Bar-Magnet

A bar magnet is a rectangular piece of an object, made up

of iron, steel or any other ferromagnetic substance or
ferromagnetic composite, that shows permanent magnetic
properties. It has two poles, a north and a south pole such
that when suspended freely, the magnet aligns itself so
that the northern pole points towards the magnetic north
pole of the earth.
 Properties of Bar-magnets

1. A magnet always has two poles ‘N’ and ‘S’ and like poles of two magnetic repel each other
and the unlike poles of two magnets attract each other they form action reaction pair.

2. The poles of the same magnet do not come to meet each other due to attraction. They are
maintained we cannot get two isolated poles by cutting the magnet from the middle. The
other end becomes pole of opposite nature. So, ' 𝑁 ' and ' 𝑆 ' always exist together.
 Properties of Bar-magnets

3. When suspended freely, these poles point approximately towards the geographic north
and south poles.
 Magnetic-field lines

(1) Magnetic field line is an imaginary curve, the tangent to

which at any point gives direction of magnetic field. B at
that point.
(2) The magnetic field lines of a mạgnet (or of a solenoid
carrying current) fọrm close- continuous loops. :
(3) Outside the body. of magnet, the direction of magnetic
field lines are from north pole to south pole.
(4) No two magnetic field fields cart intersect each other.
This is because at the point of intersection, we can draw
two tangents.: This would mean two directions of
magnetic field at the same point, which is not possible.
 Magnetic Moment of a Bar Magnet

• Direction of the magnetic moment (𝑀) is from South to North.

• Magnetic moment indicates the power of the magnet.
• The current carrying loop acts as a magnet.

𝑙𝑚 ≈ 𝑙𝑔
𝑀
+𝑚 𝑙m −𝑚
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑙𝑚 ≈ 𝑚𝑙𝑔
𝑁 𝑆

• 𝑚 = Pole Strength
𝑙𝑔

• 𝑙𝑔 = Geometric length

• 𝑙𝑚 = Magnetic length
 Magnetic Monopole (Hypothetical)

𝑞 𝑚
𝑃 𝐸 𝑃 𝐵
+ 𝑁
𝑟Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ

𝑞→𝑚 𝜇𝑜 𝑚
1 𝑞
𝐸 = 𝐵 =
4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑟 2 4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝐸→𝐵

1 𝜇0
→
4𝜋𝜖0 4𝜋

• 𝑚 = Pole Strength (𝐴-𝑚)

 Question

A straight steel wire of length ‘ℓ’ has a magnetic moment ‘M’. It is bent into two different
shapes as shown. Find the ratio of net magnetic moments of system A and system B.

system 𝐴 system 𝐵

60° 𝑅
 Question

A straight steel wire of length ‘𝑙’ has a magnetic moment ‘𝑀’. It is bent into two different
shapes as shown. Find the ratio of net magnetic moments of system 𝐴 and system 𝐵.

𝑦
Let assume the pole strength of steel
𝑥 wire to be 𝑚
system 𝐴 60°

𝑙′

system 𝐵 𝑅

𝑙"
 Question

A straight steel wire of length ‘𝑙’ has a magnetic moment ‘𝑀’. It is bent into two different
shapes as shown. Find the ratio of net magnetic moments of system 𝐴 and system 𝐵.

Let assume the pole strength of steel

𝑦 wire to be 𝑚
′
𝑙
𝑀𝐴 = 𝑚𝑙 = 𝑚 2 sin 30°
2
𝑥 1 𝑀
system 𝐴 60° = 𝑚𝑙 =
2 2
𝑙′ 2𝑙 2
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑚𝑙 " = 𝑚 2𝑅 = 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑙
𝜋 𝜋
2𝑀
=
system 𝐵 𝜋
𝑅 𝑀𝐴 𝑀/2 𝜋
= =
𝑀𝐵 2𝑀/𝜋 4
𝑙"
Magnetic Dipole and Electric Dipole

+ −
S N

Electric Dipole
Magnetic Dipole

North pole ≡ +𝑣𝑒 Charge = +𝑚

South pole ≡ −𝑣𝑒 Charge = −𝑚
Field due to Magnetic Dipole
 𝑩 at any Axial Point

• If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙, then at any axial point

