Sa I Lab Manual

Structural Analysis-I Lab Manual
Roll No:____
Name:__________________
Year:____ Semester:___
Structural Analysis-I Lab Manual 2018-19
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this file is submitted by
Shri/Ku.________________________________________________________
Roll No.________a student of ________ year of the course
________________________________________________________ as a part
of PRACTICAL/ORAL as prescribed by the Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj
Nagpur University for the subject_____________________________________
in the laboratory of ___________________________________during the
academic year _________________________ and that I have instructed him/her
for the said work, from time to time and I found him/her to be satisfactory
progressive.
And that I have accessed the said work and I am satisfied that the same is up to
that standard envisaged for the course.
Date:- Signature & Name Signature & Name

of Subject Teacher of HOD
ACET/SA-I Page 1
Anjuman College of Engineering and Technology
Vision
 To be a centre of excellence for developing quality technocrats with moral and
social ethics, to face the global challenges for the sustainable development of
society.
Mission
 To create conducive academic culture for learning and identifying career
goals.
 To provide quality technical education, research opportunities and imbibe
entrepreneurship skills contributing to the socio-economic growth of the
Nation.
 To inculcate values and skills, that will empower our students towards
development through technology.
Vision and Mission of the Department

Vision:
 To be the centre of excellence for developing quality Civil Engineers with
moral and social ethics to face global challenges for the sustainable
development of society.
Mission:
 To create conductive academic culture for learning and identifying career
goals.
 To impart quality technical education along with research opportunities.
 To impart knowledge and generate entrepreneurship skills contributing to
socio-economic growth of the nation.
 To inculcate values and skills, that will empower our students, towards
National development through technology, to preserve nature and its
resources.
ACET/SA-I Page 2
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

 Apply technical knowledge to find solution to the challenges in various areas
and to develop independent thinking in the field of Civil Engineering.
 Have analyze, design, technical and soft skills, for solving problem Civil
Engineering.
 Inculcate morality professionals and ethical sense and self confidence.
 Take higher education or lifelong learning and contribute in research and
development throughout life.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

 An ability to plan, analyze, design and execute low cost housing and
construction works.
 An ability to provide the basic facilities with optimal utilization of resources to
meet the societal needs.
ACET/SA-I Page 3
PROGRAM: CE DEGREE: B.E

COURSE: Structural Analysis-I SEMESTER: IV CREDITS:
COURSE CODE: BECVE401P COURSE TYPE: REGULAR
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: CONTACT HOURS: 2 hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE : LAB COURSE NAME : Structural Analysis -I
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
BECVE401P IV
LAB COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 This course explains the debate for each object oriented design principle.
 Draw a high level class diagram in UML for each pattern.
 Classify how the different components of the pattern collaborate with each other.
 List the consequences of each pattern to the overall software quality of a system.
COURSE OUTCOMES: Design Patterns

After completion of this course the students will be able -
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY
SNO DESCRIPTION LEVEL
CO.1 Compare the prototype & analyze different elements in the structure LEVEL 4
CO.2 Apply the concept of slope and deflection to solve the beam LEVEL 3
Relate the behavior of column in different end conditions & solve for LEVEL 1
CO.3
critical load
Apply concept of horizontal thrust in maintaining parabola of two hinged LEVEL 4
CO.4 parabolic arch for external loading & analyze the horizontal thrust
CO.5 LEVEL 2
Compare the experimental and theoretical results
ACET/SA-I Page 4
Lab Instructions:
 Students should come to the lab on time unless prior permission is obtained from the
supervisor. As per department policy, a grace period of 10 minutes will be given to
late
students. Student arriving after 10 minutes of the starting time will be considered
absent.
Hence, he/she will automatically receive “zero” mark for the lab report.
 Students will be divided in to groups (preferably 2/3 students in a group). Each group
will be given a handout. This will serve as a guide for them throughout the
experiment.
 All students must have to submit the lab report just after the entrance and before the
class
start.
 Lab reports have to be submitted serially.
 Students have to complete the sample calculations and graphs in class and take sign
from
the course teacher. (In some experiment which require more times, should be
completed
as possible in class time.)
 Students should be very careful about any test. They should conduct the tests by
taking
maximum care of the equipment during test.
 Thoroughly clean your laboratory work space at the end of the laboratory session.
 Keep work area neat and free of any unnecessary objects.
ACET/SA-I Page 5
 Never block access to exits or emergency equipment.
 Food and drink, open or closed, should never be brought into the laboratory.
 Know the location of all the exits in the laboratory and building at the time of
emergency.
ACET/SA-I Page 6
Continuous Assessment Practical
Exp
NAME OF EXPERIMENT Date Sign Remark
No
To verify the Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem for

