SD 441 EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1
PROBLEM

Design a 1.8 m high cantilever retaining wall, 215 mm thick, to resist a moment at the
base of 9.4 kN m/m run with a shear force of 16.2kN/m run.

Blocks 440 x 215 x 215, hollow, of unit strength 7 N/mm2 with 55% solid
Mortar Designation (ii)
Reinforcement f y = 250 N / mm 2
Notes: 1.  mm = 2.3
2. exposure condition E3
3. place the steel in centre so that moment may be resisted equally
from either side
4. use a concrete grade 30 to BS 5328
5. web thickness of block = 40mm

SOLUTION

Cover required
(Table 14) = 40mm
Cover provided = 107-40-10=57mm  OK
The ratio of span to effective depth of this wall should be checked.
Effective span = length to face of support + ½ effective depth
0.107
1.8 + = 1.85 m
2
span 1.85
= = 17.3  18  OK , and it is not necessary to check
effectivedepth 0.107
deflection and cracking by calculation.

For 7 N/mm2 block with 55% solid, the net strength = 12.7N/mm2 ,thus, f k = 6.2N/mm2
(Table 3 B).
The maximum design moment, M d should not exceed that of the balanced section.

Hence:
0.4 f k bd
Md =
 mm
 0.4 x6.2 x 100 x 107 2 
=   x 10 − 3 kNm
 2.3 
= 12.34 kNm  9.4  OK
Consider now the required area of steel:

As f y Z M d  ms
Md = i .e ., z =
 ms As f y
 1 − 0.5 As f y  mm 
and , Z = d  

 bdf k  ms 

9.4 x 10 6 x 1.15
As x 250
Therefore
 0.5 As x 250 x 2.3 
= 107  1 − 
 1000 x 107 x6.2 x 1.15 
Hence, As = 497mm 2

Therefore, use R12 every core (225mm) = 502mm2 /m run

Shear
Design shear force

V= 16.2kN / m run
V 16.2 x 10 3
v= = = 0.15 N / mm 2*
Therefore, bd 1000 x 107
A 502
Q= s = = 0.0047
bd 1000 x 107

Therefore, characteristic shear strength (Clause 19.1.3),

 a
fv = (0.35 + 17.5Q ) 2.5 − 0.25 
 d
M 9.4
a = = = 0.58
V 16.2
 0.58 
 fv = (0.35 + 17.5 x0.0047 ) 2.5 − 0.25 x 
 0.107 
= 0.49 N / mm 2
fv 0.49
Thus , =
 mv 2
= 0.24 N / mm 2

Therefore, the wall has adequate resistance to shear.

Horizontal steel
The minimum horizontal steel required
= 0.0005 x107 x100
= 54mm 2 / m run

Therefore, use one 6mm diameter bar in alternate joints (63mm2 /m) or use proprietary
joint reinforcement.
For durability (exposure E3) these must be austenitic stainless steel or carbon steel coated
with at least 1mm of stainless steel.

Detailing

It is possible to calculate the change point from providing, say, 12mm starter bars to lop
with 10mm bars which run for the full height of the wall, but this may not be economical
if the lap length is long. The required anchorage length should also be calculated. The
horizontal steel should not touch the vertical steel if they are of dissimilar materials.

EXAMPLE 2
PROBLEM

Axial load capacity of 2.8 high wall

Blocks 390 x 190, hollow, of unit strength 21N/mm2 with 60% solid
Mortar Designation (i)
Reinforcement One T12 each core, f y = 460N/mm2
Notes: 1. simple lateral support provided top and bottom
2.  mm = 2.3
3. exposure condition E2

SOLUTION

Cover required = 30mm

Cover provided = 85 – 6 – web thickness (35)
=44mm  adequate

Simple lateral support provided, therefore hef = h

For single leaf wall t ef = t

2.8
Therefore, slenderness ration = 14.7
0.19
From Table 7 of Part 1  = 0.87
For 21 N/mm2 (Table 3 (b)
 fk = 14.7 N / mm 2
btf k
Nd =
 mm
thus,
0.87 x 1000 x 190 x 14.7
=
2.3 x 10 3
= 1056kN / m run

Note: This approach makes no allowance for the contribution of the reinforcement. It is
possible to use the approach provided for columns in Part 2, but this is unlikely to
give more favorable results.

