (Qo) and it is smaller than the total of the mandatory
water for irrigation and environmental requirements (Qo) and the design discharge of
waterway for power generation (Qd), the control gate of the intake will be gradually
opened to the full opening and maintain the FSL.
Step-3 (See c in Figure 4.4.2)

Opening of Sand Flushing Gate:
In the case when the river flow (Qr) becomes greater than the discharge limit (QL), i.e.
the total of the mandatory water for irrigation and environmental requirements (Qo) and
the design discharge of waterway (Qd), the full opening of the control gate will
continue to keep the FSL and opening of the sand flushing gate will start for the
purpose of sand flushing.
Step-4 (See d in Figure 4.4.2)
Closing of Sand Flushing Gate:
In the case when the river flow (Qr) becomes less than the discharge limit (QL = Qo +
Qd), the sand flushing gate should be fully closed and the control gate of the intake
should be gradually closed.
Step-5 (See e in Figure 4.4.2)
Operation of Control Gate to Secure Mandatory Release of Water for Irrigation and
Environmental Requirements :
In the case when the river flow (Qr) becomes less than the mandatory water for
irrigation and environmental requirements (Qo), the control gate of the intake should be
fully closed for achievement of (Qo).
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4.5 Operation for Sediment Flushing
De-silting basins are provided for the settling and flushing of sediment particles to
reduce abrasion of the waterway, penstock pipe, hydraulic turbines, etc., and eventually
to achieve stable and efficient operation of the hydroelectric power plant.
De-silting ditch
Sand flushing gate
Waterway
River flow
Sand flushing conduit sand flushing channel

Plan
Gate handling spindle
Section Sand flushing gate

Source: Compiled by JICA Study Team
Figure 4.5.1 De-silting Basin
(1) Operational Check Points of Sand Flushing Gates
For Normal Conditions
• Sand flushing gates are provided for flushing out sediments.
• Upon observation of sediment deposits, sand-flushing gates are to be opened for

flushing of sediment deposits.
• No operation of sand-flushing gates for a long time may cause serious sediment
deposits which may not be able to be removed by operation of the sand-flushing
gates. It is essential to carry out periodical sand flushing.
For Flood Conditions
• During and after floods, the sand flushing gates are to be opened for flushing of
sediments deposits.
• Also during and after floods, drift leaves and driftwoods may cause clogging of the
screen, and eventually may cause crushing of the screens due to the water pressure
acting on the upstream surface of the screens resulting from the raised water level
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by clogging. Accordingly, together with operation of the sand flushing gates it is
very important to remove such drift leaves and driftwoods from the screen.
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4.6 Countermeasures against Sedimentation
The application of reliable and efficient methods of sediment control and removing
sediment from waterways is one of the most important considerations for the successful
utilization of water resources in a hydroelectric power scheme. It is generally expected
that appropriate operations of both the sand-flushing gates installed in neighboring
dams or weirs and the sand flushing gates in the de-silting basin will effectively return
sediment back to the river.
However, it is a fact that run-of-river projects and storage schemes with large dams for
hydroelectric power projects have suffered from serious sediment deposits that have not
been removed by the sand-flushing gates.
To overcome the severe sediment transportation problems, a recent study*

demonstrated sediment control methods utilizing a suction head, i.e. (i) a sand flushing
through the use of a ‘Saxophone’ suction head* and (ii) sand flushing through a Slotted
pipe sediment sluicer*. According to the introduction of the method, it is said that
sediment control can be accomplished without interruption of the normal operation of
reservoirs and de-silting facilities. In addition, these sand flushing techniques do not
cause interruption of the power generation since de-watering of the de-silting basin is
not necessary.
(1) Sand Flushing through ‘Saxophone’ Suction Head
- The ‘Saxophone’ suction head has open slots in the invert portion of the pipes.
- Upon opening the valve, a suction head caused by the water head between the Pond
and outlet will give rise to a velocity of water inside the pipe. The velocity of water
will give the inside of the pipe negative pressures to absorb sediment and it will
transport the sediment to the outside of the pipe.
- Once absorption of sediment starts, collapse of the sediment deposits will occur
automatically and it will supply sediment to the open slots, which will cause
repeated absorption of sediment and its transportation.
- In the case when the open slots are provided in the crown portion of pipes, the open
slots will be plugged by sediment during collapse of sediment deposits.
Accordingly, the open slots are to be provided in the invert portion of pipes.
- It is a special property of the ‘Saxophone’ suction head that sediment will not cause
plugging of the absorption pipe even with the occurrence of settlement of the
‘Saxophone’ suction head.

