Chapter Three Differentiation

3.1 Tangents and the derivative at a point

To find a tangent to an arbitrary curve y = f (x ) at a point P(x0 , f (x0 )) , we
calculate the slope of the secant through P and a nearby point
Q( x0 + h, f ( x0 + h )) , we then investigate the limit of the slope as h → 0 . If the

limit exists, we call it the slope of the curve at P and define the tangent at P
to be the line through P having this slope.

Definition
The slope of the curve y = f (x ) at the point P(x0 , f (x0 )) is the number
f (x0 + h ) − f (x0 )
m = lim (provided the limit exists)
h →0 h
The tangent line to the curve at P is the line through P with this slope.
Example 1 :
Find the slope of the curve y = 1 / x at any point x = a ≠ 0 .
1- what is the slope at the point x = −1 ?
2- Where dose the slope equal − 1 / 4 ?
Solution
1- here f (x ) = 1 / x . The slope at (a, 1/a) is
1 1
−
f (a + h ) − f (a ) 1 a − (a + h )
lim = lim a + h a = lim
h →0 h h → 0 h h → 0 h a(a + h )
−h −1 1
= lim = lim =− 2
h →0 ha (a + h ) h →0 a (a + h ) a

−1
When x = −1 , the slope is = −1
(− 1)2
1 1 1
2- the slope of y = 1 / x at the point where − 2
is − 2 .it will be −
a a 4
provided that

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Chapter Three Differentiation

1 1
− 2
=−
a 4
This equation is equivalent to a 2 = 4 , so a = 2 or a = −2 . the curve has slope

at the two points  2,  and  − 2,−  .

1 1 1
−
4  2  2

Definition
The derivative of a function f at a point x0 , denoted f ′(x0 ) , is
f (x0 + h ) − f (x0 )
f ′( x0 ) = lim
h →0 h
Provided this limit exists.

3.2 The derivative as a function

Definition The derivative of the function f (x ) with respect to the
variable x is the function f ′ whose value at x is
f (x + h ) − f (x )
f ′( x ) = lim
h →0 h
Where h = ∆x = x 2 − x
Provided the limit exists.
If we write z = h + x , then h = z − x and h approaches 0 if and only if z
approaches x . Therefore, an equivalent definition of the derivative is as
follows. This formula is sometimes more convenient to use when finding a
derivative function.
Alternative formula for the derivative
f (z ) − f (x )
f ′( x ) = lim
z→x z−x
and some common alternative notations for the derivative are

f ′( x ) = y ′ = f (x )
dy df d
= =
dx dx dx

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Chapter Three Differentiation

Example 2 :

Differentiate f (x ) =
x
x −1
Solution
f (x + h ) − f (x )
We use the definition of the derivative f ′( x ) = lim
h →0 h

f (x ) =
x
and f (x + h ) =
(x + h ) , so
x −1 (x + h ) − 1
f (x + h ) − f (x )
f ′( x ) = lim
h →0 h
(x + h ) − x
= lim
(x + h − 1) x − 1
h →0 h
1 ( x + h )( x − 1) − x( x + h − 1)  a c ad − cb 
= lim ⋅ − =
h →0 h (x + h − 1)(x − 1)  b d bd 
1 −h
= lim ⋅
h →0 h ( x + h − 1)( x − 1)

−1 −1
= lim =
h →0 ( x + h − 1)( x − 1) (x − 1)2
Example 3 :
a- find the derivative of f (x ) = x for x > 0 .
b- find the tangent line to the curve y = x at x = 4 .
Solution
a- we use the alternative formula to calculate f ′ :
f (z ) − f (x )
f ′( x ) = lim
z→x z−x
z− x
= lim
z→x z−x