EXAMPLE 3

PROBLEM

Design a 4.0 m high column, 390 x 390, with axial load of 500kN and moment of 60kNm
Blocks 390 x 190 x 190, hollow, of unit strength 14N/mm2 with 55% solid.
Mortar Designation (i)
Reinforcement f y 460mm2
Notes: 1. Lateral restraint in both directions top and bottom
2. f y = 2.3
3. exposure condition E2
4. web thickness of block = 40mm

SOLUTION (A)

hef = h
Lateral support is provided, therefore

4.0
 slenderness ratio = = 10.3  12
0.39

It is therefore, a short column

For a 14N/mm2 block with 55% solid, the net strength = 25.5N/mm2 ,
thus, f k = 11.4 mm2 (Table 3(b)
Assume T20 steel which, for exposure condition E2, requires 30mm cover with a grade
30 concrete to BS 5328.

Resultant
 60
Eccentricity, e= = 0.12 = 120m
500

fkb
Nd = ( t − 2ex )
 mm

x 390 x (390 − 240) x 10 − 3

11.4
=
2.3
= 290kN

Design axial load exceeded this, therefore, need to carry out a full analysis.
fk f A f As 2
Nd = + s1 s1 − s 2
 mm bd c  ms  ms

d1 = 40 + 30 + 10 = d 2
Thus, 2d1 = 160mm
Choose d c = 250mm. this value is between (t − d 2 ) = 390 − 80 = 310, and
t
(where
2 = 295
d 2 is the depth to the reinforcement from the least compressed face). In this range, f s 2 is
varied linearly between O and f y , i.e., f y when d c = 195 and O when d c = 310 .

60
 f s2 = xf y = 0.52 f y
115
11.4 x 390 x 250  0.83 x 460 0.52 x 460  628
 Nd = + − 
2.3 x 10 3  1.1 1.15  10 3
11.4 x 390 x 250 0.31 x 460 628
= + x 3
2.3 1.15 10
= 483 + 78
= 561kN

N d  500  this is adequate

 0.5 f k
Md = bd c ( t − d c )
 mm
0.83 f y
+ As 1 ( 0.5 t − d 1 )
 ms
f s2
+ As 2 ( 0.5 t − d 2 )
 ms
0.5 x 11.4
= x 360 x 250( 390 − 250 )
2.3 x 10 6
0.83 x 460 x 628
+ ( 195 − 80 )
1.15 x 10 6
0.52 x 460 x628
+ ( 195 − 80 )
1.15 x 10 6
= 33.83 + 23.98 + 15.02
= 72.8 kNm
 this is adequate. Thus need 4 No T20 bars, one in each core.

SOLUTION (B): ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION USING INTERACTION CURVES

Lateral support is provided, therefore hef = h
40
 Slenderness ratio = = 10.3  12
0.39
It is therefore, a short column.
For a 14 14N/mm2 block with 55% solid, the net strength = 25.5N/mm2

thus, f k = 11.4 N / mm 2

N 00 x 10 3
=
btf k 390 x 390 x 11.4
= 0.29
M 60 x 10 6
=
bt 2 f k 390 x 390 2 x 11.4
= 0.09
d = 390 − 40 − 30 − 10
= 310mm
d 310
Therefore , =
t 390
= 0.8
From interaction diagram for f y = 460 N / mm 2
 Q As
= 6 x 10 − 4 , where Q =
fk bt
Therefore , As = 6 x 10 − 4 x 11.4 x 390 x 390
= 1040mm 2

Therefore, use 4 No T20(=1260mmsquere), one each core.

EXAMPLE 4

As Example 3, but design 6.0m high column.

