Sl.No.

Date Name of the Experiment Mark Sign

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Sl.No. Date Name of the Experiment Mark Sign

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LEAST COUNT CALCULATION:

LC = 1 MSR -1VSR

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 1. CALIBRATION OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE USING
SLIP GAUGE
AIM:
To calibrate the given Vernier height gauge using slip gauges

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Vernier Height gauge
2. Slip gauges

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Vernier Height gauge
Make: Mitutoyo
Range: 0 - 300mm
Graduations = 0.02mm
2. Slip gauge set
Make: Aakai
M83 Workshop grade - set no: A-43 - ISS/(GOST - Grade: 2
1mm base, rectangular base set
DESCRIPTION:
Vernier Height gauge is a sort of vernier caliper, equipped with a special
base block and other attachments which make the instrument suitable for height
measurement. Along with the sliding jaw assembly, arrangement is provided to
carry a removable clamp

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TABULATION:

Vernier Height Gauge Reading

(mm) Slip Gauge
Error
S.No Readings
MSR TR (mm)
VSR (mm)
(mm) (mm)

TR = MSR + (VSR * LC)

Error= Vernier height gauge reading - Slip gauge reading

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 The upper and lower surfaces of the measuring jaws are parallel to the
base, so that it can be used for measurements over or under a surface. With a
scribing attachment in place of measuring jaw, this can be used to scribe lines at
certain distance over the surface.

PROCEDURE:
First Vernier height gauge is set to zero position with reference to base
position. Then place 10 mm slip gauge on the surface table and by making jaws
of Vernier height gauge to just contact with the slip gauge surface, reading is
observed. Repeat the same procedure in steps of 10 mm of slip gauges for 10
readings and tabulate the readings.

GRAPH:

Error

Vernier height gauge

reading

RESULT:
Thus the Vernier height gauge was calibrated using slip gauges.

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LEAST COUNT CALCULATION:

LC = 1 MSR -1VSR

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 2. CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALIPER
AIM:
To calibrate the given Vernier caliper by using slip gauges
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Vernier Caliper
Slip gauge
SPECIFICATION:
1. Vernier Caliper
Make: Mitutoyo
Range: 0 - 150 mm
Graduations = 0.02 mm
2. Slip gauge set
Make: Aakai
M83 Workshop grade - set no: A-43 - ISS/(GOST - Grade: 2
1mm base, rectangular base set
DESCRIPTION:
Vernier caliper consists of two steel rules and these can be engraved on a
solid (L - shaped) frame and the end of the frame contains a fixed jaw which is
shaped into a contact tip at its extremity. A sliding jaw which moves along the
guiding surface provided by the main scale is coupled to a vernier scale. Its
sliding jaw at its left extremity contains another measuring tip. When the two
measuring tips are in contact with each other, scale shows zero reading.

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TABULATION:

Vernier Caliper Reading (mm)

Slip Gauge
Error
S.No Readings
MSR TR (mm)
VSR (mm)
(mm) (mm)

TR = MSR + (VSR * LC)

Error= Vernier caliper reading - Slip gauge reading

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 The finer adjustment of the movable jaw can be done by the adjusting
screw. A suitable locking arrangement is provided on the movable jaw in order
to effectively clamp it on the beam.

PROCEDURE:
First the vernier caliper is set to zero position. The slip gauge (say
0.1 mm) is cleanedwith soft nylon cloth and clamped between the jaws. The
corresponding vernier reading is noted. The same procedure is repeated for
different set of slip gauges for 10 readings and the readings are tabulated.