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Removed sediment
Sediment
‘Saxophone’ suction head
Head
Valve
Open slots
Source: See foot notes
Figure 4.6.1 "Saxophone" Suction Head
(2) Sand Flushing through Slotted Pipe Sediment Sluicer
- Open slots are provided along the invert portion of pipes.
- The sand flushing through the slotted pipe sediment sluicer is a fixed sluicing
system to utilize the water head between the pond and the outlet.
- Upon opening the valve, a suction head caused by water head between the pond and
outlet will give rise to a velocity of water inside the pipe. The velocity of water will
give the inside of the pipe negative pressures to absorb sediment and it will
transport the sediment to the outside of pipe.
- Once absorption of sediment starts, collapse of the sediment deposits will occur
automatically and will supply sediment to the open slots, which will cause repeated
absorption of sediment and its transportation.
- When the open slots are provided in the crown portion of pipes, the open slots will
be plugged by sediment during collapse of sediment deposits. Accordingly, the
open slots are to be provided in the invert portion of pipes.
Sediment removed
Slotted pipes Sediment
Head
Open slots
Valve
Figure 4.6.2 “Flute” Pipe

Source: See foot notes

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(3) Calculation for Sand Flushing Capacity of ‘Saxophone’ Suction Head
An example of calculating the sand flushing capacity of a ‘Saxophone’ Suction Head is

shown below.
Example of a Calculation of the Sand Flushing Capacity of ‘Saxophone’ Suction Head
(i) Pipe φ = 15 cm, L = 20 m
2g ⋅ H
V=
1 + fe + N ⋅ fb + f
fe = 1.00 (inlet loss), N·fb = 0.40 (bend loss), f = fr ·L/φ = 4.5 (friction loss)
where fr =12.7g · n2 · φ1/3 = 0.03373 and n = 0.012 (roughness coefficient)
When H (head) = 1.5 m, V (velocity) = 2.06 m/s
(ii) Pipe φ = 15 cm, L = 20 m, H = 1.5 m, V = 2.06 m/s
Q = 0.036 m3/s (= 2.19 m3/min = 131 m3/hr): discharge flushed
Sand = 131 m3/hr x 3%*1 = 3.9 m3/hr (= 31 m3/day*2): sand volume flushed
Note; *1: 3% of the discharge is applied in reference to the results of test operation for
‘Saxophone’ Suction Head as shown in Table A1.14.9 of Appendix 1-14 in Vol.6
Supporting Report.
*2: 8 hours is applied for the working hour.
In addition, the sand flushing capacities of a ‘Saxophone’ Suction Head for

several diameters of pipe and several suction heads are calculated and shown in Table
4.6.1.
Notes; Source: “Sediment control: recent developments for headworks” by D.K. Lysne, N.R.B.Olsen,
H.St∅le and T.Jacobsen, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondhelm, Norway, pp.46 – 49 of
Hydropower and Dam March 1995 (See Appendix 1-12 of Supporting Report in Volume 6).

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Table 4.6.1 Sand Flushing Capacity of ‘Saxophone’ Suction Head
Dia. L H V Q Q Sand Sand
3 3 3
(m) (m) (m) (m/s) (m /s) (m /hr) (m /hr) (m3/day)
0.1 10 1.5 2.17 0.017 61 1.83 15
0.1 10 3 3.06 0.024 86 2.58 21
0.1 20 1.5 1.7 0.013 47 1.41 11
0.1 20 3 2.41 0.019 68 2.04 16
0.1 30 1.5 1.45 0.011 40 1.2 10
0.1 30 3 2.05 0.016 58 1.74 14
0.1 40 1.5 1.28 0.01 36 1.08 9
0.1 40 3 1.82 0.014 50 1.5 12
0.1 50 1.5 1.16 0.009 32 0.96 8
0.1 50 3 1.65 0.013 47 1.41 11
0.1 60 1.5 1.07 0.008 29 0.87 7
0.1 60 3 1.52 0.012 43 1.29 10
0.15 10 1.5 2.51 0.044 158 4.74 38
0.15 10 3 3.56 0.063 227 6.81 54
0.15 20 1.5 2.06 0.036 130 3.9 31
0.15 20 3 2.92 0.052 187 5.61 45
0.15 30 1.5 1.79 0.032 115 3.45 28
0.15 30 3 2.54 0.045 162 4.86 39
0.15 40 1.5 1.61 0.028 101 3.03 24
0.15 40 3 2.27 0.04 144 4.32 35
0.15 50 1.5 1.47 0.026 94 2.82 23
0.15 50 3 2.08 0.037 133 3.99 32
0.15 60 1.5 1.36 0.024 86 2.58 21
0.15 60 3 1.92 0.034 122 3.66 29
(4) Field Tests of ‘Saxophone’ Suction Head and ‘Flute’ Pipe
The hydraulic functions of the ‘Saxophone’ suction head and ‘Flute’ pipe were
confirmed in the 7th and 8th field investigations in Myanmar using trial devices made
in the field. However, the sand flushing efficiency of ‘Saxophone’ suction head was at
about 3% of the discharge in reference to Table A1.14.9 of Appendix 1-14 in Vol.6
Supporting Report.
Consequently, it was confirmed that further field tests would be necessary to achieve
practicable flushing devices based on these suction head concepts.