SOLUTION (A)

Lateral support is provided, therefore hef = h

6.0
 Slenderness ratio = = 15.4  27
0.39

The slenderness ratio is greater than 12 and it must, therefore, be designed as a slender
column with account taken of the additional moment induced by vertical load due to
lateral deflection. This may be taken as:

N ( hef ) 2 500 x6.0 2

=
2000t 2000 x0.39
= 23.1kNm

 d 2 = d1 = 83mm
0.5 x 11.4
Md = x 390 x 250( 390 − 250 )
2.3 x 10 6
0.83 x 460 x 982
+ ( 195 − 83 )
1.15 x 10 6
0.52 x 460 x 982
+ ( 195 − 83 )
1.15 x 10 6
= 33.83 + 36.51 + 22.88
= 93.2 kNm
SOLUTION (B) ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION USING INTERACTION CURVES
Lateral support is provided, therefore hef = h
6.0
 Slenderness ratio = = 15.4  27
0.39

The slenderness ratio is greater than 12 and it must, therefore, be designed as a slender
column with due account taken of the additional moment induced by the vertical load due
to lateral deflection. This may be taken as:
N ( hef ) 2 500 x6.0 2
2000t 2000 x0.39
= 23.1kNm
N 500 x 10 3
=
btf k 390 x 390 x 11.4
= 0.29
M
=
(60 + 23.1)x 10 6
bt 2 f k 390 x 390 2 x 11.4
= 0.12

d
As with Example 3, = 0.8 , f y = 460 N / mm 2
t

Therefore, from interaction diagram for f y = 460

Q As
= 8 x 10 4 , where Q =
fk bt
Therefore , As = 8 x 10 − 4 x 11.4 x 390 x 390
= 1388mm 2

Therefore, use 4 No T25 (=1960mm square) one each core.

EXAMPLE 5

PROBLEM

Design a beam to span a 3.8m opening in a block work wall. The beam is subjected to a
moment of 20kN m and a shear force of 18kN.

Blocks 390 x 190 x 190, hollow, of unit strength 7N/mm with 55% solid
Mortar Designation (i)
Reinforcement f y= 460 N / mm 2
Notes: 1.  mm = 2.3
2. exposure conditional E1
3. Use bon beam blocks with 50mm of web left intact

SOLUTION
Initial attempt: single course beam
For 7N/mm square block with 55% solid, the net strength = 12.7N/mm2 thus,
f k = 6.8 N / mm 2

Web is 50mm thick, cover is 20mm, say 20mm dia. Bar. Therefore, effective depth
d = 190 – 50 – 20 -10

Using charts:

M 20 x 10 6
=
f k bd 2 6.8 x 190 x 110 2
= 1.28  0.174

Try again, two course beam

Effective depth, d = 390 – 50 – 20 – 10
= 310 mm

250bc2
Check lateral stability first, 3.8m > 60 bc or whichever is the lesser:
d

60bc = 60 x0.19
= 11.4 m
250bc2 250 x 190 2
=
d 310
= 29.1 m
Both  3.8  OK
Using charts:

M 20 x 10 6
=
f k bd 2 6.8 x 190 x 310 2
= 0.16  0.174  OK

Q As
This gives = 5.3 x 10 − 4 where Q =
fk bd
 As = 5.3x10 −4 x6.8 x190 x310
Therefore,
= 212 mm 2

Provide 2 No T12 (= 226 mm 2 )

Shear
Design shear foerce,

V 18kN
V 18 x 10 3
v = = = 0.31 N / mm 2
bd 190 x 310
As 226
= = 0.0038
bd 190 x 310

Therefore, characteristic shear strength (Clause 19.1.3.1.2),

M 20
a = = = 1.11
V 18
 1.11 
 f v = ( 0.35 + 17.5 x0.0038 ) 2.5 − 0.25 
 0.31 
= 0.67 N / mm 2
fv 0.67
Thus , = = 0.34  0.31
 mv 2.0

Consider providing nominal shear reinforcement for 1m in from each end:

Asv
= 0.002bt
Sv
Asv = 200 x0.002 x 190
= 76 mm 2 ( two legs )

Therefore, provide nominal throughout, R8@200 (=100.6mm square two legs)

Detail as for reinforced concrete to CP 110.