GRAPH:

Error

Vernier caliper reading

RESULT:
Thus the vernier caliper has calibrated using slip gauge

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LEAST COUNT CALCULATIONS:
(1) THIMBLE SCALE:

L.C. = Distance moved on Main scale for one revolution

No. of divisions on thimble scale

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 3. CALIBRATION OF OUTSIDE MICROMETER

AIM:
To calibrate the given outside micrometer using slip gauges

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Micrometer Stand
2. Outside Micrometer
3. Slip gauges

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Outside micrometer
Make: Mitutoyo
Range: 0 - 25mm
Graduations = 0.001mm
2. Slip gauge set
Make: Aakai
M83 Workshop grade - set no: A-43 - ISS/(GOST - Grade: 2
1mm base, rectangular base set
DESCRIPTION:
OUTSIDE MICROMETER
The micrometer works on the principle of screw and nut. The micrometer
screw gauge essentially consists of an accurate screw having about 10 or 20
threads/cm and revolves in a fixed nut. The end of the screw forms one
measuring

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TABULATION:

Micrometer Readings Slip Gauge

Error
S.NO MSR TR Readings
TSR CSR (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm)

TR=MSR+[TSR*LC]+[CSR*LC]

Error = Micrometer reading - Slip gauge reading =

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tip is constituted by a stationary anvil in the base of the frame. The screw is
threaded for certain length and is plain afterwards.

The plain portion is called sleeve and its end is the measuring surface.
The spindle is advanced or retracted by turning a thimble connected to the
spindle. The spindle is a slide fit over the barrel and the barrel is the first part
attached with the frame.

A lock nut is provided for locking a dimension by preventing the motion

of the spindle. Ratchet stop is provided at the end of the thimble cap to maintain
sufficient and uniform measuring pressure, so that standard conditions of
measurement are attained.

PROCEDURE:
The given outside micrometer is clamped suitably in a micrometer stand.
The slip gauges are cleaned with a clean chamois leather or soft linen cloth.
Place 0.5 mm slip gauge between the anvil and spindle of outside micrometer
and observe the readings. Repeat the same procedure in steps of 0.5 mm of slip
gauges for 10 readings and tabulate the readings.

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GRAPH:

Error

Micrometer reading

RESULT:
Thus the outside micrometer using slip gauge was calibrated and the
graph was plotted.

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 4. ANGLE OF TAPER BLOCK BY SINE BAR
AIM:
To measure the angle of the given taper block by using sine bar.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Sine bar
2. Slip gauge
3. Taper block
SPECIFICATION:
(1) Sine bar
(i) Adithya make
(ii) Range 0-200mm

(2) Slip gauge

M83 Work Shop grade set no: A30

1mm base rectangular block set

DESCRIPTION:

A Sine bar consist of an accurately ground bar on which two accurately

ground cylinders of the same diameter are mounted at an exact distance apart.
The axes of two cylinders are parallel to each other and also parallel to and at
equal distance from the upper surface of the sine bar. The principle used in the
measurement of angle is that the sine of the given angle is the ratio of the
opposite side of the angle to the hypotenuse of the right angled triangle.

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TABULATION:

Distance
Angle Of
Between H1 H2 H1- H2
Inclination
Rollers (L) (MM) (MM) (MM)
Ф(DEG)
(MM)

CALCULATION:
For measuring the angle of the given taper block by using the Sine bar
Sin Ф = h1- h2/ L

Ф =Sin -1 (h1- h2/ L)

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PROCEDURE:

For measuring the angle of work piece the sine bar is set using gauge blocks
such that the two cylinder of the sine bar rest on the gauge blocks and the
bottom of the sine bar rest over the surface of the work piece whose inclination
is to be determined

Sin Ф= h1-h2/ L

where
Ф = Angle of inclination of work piece surface
h1, h2 = Height built up with gauge blocks
L= Length of the sine bar

RESULT:
Thus the angle of the given taper block is measured by using the Sine bar.
Taper angle of the given block by using sine bar =

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 5. ANGLE OF TAPER ROD BY SINE CENTRE

AIM:
To measure the angle of the given taper rod by using Sine centre.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Sine centre
2. Slip gauge
3. Dial gauge
4. Dial gauge stand
SPECIFICATION:

(i) Sine centre

Adithya make
Range 0-200mm
(ii) Slip gauge
M83 Work Shop grade set no: A30
1mm base rectangular block set
(iii) Dial gauge stand
(iv) Dial indicator
Mitutoyo make graduation 0.01mm range 1-100mm carbide
base point.