−𝑚 +𝑚 𝐵𝑃
𝜇0 2𝑀
𝑺 𝑵 𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 =
𝑃 4𝜋 𝑟 3
2𝑙
𝑟
• 𝑀 = 𝑚(2𝑙)
𝑀 is Magnetic moment
𝑚 is pole strength
 𝑩 at any Equatorial Point

• If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙, then at any equatorial point,

𝑃
𝐵𝑃
𝜇0 𝑀
𝐵𝑒𝑞 =−
𝑟 4𝜋 𝑟 3

−𝑚 +𝑚
𝑺 𝑵
2𝑙
 𝑩 at any Point in the Plane of a Bar Magnet

• If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙, then at any point in the plane

of bar magnet,
𝛼𝐵𝑃 𝑎𝑥

μ0 |M|
𝑃 |Bnet | = 2
Beq + 2
Bax = 1 + 3 cos 2 θ
4π r 3

𝐵𝑒𝑞 tan 𝜃
𝑀𝑎𝑥 tan 𝛼 = =
−𝑚 θ +𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑥 2
𝑺 𝑵
2𝑙 𝑀𝑒𝑞
𝜇0 𝑀 2𝜃
|𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 | = 1 + 3 cos
4𝜋 𝑟 3
Bar Magnet in a Uniform Magnetic Field
 Bar Magnet in a Uniform Magnetic Field

Bar Magnet in a Uniform Magnetic Field

Torque on a bar Potential energy of

Work done on a bar
magnet due to a bar magnet in
magnet by uniform
uniform magnetic uniform magnetic
magnetic field
field field
Current carrying loop as Equivalent Bar magnet

𝐵 +𝑚 𝐵

−𝑚

𝑀 = 𝑖 × 𝜋𝑎2 𝑀 = 𝑚(𝑙𝑚 )

𝜏Ԧ = 𝑀 × 𝐵
𝐼
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑀𝐵
2𝜋𝑚
𝑇=
𝑖𝐵
 Torque on a Bar Magnet due to Uniform 𝐁

• When a bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic field, then it experiences torque
about its center. The net force on bar magnet in uniform magnetic field is zero.

𝐵
+𝑚 𝑚𝐵

𝜃 𝜏Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑀 × 𝐵

𝑚𝐵 −𝑚
 Work done on a Bar Magnet by Uniform 𝐁

• The work done on the bar magnet to rotate it from 𝜃1 to 𝜃2 is given by -

𝜃2
𝐵 ⇒ 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑔 = න −𝜏net sin(𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜃1
𝜃2
𝜃1 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 𝑀𝐵 cos 𝜃2 − cos 𝜃1

∆𝑈 = −𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑔

• 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑀 and 𝐵.

P.E. of a Bar Magnet in Uniform 𝐁

Wmag = MB cos θ2 − cos θ1

𝜃
∆U = −Wmag
 P.E. of a Bar Magnet in Uniform 𝐁

Wmag = MB cos θ2 − cos θ1

𝐵 ∆U = −Wmag
∆U = −MB cos θ2 − cos θ1
𝜃
Uf − Ui = −MB cos θ2 − cos θ1

θ2 = θ, θ1 = 90° and Ui = 0
Uf − 0 = −MB cos θ2 − cos 90°
U θ = −MB cos θ , or
(Taking 𝑃. 𝐸. = 0 at 𝜃 = 90° as reference point.) U θ = −M. B
 Question
The work done in rotating a magnet of magnetic moment 𝑀 by an angle of 90° from the
external magnetic field direction is 𝑛 times the corresponding work done to turn it
through an angle of 60°. Calculate ‘𝑛’.

𝑵
𝑺

2
60°
𝑵
𝑺
Question

The work done in rotating a magnet of magnetic moment 𝑀 by an angle of 90° from
the external magnetic field direction is 𝑛 times the corresponding work done to turn
it through an angle of 60°. Calculate ‘𝑛’.

1 Given: 𝑊1 = 𝑛𝑊2 (𝑊1 & 𝑊2 are work done by

external agent)
𝑵
To find: 𝑛
𝑺

2
60°
𝑵
𝑺
Question
The work done in rotating a magnet of magnetic moment 𝑀 by an angle of 90° from the
external magnetic field direction is 𝑛 times the corresponding work done to turn it
through an angle of 60°. Calculate ‘𝑛’.