EXAMPLE 6

PROBLEM

Design the stem of a freestanding reinforced concrete masonry perimeter wall to be built
from 440 x 215 x 215mm, two core hollow blocks with a net strength of 10N/mm2, made
to normal category of manufacturing control. Mortar designation (i) will be employed.
The wind load is as follows:
Basic wind speed, v = 46m/s
Wall height = 2.65m
Topography factor, S 1 = 1.0
Roughness, size and height
Factor, S 2 = 0.74
Statistical factor, S 3 = 1.0
S4 = 1.0

SOLUTION
d
Span = height +
2
2.65 + 0.05
Check span/depth = = 25
0.107

Table 8 permits 18 + 30% for wind load only = 23.4 need to check deflection and
cracking:

Design wind speed,

Vs = 46 x 1.0 x 1.0 x0.74 x 1.0
= 34.0 m / s

Dynamic wind
0.613 x 34 2
Pressure, q =
10 3

= 0.71kN/m2

For worst possible case, C f = 2

 Total load on wall,
F = 2x0.71x2.7
= 3.83kN/m run

 Moment to be
2.7
resisted by wall 3.83 x x f
2

Choose  f = 1.2, not 1.4, because the wall does not affect the stability of a structure.
 moment = 6.2kNm

The wind is incidental from either direction  place steel in the centre of the core
d = 107mm
Consider 1 No 12 mm  bar in each alternate core (area of each bar = 113mm square
Steel is at 450 centres = 2.2 bars/metre

As = 248mm 2 / m
 0.5 As f y  mm 
Now , z = d  1 −   0.95d

 bdf k  ms 
 0.5 x 248 x 460 x 2.3 
z = 107  1 − 
 1.0.107 x 5.7 x 1.15 x 10 6 
= 107 (1 − 0.19)
= 87 mm  0.95d
As f y z
Md =
 ms
248 x 460 x 87
=
1.15 x 10 6
= 8.6 kNm

which is greater than the moment produced by the wind load. Check that the masonry
strength is adequate:

0.4 f k bd 2 0.4 x 5.7 x 1 x 107 2

=
 mm 2.3 x 10 3
= 11.3kN m  OK

Note: secondary reinforcement of 0.05% bd is required

Shear

V 3.83 x 10 3
v = =
bd 10 3 x 107

=0.036N/mm square
fv = 0.35 + 17.5Q  adequate

Deflection
Now deflection needs to be checked

M
Deflection, a = kl 2
EI
 k may be determined from Table…. To this handbook, or derived using the moment/area
theorem – “the deflection of a point on a member, measured from the tangent at another
M
point on the member, is equal to the moment of the diagram between the two points
EI
about the point whose deflection is sought.”

 lM l    2 M   3  
a =  −   l   l  
 EI 2    3 EI   8  
1 2 M 1 l2M 1 2 M
= l − = l
2 EI 4 EI 4 EI
k = 0.25

Wl
The moment applied to the wall =
8 EI

I is based on the gross cross section ignoring the steel.

bt 3
=
12
3
1000 x 215
= mm 4
12
= 828 x10 6 mm 4

For show term loading, which is applicable to this example since wind loads are neither
continuous not from one direction only:

= 900 f k N / mm 2
E
= 900 x 10 − 3 x 5.7 kN / mm 2

3
3.83 x 2700
a =
8 x 900 x 10 − 3 x 5.7 x 828 x 10 −6

= 2.2mm

Note that Clause 16.2.2.1(a) is not applicable when short term loading is considered,
neither does part (b) of this clause apply if no applied finishes are to be placed on the
wall. Assume block work is to be rendered (i.e., (b) applies) and limiting deflection is
 span
therefore the lesser of = 5.2mm or 20mm. Thus, the deflection in this example is
500
span
acceptable at = . Unacceptable cracking is not likely at this deflection.
1080

EXAMPLE 7

PROBLEM

Design a two-course bond beam to support a uniformly distributed load of 9.75kN/m run
over a span of 2.8m. The blocks to be used have a block strength of 5.5N/mm2 and are
55% solid. They are to be laid with a mortar of designation (ii). The exposure category is
E2. The blocks to be used are of size 440 x 215 x 215.