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4 Inspection, Maintenance and Repair for Civil Works

4.1 Monitoring of Hydro-meteorological Conditions and Recording

(1) Objectives of Monitoring

It is essential for the correct operation and maintenance of hydroelectric power

The hydro-meteorological information is gathered through the monitoring of rainfall

It is recommended that monitoring of the following items be carried out:

(i) Rainfall at sites surrounding the powerhouse and intake.

To accomplish effective operation and maintenance of hydroelectric power

Source: Manual of Hydrological Analysis,

• The daily monitoring of rainfall is recommended at the sites surrounding the

• Daily observation of rainfall by a rainfall gauge of conventional type is to be

Nippon Koei / IEEJ The Study on Introduction of Renewable Energies in

• The minimum reading unit is to be 0.1 mm.

Hourly Observation of Rainfalls during Flood

(3) Monitoring of Water Levels

Source: Manual of Hydrological Analysis,

• The daily observation of water levels is recommended at both reservoirs and

• Staff gauges are to be installed at such locations so as not to be affected by

• An example of a staff gauge is shown below with the specification as follows:

(i) Minimum reading: 1 cm

(ii) Dimensions: length.....1,000 mm, and width.....130 mm

Nippon Koei / IEEJ The Study on Introduction of Renewable Energies in

Detail of Staff Gauge

Source: Manual of Hydrological Analysis, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.

Figure 4.1.3 Detail of Staff Gauge

Hut housing automatic recorder

Portion receiving water pressure

Source: Manual of Hydrological Analysis, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.

Nippon Koei / IEEJ The Study on Introduction of Renewable Energies in

Nippon Koei / IEEJ The Study on Introduction of Renewable Energies in

Intake Weir De-Silting Basin Head Tank

Source: Exercise of Hydro Power, Japan

Figure 4.2.1 Hydroelectric Power Facilities with Run-of-River Type

It is essential to constantly evaluate the surrounding conditions of the

In addition, an emergency inspection should be carried out; (i) to confirm the

The results of these evaluations will be useful for provision of countermeasures

Nippon Koei / IEEJ The Study on Introduction of Renewable Energies in

of Hydroelectric Power Facility

(3) Countermeasures (1) Periodical Patrol of “Earthquakes, floods and/or

“Abnormal conditions, if any”

(2) Emergency Inspection

“Abnormal conditions, if any” incl. Report

(1) Periodical Patrol Observation

• The periodical patrol observation is aimed to grasp: (i) whether abnormal

(2) Emergency Inspection

• The emergency inspection is to be carried out based on the results of periodical

• In addition, the emergency inspection is to be carried out after earthquakes, floods

• The emergency inspection includes inspection and confirmation of the inner

Nippon Koei / IEEJ The Study on Introduction of Renewable Energies in

4.3.1 Items to Be Inspected for Civil Works Structures

4.3.2 Inspection of Civil Works Structures

Further to the inspection items mentioned above, the procedure of inspection/

Procedure of Inspection/ Monitoring for Civil Structures:

3 To investigate and examine the adverse phenomena by

4 To grasp causes of adverse 5To identify countermeasures

It has been reconfirmed that an inspection of civil works structures is indispensable,

Nippon Koei / IEEJ The Study on Introduction of Renewable Energies in

ALONG HEADRACE CANAL

Damaged Screen Sediment in Headrace Canal