DESCRIPTION:

It is basically a sine bar with block holding centers which can be adjusted
and rigidly clamped in any position. A sine centre in conjunction with slip
gauges constitutes a useful device for precise measurement of conical objects
between centres. These are made from high carbon, high chromium, corrosion
resistant steel, hardened , ground and stabilized. The axes of two cylinders are
parallel to each other and also parallel to and at equal distance from the upper

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TABULATION:

Distance Between Slip Gauges

h
S.NO Rollers “L” Half Angle
h1 h2 mm
(mm)
mm mm

CALCULATION:
For measuring the angle of the given taper rod by using the Sine centre
Sin Ф = h/ L
Ф = Sin -1 (h /L)

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surface of the sine bar. The distance between the centres of the two cylinders of
the given sine centre is exactly 200mm

PROCEDURE:

To check and measure the angle of the taper rod, the sine centre is placed
over the surface plate and the taper rod is held between the centres. The two
centres are clamped tightly. Place slip gauges below one end and add in steps
till the dial gauge moved along the entire length of the taper rod reads zero. The
half angle is given by

Sin Ф = h/ L
Where,
Ф= Half taper angle
h = Height between the cylinder
L = Distance between the centres

RESULT:
Thus the angle of the given taper rod is measured by using the Sine center.
Taper angle of the given rod by using sine angle =

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LEAST COUNT CALCULATIONS:

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 6. ANGLE OF V-BLOCK BY OPTICAL BEVEL PROTACTOR

AIM:

To measure the angle of the V-block by using optical bevel protector.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Optical bevel protractor

 V-block

SPECIFICATION:

Carlzeirs make

Range: 4 x 0 - 30

Graduation: Degree scale = 1°

Minute scale = 5’

Magnification: 40 X

Length of interchangeable straight edges: 150 / 300

DESCRIPTION:

The recent development of the vernier bevel protractor is Optical bevel

protractor. In this instrument, a glass circle divided at 10’ intervals throughout
the whole 360° is filled inside the main body. A small microscope is fitted
through which the circular graduations can be viewed. The adjustable blade is
clamped to a rotating member which carries this microscope. The provision is
made for an internal circular scale which is graduated in divisions of 5 minutes
of arc. Readings are taken against a fixed index line or vernier by means of an
optical magnifying system which is integral with the instrument.

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TABULATION:

Sl.No. Angle of taper side Total included angle in deg

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 The scale is graduated as a full circle marked 0 - 90 - 0 -90. The zero
positions correspond to the condition when the blade is parallel to the stock.
Provision is also made for adjusting the focus of the system to accommodate
normal variations on eye - sight. The scale and vernier are so arranged that they
are always in focus in optical.

PROCEDURE:

The blade (150 / 300 mm) is inserted into the optical bevel protractor.
The blade edge is made to coincide with the taper edge and the position is fixed
using a lock nut provided in the protractor. Now the protractor is taken out and
the reading is viewed through the microscope in light. The number of whole
degrees on the main scale upto the vernier’s centre zero mark is noted. The
number of divisions on the vernier scale is noted in minutes and added to the
number of whole degrees to obtain the reading.

RESULT:

Thus the angle of the given V block is measured by using the optical protractor.

Angle of V block =

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 7. MEASUREMENT OF FLATNESS USING AUTOCOLLIMATOR

AIM:

To check the flatness of the given component by using Autocollimator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Autocollimator
 Work piece

SPECIFICATION:

 Objective focal length :220mm

 Clear aperture : 40mm
 Magnification : 10x
 Measuring range :60-0-60 min. in X-Y axis
 Least Deviation on reticle : 1sec
 Least Division on micrometer drum: 2" of arc

DESCRIPTION:

The Diagrammatic optical layout is as shown in the figure given with all
the essential parts labeled and the detailed scheme of incident rays & reflected
rays clearly indicated. The instrument uses the basic principle of reflection. A
plane parallel beam of light projected on to a plane reflecting surface placed
normal to the beam is reflected back along the same path.

When the surface is slightly tilted the reflected beam returns but now deviated
through double the angle through which reflecting surface is turned. The
amount of displacement can be measured with the help of the micrometer which
was already adjusted in the zero position. The instrument is placed in the
horizontal position always.