SOLUTION (A)

Loads
Imposed load = 9.75kN/m run
Self weight = 0.215 x 0.44x2300x10-3 x9.81
= 2.2kN m/run

Design load = 1.6 x 9.75 + 1.4 x 2.2

= 18.68kN/m run
Effective span = The lesser of 2.80 +0.215 = 3.01
Or 2.81 + 0.354 = 3.16

Therefore, take effective span as 3.0m

Span 3.0
= 8.47
Effective depth 0.354

This is less than the value of 20 in Table 9 and no detailed calculation of deflection is
required.

The lateral stability requirement is that the clear distance between lateral restraints does
bc2
not exceed 60 bc or 250 whichever is the lesser:
d

60bc = 60 x0.215 = 12.9 m

2
bc2 250 x0.215
250 = = 32.6 m
d 0.354
both of which are greater than the span (3m)

18.68 x 3 2
Design bending == = 21.02 kN m
8

For 5.5.N/mm2 block with 55% solid, the net strength = 10N/mm2

Assume 2 No 12 mm  bars OK

As = 26
 0.5 As f y  mm 
z = d  1 −   0.95

 bdf k  ms 
0.5 x 226 x 460 x 2.3
z = 34( 1 −
215 x 354 x 5.4 x 1.15
= 264mm  0.9 d
As f y z
Md =
 ms
226 x 460 x 264 x 10 −6
=
1.15
= 23.9 kN m

This is adequate to resist design bending moment but it is necessary to check the capacity
of the masonry is not exceeded:
2
0.4 f k bd
=
 mm
0.4 x 5.4 x 215 x 354 2
=
2.3 x 10 6
= 25.3 kN m  OK
Shear

3
18.68 x x 10 3
Design shear stress, = 2
215 x 354
= 0.37 N / mm 2

21.02
=
Shear span 28
= 0.75 m
  a
 fv = ( 0.35 + 17.5Q )  2.5 − 0.25 
 d

 17.5 x 226   0.25 x750 

=  0.3 +   2.5 − 
 215 x 354   354 

=0.79N/m2
fv 0.79
 =
 mm 2

= 0.39 N/m2 which is greater than the design shear stress. Although
shear reinforcement is not necessary to satisfy the calculations, it is suggested that
nominal shear reinforcement be provided in a beam of this size. Therefore, provide beam
links as indicated in Clause 26.5.2, such that

Asv
= 0.0012bt
Sv

SOLUTION (B) ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION USING DESIGN CHARTS

B1. Using design chart provided in Section 4

M
Calculate assuming 12 mm diameter bars as before for the purpose of assessing d
bd 2 f k
21.02 x 10 6
=
215 x 354 2 x 5.4
= 0.114
Q As
From chart, = 4.4 x 10 − 4 where Q =
fk bd
As
 = 215 x 354 x 4.4 x 5.4 x 10 − 4
bd

As = 180.8mm2

Therefore, use 2 No 12mm bars As = 226mm2. Otherwise, complete example as before.

B2. Using design chart provided in Part 2

Md Qbd 2
fk
and Q = 2c( 1 − c )
 mm
 z
Where c =
d

fk 5.4
=
 mm 2.3
= 2.35
M
Q = d2
bd
21.02 x 10 6
=
215 x 354 2

= 0.780

Again, assuming d for 12mm diameter bars.

z
 from chart, = 0.75
d

 ms 1
As = Md
fy z
21.02 x 1.15 x 10 6
=
460 x0.75 x 354
= 198mm 2

Therefore, use 2 No 12mm bars A2 = 226 mm 2 . Otherwise complete example as before.