= lim
( z− x )
z→x ( )(
z− x ⋅ z+ x )
1 1
= lim =
z→x ( z+ x ) 2 x

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Chapter Three Differentiation

b- the slope of the curve at x = 4 is

f ′(4 ) =
1 1
=
2 4 4

The tangent is the line through the point (4,2 ) with slope (1 / 4 )

y = 2+
1
(x − 4)
4
1
y= x +1
4
Example 4 :
Show that the function y = x is differentiable on (− ∞,0) and (0, ∞ ) but has no
derivative at x = 0 .
Solution
The derivative of function y = x to the right of the origin (positive x )
d
( x ) = d (x ) = d (1 ⋅ x ) = 1
dx dx dx
And to the left of the origin (negative x )
d
( x ) = d (− x ) = d (− 1 ⋅ x ) = −1
dx dx dx
There is no derivative at the origin because the one-sided derivatives differ
there:
0+h − 0 h
= lim+ = lim+
h →0 h h →0 h
h
Right-hand derivative of x at zero = lim +
h →0 h

= lim+ (1) = 1
h →0

0+h − 0 h
= lim− = lim−
h →0 h h →0 h
−h
left-hand derivative of x at zero = lim −
h →0 h
= lim− (− 1) = −1
h →0

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Chapter Three Differentiation

3.3 Differentiation Rules

Powers, Multiples, Sums, and Differences
A simple rule of differentiation is that the derivative of every constant
function is zero.
1- Derivative of a constant function
if f has the constant value f (x ) = c , then
df
=
d
(c ) = 0
dx dx
Proof we apply the definition of the derivative to f (x ) = c , the function
whose outputs have the constant value c , at every value of x , we find that
f (x + h ) − f (x ) c−c
f ′( x ) = lim = lim = lim(0 ) = 0
h →0 h h → 0 h h →0

2- Power Rule for positive integers:

if n is a positive integer, then
df n
x = n ⋅ x n −1
dx
Proof the formula
(
z n − x n = ( z − x ) ⋅ z n −1 + z n − 2 x + ........ + zx n − 2 + x n −1 )
From the alternative formula for the definition of the derivative,
f (z ) − f (x ) zn − xn
f ′( x ) = lim = lim
z→x z−x z→x z − x

= lim
(
(z − x ) ⋅ z n−1 + z n−2 x + ........ + zx n−2 + x n−1 )
z→x (z − x )
= n ⋅ x n −1

The power rule is actually valid for all real numbers n (positive or negative).

For ex.
d  1  d −1
 =
dx  x  dx
( )
x = − x −2

d
dx
( x ) = dxd (x ) = 12 x
1/ 2 −1 / 2

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Chapter Three Differentiation

Example 5 :
Differentiate the following powers of x .
1
(a) x 3 (b) x 2 / 3 (c) x 2
(d) (e) x −4 / 3 (f) x 2 +π
x4
Solution

(a)
d 3
dx
( )
x = 3 ⋅ x 3−1 = 3 x 2 (b)
d 2/3
dx
x ( )
= (2 / 3) ⋅ x (2 / 3 )−1 = (2 / 3) ⋅ x −1 / 3

(c)
d
dx
x ( )=2
2⋅x 2 −1
(d)
d  1  d −4
 4=
dx  x  dx
( )
x
4
x = −4 ⋅ x − 4−1 = −4 ⋅ x −5 = − 5 ( )

(e) (
d −4 / 3
dx
x )
= −(4 / 3) ⋅ x −(4 / 3 )−1 = −(4 / 3) ⋅ x −(7 / 3 )

(f)
d
dx
( x ) = dxd (x
2 +π 1+ (π / 2 )
) = 1 + π2  ⋅ (x
 
1+ (π / 2 )−1
) =  12  ⋅ (2 + π ) ⋅ (x ( ) ) =  12  ⋅ (2 + π ) ⋅ (
 
π /2

 
xπ )

3- Derivative constant multiple Rule

If u is a differentiable function of x , and c is a constant, then
d
(cu ) = c du
dx dx
In particular, if n is any real number, then
d
dx
( )
cx n = (c ⋅ n ) ⋅ x n −1

Proof
cu ( x + h ) − cu ( x )
d
(cu ) = lim
→
dx h 0 h
u (x + h ) − u (x )
= c ⋅ lim
h →0 h
du
= c⋅
dx

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Chapter Three Differentiation

Example 6 :
(a) the derivative formula 3x 2 is
d
dx
( )
3 x 2 = (3 ⋅ 2 ) ⋅ x = 6 x

We describe that, the graph of y = x 2 multiplying y-coordinate by 3, then we

multiply the slope at each point by 3.