Given: 𝑊1 = 𝑛𝑊2 (𝑊1 & 𝑊2 are work

1
done by external agent)
To find: 𝑛
𝑵
𝑺

𝑊1 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑀𝐵 cos 0° − cos 90° = 𝑀𝐵

𝑀𝐵
𝑊2 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑀𝐵 cos 0° − cos 60° =
2
2
60° 𝑊1 = 𝑛𝑊2
𝑵
𝑺

𝑊1 𝑀𝐵
∴𝑛= = =2
𝑊2 𝑀𝐵
2
Stable Equilibrium of a Bar Magnet

𝐵
𝜃 = 0°

𝜏 = 𝑀𝐵 sin 0° = 0

𝑀
𝑈 = −𝑀. 𝐵 = −𝑀𝐵
Unstable Equilibrium of a Bar Magnet

𝐵
𝜃 = 180°

𝜏 = 𝑀𝐵 sin 180° = 0

𝑀
𝑈 = −𝑀. 𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵
 Question

A bar magnet of magnetic dipole moment (5i)Ƹ ampere-m2 is placed in region of

ƶ tesla, the magnitude of torque acting on magnet is
magnetic field B = (2ƶi + 3ƶj + 4k)
5 × n. Find the value of n.

Ans. (5)
 Question

A small bar magnet placed with its axis at 30∘ with an external field of 0.06 T
experiences a torque of 0.018Nm. The minimum work required to rotate it from its
stable to unstable equilibrium position is : [Main Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]

A 6.4 × 10−2 J

B 9.2 × 10−3 J

C 7.2 × 10−2 J

D 11.7 × 10−3 J

Ans. (C)
 Question

A circular coil has moment of inertia 0.8 kg m2 around any diameter and is carrying
current to produce a magnetic moment of 20 Am2 . The coil is kept initially in a
vertical position and it can rotate freely around a horizontal diameter. When a
uniform magnetic field of 4 T is applied along the vertical, it starts rotating around its
horizontal diameter. The angular speed the coil acquires after rotating by 60∘ will be :
[Main Sep. 04, 2020 (II)]

A 10 rads−1

B 10𝜋 rads−1

C 20𝜋 rads−1

D 20 rads−1
Ans. (A)
Solenoid as Equivalent Bar Magnet
 Solenoid as Equivalent Bar Magnet

2𝑙
𝑎
𝑃 −𝑚 +𝑚 𝑃

𝑟
𝑙𝑚
𝑖
− +
𝑟

𝜇0 2𝑀
𝐵𝑃 =
4𝜋 𝑟 3
Solenoid as Equivalent Bar Magnet

2𝑙
𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑃
𝑂

𝑥
𝑙

𝑟
 Solenoid as Equivalent Bar Magnet

The magnitude of the field at point 𝑃

due to the circular element 2𝑙
𝑎
𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝑑𝑥𝐼𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 𝑃
𝑑𝐵 = 3
2 𝑟−𝑥 2 + 2
𝑎 2 𝑂

Magnitude of net field at 𝑃, 𝑥

𝑙
𝑙
𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝐼𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝐵= න 3 𝑟
2 −𝑙 2 2
𝑟−𝑥 + 𝑎 2

Since 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎 and 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙, then

𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝐼𝑎2 𝑙 𝜇𝑜 𝑛𝐼 2𝑙𝑎2 𝜇0 2𝑀
𝐵= 3
න 𝑑𝑥 = 3
⇒ 𝐵𝑃 =
2𝑟 −𝑙 2 𝑟 4𝜋 𝑟 3
Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism

Gaussian surface
𝑑 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 ර 𝐵. 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ = 0

• Magnetic field lines exist in

𝑺 𝑵 closed loop. Hence, the magnetic
flux through any closed surface
is always zero
Magnetic Intensity
Magnetic Intensity

• When external magnetic field passes through

different materials then due to magnetization of
materials, net magnetic induction inside the
magnetized material changes.

𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝐵0 • So, a physical quantity 𝐻 for external magnetic field
is defined which does not change with medium.
This 𝐻 is called ‘Magnetic Intensity’ or ‘Magnetising
Field’.

• SI Unit of magnetic intensity (𝐻) is 𝐴𝑚−1 .