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TABULATION:

S.No Distance Deflection In Angle(Min)

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PROCEDURE:

Switch on the light and observe the measuring gratitude through

eyepiece. The smallest division of liner scale is 1 minute. Bring the plain
reflector in front of autocollimator to get a reflected. Depending upon variation
in surface position of target will change on measuring scale. There upon the
position of intersection point of cross bar line will measuring gratitude is the
deviation in minute. Using micrometer provided for eyepiece we can measure
the function up to 10 seconds

RESULT:

Thus, the angle of a given work piece and graph was plotted.

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 8. MEASUREMENT OF SPUR GEAR TOOTH DIMENSIONS
AIM:

To measure the elements of the given gear and check the pitch circle
diameter of the given gear blank

MEASUREMENTS REQUIRED:

1. Vernier caliper
2. Gear tooth Vernier

SPECIFICATION:

i. GEAR TOOTH VERNIER CALIPER

Kency make
DP: 1 to 10
ii. VERNIER CALIPER

Kency make

Range 0-100 mm

Graduation 0.02mm

FORMULA USED:

Module m= (outer diameter)/(No of teeth +2) (mm)

Pith circle diameter = m*N (mm)

Circular pitch (pc) = (PCD)/N (mm)

Diametrical pitch (pd) = N/PCD (mm)

Addendum = module (mm)

Dedendum = 1.25*m (mm) (For Ø = 20)

Clearance = 0.25*m (mm) (For Ø = 20)

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MEASUREMENT OF TOOTH DEPTH:

Tooth Depth By Using Tooth Depth Average

Position
Vernier Caliper (mm) (mm)

MEASUREMENT OF TOOTH THICKNESS:

Tooth Thickness By Gear Tooth Vernier

Average
Position Caliper
(mm)
(mm)

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 Base pitch= m*cos Ø (mm) (For Ø = 20)

Whole depth= 2.25*m (mm)

Theoretical values of thickness

W= Nm sin(90/N) (mm)

Theoretical value of depth

D = [1+N/2 (1-cos(90/N))] (mm)

PROCEDURE:

MEASUREMENT OF TOOTH THICKNESS:

The gear tooth thickness varies from the tip to the base circle of the tooth
and it is generally measured at the pitch circle. The tooth thickness is measured
by a gear tooth vernier caliper. It has two vernier scale perpendicular to each
other. The horizontal vernier scale is used to measure the thickness of the gear
tooth at the pitch line (chordal thickness of the teeth) and vertical vernier scale
is used to measure the depth of the tooth(from the top of a tooth to the chord).
Fix the vernier at the pitch line and measure at three positions and tabulate the
readings.

The values obtained by gear tooth vernier caliper can be checked with the
theoretical value.

MEASUREMENT OF TOOTH DEPTH:

The depth (from the top of the tooth to the chord) of the tooth is measured
by means of gear tooth vernier caliper at three positions and the readings are
tabulated.

The values obtained by gear tooth vernier caliper can be checked

with the theoretical value.

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 Theoretical Practical Error
Position
(mm) (mm) (mm)

Tooth Thickness

Tooth Depth

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RESULT:

Thus the elements of the given spur gear are measured using gear tooth
vernier caliper and the values are given below.

1. Module =
2. Diameter of pitch circle =
3. Addendum =
4. Dedendum =
5. Clearance =
6. Base pitch =
7. Whole depth =
8. Circular pitch =
9. Diametrical pitch =
10. Tooth thickness (theoretical) =
11. Tooth thickness(practical) =
12. Tooth depth (theoretical) =
13. Tooth depth(practical) =
14. Error ( Tooth thickness) =
15. Error (Tooth depth) =

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 9. MEASUREMENT OF SCREW THREAD BY FLOATING
CARRIAGE MICROMETER
AIM:

To measure major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter and flank

angle by using floating carriage micrometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Floating carriage micrometer

2. Standard screw thread

PROCEDURE:

MEASUREMENT OF MAJOR DIAMETER:

To determine the major diameter of a screw thread, the external diameter

measuring machine is pre-set using a suitable cylindrical standard of known
dimension. Adjusting the micrometer will bring the fiducial indicator pointer to
the NULL position and at that position the micrometer reading (R1) is noted.
The screw thread and the micrometer is adjusted till the fiducial indicator points
to the NULL position and that position the micrometer reading (R2) is noted.