(b) negative of a function

The derivative of the negative of a differentiable function u is the negative
of the function's derivative. The constant multiple Rule with c = −1 gives
d
(− u ) = d (− 1 ⋅ u ) = −1 ⋅ d u = − du
dx dx dx dx

4- Derivative Sum Rule

If u and v are differentiable function of x , then their Sum u + v is
differentiable at every point where u and v are both differentiable. At such
points,
d
(u + v ) = du + dv
dx dx dx
For ex., if y = x 4 + 12 x , then y is the sum of u (x ) = x 4 and v(x ) = 12 x . We then
have
d
dx
y=
d 4
dx
( )
x + (12 x ) = 4 x 3 + 12
d
dx

Example 7 :
Find the derivative of the polynomial y = x 3 + (4 / 3)x 2 − 5 x + 1

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Chapter Three Differentiation

Solution
dy d 3
=
dx dx
( )
x + ((4 / 3)x ) − (5 x ) + (1)
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
= 3 x 2 + (4 / 3) ⋅ (2 x ) − 5 + 0 = 3 x 2 + (8 / 3) ⋅ x − 5
dy
dx

5- Derivative Product Rule

If u and v are differentiable function at x , then so is their product uv , and
d
(u ⋅ v ) = u dv + v du , in prime notation, (u ⋅ v )′ = uv ′ + vu ′
dx dx dx

Example 8 :
Find the derivative of y = (x 2 + 1) ⋅ (x 3 + 3)
Solution
From the product Rule with u = (x 2 + 1) and v = (x 3 + 3), we find
d 2
dx
( )( ) (
x + 1 ⋅ x3 + 3 = x2 + 1
d 3
dx
) ( ) ( ) (
x + 3 + x3 + 3
d 2
dx
x +1 )
( )( ) ( )
= x 2 + 1 ⋅ 3 x 2 + x 3 + 3 ⋅ (2 x )
= 3x 4 + 3x 2 + 2 x 4 + 6 x
= 5 x 4 + 3x 2 + 6 x

6- Derivative Quotient Rule

If u and v are differentiable function at x and if v(x ) ≠ 0 , then the quotient
u / v is differentiable at x , and
du dv
v −u
d u dx dx
 =
dx  v  v 2

Example 9 :

Find the derivative of y =

(t 2
)
−1
(t 3
)
+1

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Chapter Three Differentiation

Solution

dy
(t 3
+1 ) dxd (t 2
) (
−1 − t 2 −1 ) dxd (t 3
+1 )
=
dx (t + 1) 3 2

=
(t + 1)⋅ (2t ) − (t − 1)⋅ (3t )
3 2 2

(t + 1) 3 2

=
(2t + 2t − 3t + 3t )
4 4 2

(t + 1) 3 2

=
(− t + 3t + 2t )
4 2

(t + 1) 3 2

7- Second- and Higher-order Derivatives

If y = f (x ) is the differentiable function, then its derivative f ′(x ) is also a
function. If f ′ is also differentiable, then we can differentiate f ′ to get a
new function of x denoted by f ′′ . The function f ′′ is called the second
derivative of f and written in several ways:
d 2 y d  dy 
f ′′( x ) = y ′′ = =  
dx 2 dx  dx 

If y ′′ is differentiable, its derivative, y ′′′ = dy ′′ / dx = d 3 y / dx 3 , is the third

derivative of y with respect to x. also for nth derivative of y with respect
to x for any positive integer n, given as
d (n −1)  d n y 
y (n ) = y =  n 
dx  dx 

Example 10 :
Find the first four derivatives of y = x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 are
first derivative: y ′ = 3x 2 − 6 x
second derivative: y ′′ = 6 x − 6
third derivative: y ′′′ = 6
fourth derivative: y (4 ) = 0
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Chapter Three Differentiation

3.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

1. Derivative of the Sine Function
To calculate the derivative of f (x ) = sin (x ) , for x measured in radians, we
combine the limits
sin ( x + h ) = sin ( x ) cos(h ) + cos( x )sin (h )
If f (x ) = sin (x ) , then
f (x + h ) − f (x ) sin ( x + h ) − sin ( x )
f ′( x ) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
= lim
(sin ( x ) cos(h ) + cos( x )sin (h )) − sin ( x )
= lim
sin ( x ) ⋅ (cos(h ) − 1) + (cos( x )sin (h ))
h →0 h h →0 h