Magnetic Intensity

For vacuum :

𝐵0
𝐵0 𝐻= ⇒ 𝐵0 = 𝜇0 𝐻
𝜇0

Vacuum 𝜇0 = Permeability of free space

For any material :

𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻
𝐵0
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜇𝑟 = Relative permeability of material

Metal
Intensity of Magnetization
 Intensity of Magnetization

Intensity of Magnetisation (𝐼) is defined as the magnetic moment developed per unit volume,
when a magnetic specimen is subjected to magnetizing field.

𝑀
𝐼=
𝑉

𝑀 = Magnetic dipole moment due to presence

of 𝐻-field
S Iron N 𝐵0
𝑉 = Volume of magnetic specimen

• SI Unit of intensity of
magnetisation (𝐼) is 𝐴𝑚−1 .
 Intensity of Magnetization

Intensity of Magnetization (𝐼) is also defined as the pole strength developed per unit
area of cross-section of the specimen.

𝑀
𝐼=
𝑎 𝑉

𝑉 = 𝑎 × 2𝑙
S Magnet N 𝐵0
𝑀 = 𝑚 × 2𝑙 𝑚 → Pole strength
2𝑙
𝑀 𝑚 × 2𝑙
⇒𝐼= =
𝑉 𝑎 × 2𝑙
𝑚
𝐼=
𝑎
Magnetic Induction
 Magnetic Induction

𝑃′
S Soft Iron N 𝐵0
𝑃 S N 𝑄
𝑄′

Magnetization of Soft Iron Resultant Magnetic field

• In the regions 𝑃 and 𝑄, the magnetizing field is strengthened.

• In the regions 𝑃′ and 𝑄 ′ , the magnetizing field is opposed by the

field produced to the magnetisation of soft iron bar.
 Magnetic Induction

Magnetic Induction is defined as the number of magnetic lines of induction crossing

per unit area normally through the magnetic substance.

• Magnetic induction is also known as

magnetic flux density.

S
• SI Unit of magnetic induction is Tesla (T).
N
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡
Magnetic Induction

𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐵0 + 𝜇0 𝐼

𝐵0 = 𝜇0 𝐻 = External magnetic field

𝜇0 𝐼 = Induced magnetic field due to presence
S N
of external magnetic field
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡
⇒ 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝜇0 𝐼

𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝐼
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Intensity

For vacuum :
𝐵0
𝐵0 𝐻= ⇒ 𝐵0 = 𝜇0 𝐻
𝜇0

𝜇0 = Permeability of free space

Vacuum
For any material :

𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻
𝐵0
𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜇𝑟 = Relative permeability of material

Metal
• Intensity of Magnetization 𝐼=
𝑀
𝑉

• Magnetic Induction 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝐼

• Magnetic Susceptibility 𝜒𝑚 =
𝐼
𝐻

• Magnetic Permeability 𝜇=
𝐵
𝐻
Classification of Magnetic Materials
 Classification of Magnetic
Heading
Materials1

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Heading
Materials1 Heading
Materials1 Heading
Materials1
Diamagnetic Materials
 Diamagnetic Materials

• These substances are feebly magnetized in a opposite direction of the magnetizing field.

• Magnetic field inside diamagnetic material is slightly less than the external magnetic field.

• The behavior of a diamagnetic substance is independent of temperature.

• Examples of diamagnetic substances are N2 (at STP), H2 O, NaCl.

 Diamagnetic Materials

• In diamagnetic materials, some of the

magnetic moments align themselves
opposite to the applied magnetic field.
N S

𝐵𝑒𝑥𝑡
Properties of Diamagnetic Substances
 Properties of Diamagnetic Substances

• Diamagnetic materials are feebly repelled by a magnet.

 Properties of Diamagnetic Substances

• When a diamagnetic substance is placed in external magnetic field, it sets itself at right
angle to the magnetic field lines.

𝑁
𝑆
 Properties of Diamagnetic Substances

• When a diamagnetic liquid is placed in a watch glass on two closely spaced magnetic
poles, it shows a slight depression from the middle.

Diamagnetic liquid

𝑁 𝑆 𝑁 𝑆
 Properties of Diamagnetic Substances

• When the two poles are moved apart, the diamagnetic liquid shows a slight rise from
the middle.

𝑁 𝑆
 Properties of Diamagnetic Substances

• When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, the magnetic

field lines becomes less dense inside it.