Micrometer reading over the cylindrical standard = R1 mm

Micrometer reading over the screw thread = R2 mm

Diameter of the cylindrical standard = D mm

Major diameter of the given screw thread is calculated by

D±(R1-R2)

The “+ “ or “- “ sign is determined by whether the cylindrical standard

diameter is smaller or larger than the screw thread major diameter.

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TABULATION:

MEASUREMENT OF MAJOR DIAMETER:

Micrometer Major Diameter

Micrometer Diameter Of
Reading Over Of Given Screw
S. Reading Over Cylindrical
Cylindrical Thread
No Screw Thread Standard
Standard D±(R1~R2)
R2 (mm) D (mm)
R1 (mm) (mm)

MEASUREMENT OF MINOR DIAMETER:

Micrometer
Micrometer Minor Diameter
Reading Over Diameter Of
Reading Over Of Given Screw
S. Cylindrical Cylindrical
Screw Thread Thread
No Standard Along Standard
Along Prism D±(R1~R2)
Prism D (mm)
R2 (mm) (mm)
R1 (mm)

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MEASUREMENT OF MINOR DIAMETER:

To determine the minor diameter of external screw thread, the diameter

measuring machine is first pre-set using a suitable cylindrical standard and
thread measuring V shaped prisms of approximately 45° angle. The micrometer
is carefully adjusted till the fiducial indicator points to the NULL position. The
micrometer reading (R1) over the cylindrical standard and prisms are noted. The
cylindrical standard is replaced by the screw thread with prisms located at the
root of the thread. Again the micrometer is adjusted till the fiducial indicator
points to the NULL position and at that position the micrometer reading (R2) is
noted.

Micrometer reading over cylindrical standard and prisms = R1mm

Micrometer reak2ding over screw thread and prisms = R2mm

Diameter of the cylindrical standard = D mm

The minor diameter of the given thread is calculated by

D±(R1~R2)

The “+ “ or “- “ sign is determined by whether the cylindrical standard diameter

is smaller or larger than the screw thread minor diameter.

MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTIVE DIAMETER

To determine the effective diameter of a screw thread, the diameter

measuring machine is first pre-set over a suitable cylindrical standard and
selected thread measuring wires. The micrometer is adjusted till the fiducial
indicator points to NULL position and at that position the micrometer reading

Pitch of given external screw thread (p) =

Best wire size = 0.577p =

Available standard size (d) =

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MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTIVE DIAMETER:

Micrometer Micrometer Effective

Reading Over Reading Over Diameter Of Diameter Of
S. Cylindrical Screw Thread Cylindrical Given Screw
No Standard Along Along With Standard Thread
With Wires Wires D (mm) C=D±(R1~R2)
R1 (mm) R2 (mm) (mm)

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(R1) is noted. The cylindrical standard is now replaced by the given external
screw thread. Again the micrometer is adjusted till the fiducial indicator points
at NULL position and at that position, the micrometer reading (R2) is noted.

Micrometer reading over cylindrical standard and wires = R1mm

Micrometer reading over the screw thread and wires = R2mm

Diameter of cylindrical standard = D mm

Effective diameter of screw thread is calculated by E = D± [(R1-P)-R2]

Where P = 0.86602 p - d

P = pitch (mm), d = diameter of wires (mm)

RESULT:

The major diameter, minor diameter and effective diameter of given external
thread is measured.