= lim sin ( x ) ⋅
(cos(h ) − 1)  + lim cos(x ) ⋅ sin (h ) 
 → 
h →0
 h  h 0 h 
 (cos(h ) − 1)   sin (h ) 
= sin ( x ) ⋅ lim  + cos( x ) ⋅ lim   = sin ( x ) ⋅ (0 ) + cos( x ) ⋅ (1) = cos( x )
h →0
 h  h → 0
 h 
Since, the derivative of the sine function is the cosine function:

sin ( x ) = cos( x )
d
dx
Example 11 :
Find the derivatives of the sine function involving differences, products, and
sin ( x )
quotients: (a) y = x 2 − sin (x ) (b) y = x 2 ⋅ sin (x ) (c) y =
x
Solution

(a) y = x 2 − sin (x ) : = 2 x − sin ( x ) = 2 x − cos( x )

dy d
dx dx

(b) y = x 2 ⋅ sin (x ) : = x 2 ⋅ sin ( x ) + 2 x ⋅ sin ( x ) = x 2 ⋅ cos( x ) + 2 x ⋅ sin ( x )

dy d
dx dx

sin ( x ) − sin ( x ) ⋅ (1)

d
x⋅
sin ( x ) dy dx x ⋅ cos( x ) − sin ( x )
(c) y = : = 2
=
x dx x x2

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Chapter Three Differentiation

2. Derivative of the Cosine Function

To calculate the derivative of f (x ) = cos(x ) , for x measured in radians, we
combine the limits
cos( x + h ) = cos( x ) cos(h ) − sin (x )sin (h )

If f (x ) = cos(x ) , then we can compute the limit of the difference quotient:

f (x + h ) − f (x ) cos( x + h ) − cos( x )
f ′( x ) = lim = lim
h →0 h h → 0 h
= lim
(cos(x ) cos(h ) − sin (x )sin (h )) − cos(x ) = lim cos(x ) ⋅ (cos(h ) − 1) − (sin (x )sin (h ))
h →0 h h →0 h

= lim cos( x ) ⋅
(cos(h ) − 1)  − lim sin (x ) ⋅ sin (h ) 
 → 
h →0
 h  h 0 h 
 (cos(h ) − 1)   sin (h ) 
= cos( x ) ⋅ lim  − sin ( x ) ⋅ lim  = cos( x ) ⋅ (0 ) − sin ( x ) ⋅ (1) = − sin ( x )
h →0
 h  h →0
 h 
Since, the derivative of the cosine function is the negative of the sine
function:

cos( x ) = − sin ( x )
d
dx
Example 12 :
Find the derivatives of the cosine function in combinations with other
cos( x )
functions: (a) y = 5 x + cos(x ) (b) y = sin (x ) ⋅ cos(x ) (c) y =
1 − sin ( x )

Solution

(a) y = 5 x + cos(x ) (5 x ) + d cos(x ) = 5 − sin (x )

dy d
: =
dx dx dx

= sin ( x ) ⋅ (cos( x )) + cos( x ) ⋅ (sin ( x ))

dy d d
(b) y = sin (x ) ⋅ cos(x ) : dx dx dx
= sin ( x ) ⋅ (− sin ( x )) + cos( x ) ⋅ cos(x ) = cos 2 (x ) − sin 2 (x )

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Chapter Three Differentiation

dy
(1 − sin (x )) ⋅ d
cos( x ) − cos( x ) ⋅ (1 − sin ( x ))
d
= dx dx
dx (1 − sin (x )) 2

=
(1 − sin (x )) ⋅ (− sin (x )) − cos(x ) ⋅ (0 − cos(x ))
cos( x ) (1 − sin (x ))2
(c) y = :
1 − sin ( x )
=
(− sin (x ) + sin 2 (x )) + cos 2 (x )
(1 − sin (x ))2
=
(1 − sin (x )) = 1
[cos 2
(x ) + sin 2 (x ) = 1]
(1 − sin (x )) (1 − sin (x ))
2