𝑁 𝑆 𝑁 𝑆
 Properties of Diamagnetic Substances

• The magnetic susceptibility (𝜒𝑚 ) of a diamagnetic substance has a small negative

value.

−1 ≤ 𝜒𝑚 < 0

• The relative permeability (𝜇𝑟 ) of a diamagnetic material is slightly less than one.

−1 ≤ 𝜒𝑚 < 0

⇒ 0 ≤ 1 + 𝜒𝑚 < 1

0 ≤ 𝜇𝑟 < 1
 Properties of Diamagnetic Substances

• When a diamagnetic material is placed inside a magnetizing field 𝐻 , its magnetic flux
density (𝐵) becomes slightly smaller than that in vacuum (𝜇𝑜 𝐻).

B = μ0 H + I
⇒ B = μ 0 H 1 + χm

⇒ B = μ0 μr H

⇒ 0 ≤ μr < 1 B < μ0 H

• Diamagnetic materials do not obey Curie’s Law.

 Properties of Diamagnetic Substances

• Superconductors are perfect diamagnetic substances. They don’t allow any magnetic
field lines to pass through them.

𝑁 Superconductor
𝑆
Paramagnetic Materials
 Paramagnetic Materials

• These substances are feebly magnetized in the direction of the magnetizing field.

• Magnetic field inside paramagnetic material is slightly greater than the external
magnetic field.

• The behavior of a paramagnetic substance is dependent on temperature.

• Examples of paramagnetic substances are 𝑂2 (at STP) , 𝐹𝑒𝑂, 𝐴𝑙, 𝑁𝑎, 𝐶𝑎.
 Paramagnetic Materials

• In paramagnetic materials, some of the

S magnetic moments align themselves in
N
the direction of applied magnetic field.

𝐵𝑒𝑥𝑡
 Paramagnetic Materials

Paramagnetism based on electron theory

• All electrons present in the paramagnetic material

are not paired.

• The atoms of a paramagnetic material possesses

magnetic dipole moment due to the orbital motion
of unpaired electron present in the atom or due to
the spin motion of electron.

• They are randomly arranged prior to exposing them

to external magnetizing field because of thermal
agitation/ thermal motion of dipoles.
 Paramagnetic Materials

Paramagnetism based on electron theory

𝐵 • In external magnetic field 𝐵, dipoles try to

align themselves along the direction of the
𝑇 magnetic field.

• At a higher temperature, thermal agitation

prevents the alignment of dipoles thus
intensity of magnetization(𝐼) decreases.

1
𝐼 ∝
𝑇
 Paramagnetic Materials

Paramagnetism based on electron theory

𝐵 • At a given temperature, if external

magnetic field B is increased, intensity of
𝑇
magnetization I also increases.

• After a certain value of magnetic field B0 , I

can not increase further because at this
point all the possible alignments has
happened.

𝐼 ∝𝐻
 Properties of Paramagnetic Material

• Paramagnetic materials are feebly attracted by a magnet.

• Aligns itself along the direction of magnetic field, when placed in an external magnetic
field

• When a paramagnetic liquid is placed in a watch glass on two closely spaced magnetic
poles, it rises from the middle slightly.

• When the two poles are moved apart, the paramagnetic liquid shows a slight depression
from the middle.
 Properties of Paramagnetic Material

• The magnetic susceptibility (𝜒𝑚 ) of a paramagnetic substance has a small positive value.

• The relative permeability (𝜇𝑟 ) of a paramagnetic material is slightly greater than one.

• When a paramagnetic material is placed inside a magnetizing field 𝐻 , its magnetic flux
density (𝐵) becomes slightly greater than that in vacuum (𝜇𝑜 𝐻).

• Paramagnetic materials obey Curie’s Law.

Ferromagnetic Materials
 Ferromagnetic Materials

• These substances are strongly magnetized in the direction of the magnetizing field.

• Magnetic field inside the ferromagnetic substance gets greatly enhanced.

• The ferromagnetic behavior of a substance becomes temperature dependent above

certain temperature called Curie temperature.

• Examples of ferromagnetic substances are 𝐹𝑒, 𝐶𝑜, 𝑁𝑖.

 Ferromagnetic Materials

• In ferromagnetic materials, all the magnetic

moments align themselves in the direction
N S of applied magnetic field.