Major diameter =
Minor diameter =
Effective diameter =

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 10. RADIAL RUN OUT OF SPUR GEAR
AIM:
To find out the radial run out of the gear using bench centre.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Bench centre
2. Dial indicator
3. Magnetic dial gauge stand

SPECIFICATION:

i. DIAL INDICATOR:

Mitutoyo make
Graduation -0.01mm
Range -Revolution 1; Total-10
Steel ground gear, Stack proof, Carbide ball point
Face color-white
Measuring force-1.37N

ii. DIAL GAUGE STAND:

Mitutoyo make
Magnetic, with ON/OFF switch
Base size = 50*60 mm
Stem diameter = 8 mm
Magnetic power = 75kgf

iii. BENCH CENTRE:

Admit between centres: 500 mm

Height of centre : 125 mm

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TABULATION:

Dial Gauge Readings Radius Of

S.No Angle
Divison mm Gear (mm)

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PROCEDURE:

Run out: It is the total range of a fixed indicator with the contact point
applied to a surface rotated without axial movement about a fixed
axis.
Radial Run out: It is the run out measured along a perpendicular to the axis of
rotation.

The given spur gear is held between the centers of precision inspection
bench centre and clamped. The dial gauge is mounted on the dial gauge stand
and made to contact the gear tooth. Initially rotate the gear, tooth by tooth and
observe the tooth for which the dial gauge shows minimum reading. Then select
this tooth and set the dial gauge to read zero. Now move the gear to next tooth
and the dial gauge reading is noted. Repeat the same for all the teeth of the
given gear and the readings are tabulated. Now move the gear to next tooth and
the dial gauge reading is noted. Repeat the same for all the teeth of the given
gear and the readings are tabulated.

Radial Run out = Maximum reading - Minimum reading

GRAPH:

A polar graph is plotted between the angle and the dial gauge
readings.

RESULT:

Thus the radial run out of the gear is determined and the polar
graph is drawn.

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 11. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS
(TALYSURF)

AIM:
To measure surface roughness parameter as per ISO Standards.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Mitituyo make surface roughness tester, Calibrated specimen, Surface

plate, Specimen.

PROCEDURE:

Connect Ac adopter to the measuring instrument & Switch on the

power supply. Attach the drive detector unit & connect to all the cable
connection as shown when mounting the detector to the drive unit, take care not
to apply excessive force to the drive unit. Adjust or modify the measurement
condition such as sample length, number samples, Standard required for the
measurement Calibrate the instrument using standard calibration piece.
Carefully place the detector on the work piece. Care should be taken to see that
work piece &detector are aligned properly. Press the start button to measure the
work piece & result are displaced on the console. Press print button to take the
print out.

APPLICATIONS:

 Taly surf is the dynamic electronic instrument used on the factory floor
as well as in the laboratory.
 To find out the surface roughness of the machines & components.
 To check the accuracy of the cast iron, granites used in workshops for
checking the surface finish & flatness.

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TABULATION:

Sl.No Specimen Ra Value Rz Value Rq Value

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RESULT:

Surface roughness checked for different specimens by Tally surf.

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 12. MEASUREMENT OF BORE DIAMETER USING
TELESCOPIC GAUGE

AIM:
To measure the bore diameter of the hollow work piece by using telescopic
gauge

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Telescopic gauge, Outside Micrometer, Specimen

DESCRIPTION:

The telescopic gauge is used for the measurement of internal diameter of a hole
during machining operation. It consists of a handle and two plungers, one
telescopic into the other and both under spring tension. Ends of the plungers
have spherical contacts. The plunger can be locked in position by turning a
knurled screw at the end of the handle. To measure the diameter of a hole, the
plungers are first compressed and locked in position. Next, the plunger end is
inserted in the hole and allowed to expand the opposite edges. Finally, they are
locked in place, taken out of the hole, and measured by an outside micrometer

PROCEDURE

Range of the instruments is noted down. The work piece is placed on the
surface plate and set the measuring instrument for zero. To measure the
diameter of a hole, the plungers are first compressed and locked in position.
Next, the plunger end is inserted in the hole and allowed to expand the opposite
edges. Finally, they are locked in place, taken out of the hole, and measured by
an outside micrometer.

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TABULATION:

Outside Micrometer
S.No Readings(mm) Bore Diameter
Specimen MSR TSR TR (mm)
(mm) (mm)

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RESULT

Thus the given bore diameter is to be measure by using of telescopic

gauge.

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