3. Derivatives of the other Basic Trigonometric Functions

Because sin (x ) and cos(x ) are differentiable functions of x , the related
sin ( x ) cos(x )
tan ( x ) = cot ( x ) = sec( x ) = csc(x ) =
1 1
functions , , , ,
cos(x ) sin (x ) cos(x ) sin ( x )

are differentiable at every value of x at which they are defined. Their

derivatives, calculated from the Quotient Rule, are given by the following
formulas:

tan ( x ) = sec 2 (x ) cot ( x ) = − csc 2 ( x )

d d
dx dx

sec( x ) = sec( x ) ⋅ tan ( x ) csc( x ) = − csc( x ) ⋅ cot (x )

d d
dx dx

tan ( x )
d
Example 13 : Find
dx
Solution
 
cos( x ) ⋅ sin ( x ) − sin ( x ) ⋅ cos( x ) 
d d
d  sin ( x )   
tan ( x ) = 
d dx dx 
 =
dx dx  cos( x )   cos ( x )
2

 
 
 cos( x ) ⋅ cos( x ) − sin (x ) ⋅ (− sin (x )) 
=  
 cos 2
( x ) 
cos 2 ( x ) + sin 2 ( x )
= sec 2 ( x )
1
= =
cos ( x )
2
cos 2 ( x )

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Chapter Three Differentiation

Example 14 : Find y ′′ if y = sec( x )

Solution
y ′ = sec( x ) ⋅ tan ( x )

y ′′ =
d
(sec(x ) ⋅ tan (x ))
dx
= sec( x ) ⋅ tan ( x ) + tan ( x ) ⋅ sec( x )
d d
dx dx
= sec( x ) ⋅ sec ( x ) + tan ( x ) ⋅ (sec( x ) tan ( x ))
2

= sec 3 ( x ) + tan 2 ( x ) ⋅ sec( x )

(
= sec( x ) ⋅ sec 2 ( x ) + tan 2 ( x ) )

3.5 The chain Rule

If f (u ) is differentiable at the point u = g (x ) and g (x ) is differentiable at x ,
then the composite function ( f  g )(x ) = f (g (x )) is differentiable at x , and

( f  g )′ (x ) = f ′(g (x )) ⋅ g ′(x )
In Leibniz's notation, if y = f (u ) and u = g (x ) , then
dy dy du
= ⋅
dx du dx

is evaluated at u = g (x ) .
dy
Where
du

Example 15 : Find the derivative of the function y = (3x 2 + 1)

2

Solution
The function here is composite of y = f (u ) = u 2 and u = g (x ) = 3x 2 + 1 ,

= f ′(u ) = 2u and = g ′( x ) = 6 x
dy du
therefore,
du dx
dy dy du
= ⋅
dx du dx
= 2u ⋅ 6 x = 2 ⋅ 3 x 2 + 1 ⋅ 6 x( ) = 36 x 2 + 12 x

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Chapter Three Differentiation

Example 16 : An object moves along the x-axis so that its position at any
time t ≥ 0 is given by x(t ) = cos(t 2 + 1) . Find the velocity of the object as a
2

function of t .
Solution
dx
We know that the velocity is . In this instance, x is a composite function:
dt
x = cos(u ) and u = t 2 + 1 , we have

= − sin (u ) and
dx du
= 2t
du dt

By the chain Rule,

dx dx du
= ⋅
dt du dt
( )
= − sin (u ) ⋅ 2t = − sin t 2 + 1 ⋅ 2t = −2t sin t 2 + 1 ( )

Example 17 : Differentiate sin (x 2 + x ) with respect to x .