𝐵𝑒𝑥𝑡
 Ferromagnetic Materials

Ferromagnetism based on electron theory

• Like paramagnetic materials, atoms of

ferromagnetic materials also possess
magnetic moment due to the presence of
unpaired electrons.

• Magnetic dipoles interacts strongly with

each other and thus, spontaneously align
themselves in groups called as domains.
 Ferromagnetic Materials

Ferromagnetism based on electron theory

𝐵 Case 1: If a strong external magnetic field B is

applied

• If the external magnetic field is very

strong, then all the domains align
themselves along the direction of applied
magnetic field.
 Ferromagnetic Materials

Ferromagnetism based on electron theory

𝐵 Case 2:
If the ferromagnetic material is homogeneous
and pure.
• The domains which are already parallel to
the external magnetic field expand
continually.
• Since the dipoles are arranged in groups
(domains), very less energy is required to
align them along the applied magnetic field
i.e., High Intensity of magnetization (𝐼) even
at low magnetizing intensity (𝐻).
 Question

A paramagnetic material has 1028 atoms/m3 . Its magnetic susceptibility at temperature

350 K is 2.8 × 10–4 . Its susceptibility at 300 K is:

A 3.267 × 10−4 B 3.726 × 10−4

C 3.672 × 10−4 D 2.672 × 10−4

Ans. (A)
 Solution

Given : 𝜒1 = 2.8 × 10−4 , 𝑇1 = 350 𝐾, 𝑇2 = 300𝐾

To find : χ2 =?
Solution :
According to Curie’s Law:
1
𝜒∝
𝑇

𝜒1 Τ2
=
𝜒2 Τ1

𝜒1 Τ1 2.8 × 10−4 × 350

𝜒2 = = = 3.267 × 10−4
Τ2 300
 Question

Relative permittivity and permeability of a material ϵr and μr , respectively. Which of the

following values of these quantities are allowed for a diamagnetic material?

A ϵr = 0.5, μr = 1.5 B ϵr = 0.5, μr = 0.5

C ϵr = 1.5, μr = 0.5 D ϵr = 1.5, μr = 1.5

Ans. (C)
Ferromagnetism and Hysteresis

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic
Feebly repelled
by the external Feebly Attracted
magnetic field
−1 < 𝜒𝑚 < 0 0 < 𝜒𝑚 < 1

0 < 𝜇𝑟 < 1 𝜇𝑟 > 1

𝐵 < 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 𝐵 > 𝜇𝑜 𝐻

Independent of
Obey Curie’s law
temperature
Properties of Ferromagnetic Material
 Properties of Ferromagnetic Material

• Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted by a magnet.

• When placed in an external magnetic field, it quickly aligns itself along the direction of
magnetic field.

• When a ferromagnetic material is placed in external magnetic field, the magnetic field
lines becomes highly dense inside it.
 Properties of Ferromagnetic Material

• Liquids and gases do not exhibit ferromagnetism behaviour.

• If a finely powdered ferromagnetic substance is placed in a watch glass placed on two

closely spaced magnetic poles, it rises from the middle.

• When the two poles are moved apart, the ferromagnetic powder shows a slight
depression from the middle.
 Properties of Ferromagnetic Material

• Very high and positive value of Intensity of magnetization (I), thus magnetic susceptibility
(χm ) is also quite high.

• The relative permeability (μr ) of ferromagnetic material is far greater than one.

• When a ferromagnetic material is placed inside a magnetizing field H , its magnetic flux
density (B) becomes much higher than that in vacuum (μo H).

• Ferromagnetic materials do not obey Curie’s Law if temperature is less than Curie’s
temperature.
Properties of Magnetic Materials

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Feebly Repelled by the

Feebly Attracted Strongly Attracted
external magnetic field

−1 < 𝜒𝑚 < 0 0 < 𝜒𝑚 < 1 𝜒𝑚 ≫ 1

0 < 𝜇𝑟 < 1 𝜇𝑟 > 1 𝜇𝑟 ≫ 1

𝐵 < 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 𝐵 > 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 𝐵 ≫ 𝜇𝑜 𝐻

Independent of Do not obey

Obey Curie’s law
temperature Curie’s law
 Question

The magnetic susceptibility is negative for

A Paramagnetic material only

B Ferromagnetic material only

C Diamagnetic material only

D Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic materials

Ans. (C)