Solution We apply the Chain Rule directly and find
d
dx
( ) ( )
sin x 2 + x = cos x 2 + x ⋅ (2 x + 1)

Example 18 : Find the derivative of the function g (t ) = tan (5 − sin (2t ))

Solution

g ′(t ) =
d
[tan (5 − sin (2t ))]
dt
= sec 2 (5 − sin (2t )) ⋅ (5 − sin (2t ))
d
dt
 
= sec 2 (5 − sin (2t )) ⋅  0 − cos(2t ) ⋅ (2t )
d
 dt 
= sec 2 (5 − sin (2t )) ⋅ (− cos(2t )) ⋅ (2 )
= (− 2 cos(2t )) ⋅ sec 2 (5 − sin (2t ))

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Chapter Three Differentiation

The Chain Rule with Powers of function

If f is a differentiable function of u and if u is a differentiable function of
x , then substituting y = f (u ) into the Chain Rule formula

dy dy du
= ⋅
dx du dx
Leads to the formula

f (u ) = f ′(u )
d du
dx dx
If n is any real number and f is a power function, f (u ) = u n , the power rule
tells us that f ′(u ) = nu n −1 . if u is a differentiable function of x , then we can
use the chain rule to extend this to the Power Chain Rule.
d n
dx
( )
u = n ⋅ u n −1
du
dx
Example 19 : Find the derivative of a power of an expressions follows:

(a)
d
dx
(
5x 3 − x 4 ) 7
(b)
d  1 
 
dx  3 x − 2 
(c)
d
dx
( )
sin 5 ( x )

Solution
d
dx
(
5x 3 − x 4 )7
(
= 7 ⋅ 5x 3 − x 4 ) ⋅ dxd (5x − x )
6 3 4

(a) = 7 ⋅ (5 x 3
− x ) ⋅ (5 ⋅ 3 x − 4 x )
4 6 2 3

= 7 ⋅ (5 x 3
− x ) ⋅ (15 x − 4 x )
4 6 2 3

d  1  d
 = (3x − 2)−1
dx  3 x − 2  dx

= −1 ⋅ (3 x − 2 ) ⋅ (3x − 2)
d
−2

(b) dx
= −1 ⋅ (3 x − 2 ) ⋅ (3)
−2

3
=−
(3x − 2)2

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Chapter Three Differentiation

(c)
d
dx
( )
sin 5 ( x ) = 5 ⋅ sin 4 ( x ) ⋅ sin ( x )
d
dx
= 5 ⋅ sin ( x ) ⋅ cos( x )
4

Example 20 : show that the slope of every line tangent to the curve
 1 
y =   is positive.
3 
 (1 − 2 x ) 
Solution
we find the derivative:
dy d
=
dx dx
(
(1 − 2 x )−3 )
(
= − 3 ⋅ (1 − 2 x ) )⋅ dxd (1 − 2 x )
−4

= (− 3 ⋅ (1 − 2 x ) )⋅ (− 2 )
−4

6
=
(1 − 2 x )4
At any point (x, y ) on the curve, x ≠ 1 / 2 and the slope of the tangent line is
dy 6
=
dx (1 − 2 x )4

The quotient of two positive numbers.

3.6 Implicit Differentiation

Most of the functions described by an equation of the form y = f (x ) . Another
situation occurs when we encounter equations like
x 3 + y 3 − 9 xy = 0 , y2 − x = 0 , x 2 + y 2 − 25 = 0

To calculate these types of function, we treat ( y ) as a differentiable implicit

function of (x ) and apply the usual rules to differentiate both sides of the
defining equation.
1. differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to (x ) , treating ( y )
as a differentiable function of (x ) .
‫ﻣﺪرس اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ 16

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Chapter Three Differentiation

dy dy
2. collect the terms with on one side of the equation and solve for
dx dx
dy
Example 21 : find if y 2 = x .
dx
Solution
The equation y 2 = x defines two differentiable functions of x that we can
actually find, namely y1 = x and y 2 = − x , then
dy1 1
=
dx 2 x

dy 2 1
=−
dx 2 x
dy
By other way to find , we simply differentiable both sides of the equation
dx
y 2 = x with respect to x , treating y = f ( x ) as a differentiable function of x :

y2 = x the chain rule gives

d 2
dx
( )
y = [ f ( x )] = 2 f ( x ) f ′( x ) = 2 y
d
dx
2 dy
dx
dy
2y ⋅ =1
dx
dy 1
=
dx 2 y

This one formula gives the derivative we calculated for both explicit
solutions y1 = x and y 2 = − x :
dy1 1 1
= =
dx 2 y1 2 x

dy 2 1 1 1
= = =−
dx 2 y 2 2 − x (2 x )

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Chapter Three Differentiation

Example 22 : find the slope of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25 at the point (3,-4).

Solution
The circle is combined graphs of two differentiable functions, y1 = 25 − x 2

and y 2 = − 25 − x 2 . The point (3,-4) lies on the graph of y 2 , so we can find

the slope by calculating the derivative directly, using the power chain rule:
d
( (
 dx − 25 − x

2
)
1/ 2
) = − 12 (25 − x ) 2 −1 / 2
⋅ (− 2 x ) , then

dy 2 − 2x −6 −6 6 3
=− =− =− = =
dx x =3 2 25 − x 2 x =3
2 25 − 9 2 16 8 4

We can solve this problem more easily by differentiable the given equation
of the circle implicitly with respect to x :
d 2
dx
( )
x +
d 2
dx
y =
d
dx
( )
(25)
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx
dy x
=−
dx y

x 3 3
The slope at (3,-4) is − =− =
y (3, −4 ) −4 4

if y 2 = x 2 + sin (xy ) .
dy
Example 23 : find
dx
Solution
We differentiate the equation implicitly
y 2 = x 2 + sin ( xy )
d 2
dx
( )
y =
d 2
dx
d
( )
x + (sin ( xy ))
dx
= 2 x + (cos( xy )) ⋅ ( xy )
d d
2y
dx dx
 dy 
= 2 x + (cos( xy )) ⋅  y + x 
d
2y
dx  dx 

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Chapter Three Differentiation

 dy 
− (cos( xy )) ⋅  x  = 2 x + y cos(xy )
dy
2y
dx  dx 

[2 y − x(cos(xy ))] ⋅  dy  = 2 x + y cos(xy )

 dx 
dy 2 x + y cos( xy )
=
dx 2 y − x cos( xy )

Derivatives of Higher Order

Implicit differentiation can also be used to find higher derivatives.
d2y
Example 24 : find 2
if 2 x 3 − 3 y 2 = 8 .
dx
Solution
To start, we differentiable both sides of the equation with respect to x in
dy
order to find y ′ = .
dx
d
dx
(
2x3 − 3y 2 =
d
dx
)(8)
6 x 2 − 6 yy ′ = 0
x2
y′ = when y≠0
y

We now apply the quotient rule to find y ′′

d  x2  2 xy − x 2 y ′ 2 x x 2
y ′′ =   = = − y′
dx  y  y2 y y2

x2
We substitute y ′ = to express y ′′ in terms of x and y.
y

2x x 2 x 2 2x x 4
y ′′ = − ⋅ = − when y≠0
y y2 y y y3

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Chapter Three Differentiation

Example 25 : show that the point (2, 4) lies on the curve x 3 + y 3 − 9 xy = 0 .

Then find the tangent.

Solution
The point (2, 4) lies on the curve because its coordinates satisfy the equation
given for the curve : 2 3 + 4 3 − 9 ⋅ (2) ⋅ (4) = 8 + 64 − 72 = 0 .
To find the slope of the curve at (2, 4), we first use implicit differentiation to
dy
find a formula for :
dx

x 3 + y 3 − 9 xy = 0
d 3
dx
( )
x +
d
dx
y3 −( )d
dx
(9 xy ) = d (0)
dx
dy  dy dx 
3x 2 + 3 y 2 − 9 x +y =0
dx  dx dx 

(3 y 2 − 9x
dy
dx
)
+ 3x 2 − 9 y = 0

(
3 y 2 − 3x
dy
dx
) (
= 3 3y − x2 )
dy
= 2
(
3y − x2 )
dx (
y − 3x )
We then evaluate the derivative at (x, y)= (2, 4):
dy
=
(3 y − x )
2
=
(3 ⋅ (4) − 2 ) = (12 − 4) = 8 = 4
2

dx (2, 4 ) (y − 3x ) (
2
2, 4 )
(4 − 3 ⋅ (2)) (16 − 6) 10 5
2

The tangent at (2, 4) is the line through (2, 4) with slope (4/5) :
y − y0 4
=
x − x0 5
( y − 4) = 4 4
⇒ ( y − 4) =   ⋅ (x − 2)
(x − 2) 5 5
4
y = 4 +   ⋅ (x − 2)
4 12
⇒ y = x+
5 5 5

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