1
beam.
To find the value of Flexural rigidity (EI) for a given

2
beams and compare with theoretical value.
3 To find the slope and deflection of continuous beam
4 Determination of deflection of trusses
5 To find horizontal thrust for two hinge arch.
To calculate horizontal deflection at roller end in two

6 hinged arch
To determine horizontal thrust for indeterminate
7
portal frame
To study the behaviour of different types of struts
8 and to calculate the Euler’s Buckling load for each
case.
To determine the moment required to produce a
9 given rotation at one end of a beam when the other
end is i) Pinned ii) Fixed
10 Study of various types of strain gauges
ACET/SA-I Page 7
CONTENTS
Exp
NAME OF EXPERIMENT Date Sign Remark
No
To verify the Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem for

1 beam.
To find the value of Flexural rigidity (EI) for a given

2
beams and compare with theoretical value.
3 To find the slope and deflection of continuous beam
4 Determination of deflection of trusses
5 To find horizontal thrust for two hinge arch.
To calculate horizontal deflection at roller end in two

6
hinged arch
To determine horizontal thrust for indeterminate
7
portal frame
To study the behaviour of different types of struts
8 and to calculate the Euler’s Buckling load for each
case.
To determine the moment required to produce a
9 given rotation at one end of a beam when the other
end is i) Pinned ii) Fixed
10 Study of various types of strain gauges
ACET/SA-I Page 8
EXPERIMENT NO. – 1
CLERK’S MAXWELL RECIPROCAL THEOREM
ACET/SA-I Page 9
AIM:
To verify the Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem for beam.
APPARATUS :
Mild steel overhand beam, (Fig. 1) dial gauges, weights.
Fig.1
THEORY :
Clark Maxwell’s theorem in its simplest form states that the deflections of any pint a of any
elastic structure due to a load P at any other point B is the same as the deflection of B due to
the same load P applied at point A, deflection being measured in the direction of P.
It is , therefore easily derived that the deflection curve of a beam under unit load at any point
is the same as the influence line of deflection for that point when a unit load moves along the
beam. Thus application of the theorems to a beam can be verified by this experiment by
plotting both the curves fro any point.
PROCEDURE :
1. A load of 1 kg is placed either at the centre of the simply supported span or at the free end
of the cantilever so that the deflection may be appreciable.
2. Measure the heights of the upper edge of beam at the interval of 10 cms. By means of a
dial gauge before and after loading and determine the deflection at 10 cms. Interval
before and after loading at each pint separately. This shall be measured by moving the
dial gage form one point to another and taking the heights before and after loading at each
point.
3. Now move a 1 kg. load along the beam at 10 cms. interval and for each position of the
load, find the deflection of the point where the load was applied in step 1, above, This
deflection should be measured at each such point before and after the loading. Separately,
4. Plot the graph between deflection as ordinate and position of point on abscissa and
compare the plot for graph drawn in step 2 and step 4, These are the influence line
ordinates for deflection of the beam :
5. The steps 1 to 4 should be repeated for central load on simply supported beam or load at
free end of the cantilever.
ACET/SA-I Page 10
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS :
Distance for Load Load

Sr. No. Distance For Deflection Deflection
Applied
(mm) (mm) (mm)
(Kg)
From A From B From A From B
RESULTS :
Comparison of the deflection for the beam.
ACET/SA-I Page 11
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF DEFLECTED BEAM
ACET/SA-I Page 12
AIM :
To find the value of flexural stiffness (EI) for a given beam and compare it with
theoretical value.
THEORY :
Deflected Shape
A
C
C Y B D
L/2
W
W D
L a
a
For the beam with two equal overhangs and subjected to two concentrated loads W each at
the free ends, the maximum deflection y at the centre is given by
w.a.L2
Central upward deflection, y  (1)
8EI
Where,
a=length of overhang on each side
W=load applied at the free ends
L=main span
E=modulus of elasticity of the material of the beam
I=moment of inertia of cross section of the beam.
w.a.L2
 EI  (2)
8y
E  b3d
Also it is known that EI for beam  (3)
12
Where, b = width of beam
d = depth of beam
PROCEDURE :
ACET/SA-I Page 13
Step 1 : Find b and d of the beam and calculate the theoretical value of by Eq. (3)
Step 2 : Measure the main span and overhang span of the beam with a scale.
Step 3 : By applying equal loads at the free end of the overhang beam, find the central
deflection y.
Step 4 : Repeat the above steps for different loads.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
1. Calculate the experimental value of EI by Eq. (2)
2. Compare the experimental value of EI with theoretical values.
CALCULATION :
Length of main span, L (cm) =
Length of overhang on each side, a (cm) =
Width of beam, b (cm) =
Depth of beam, d (cm) =
Modulus of elasticity, E (kg/cm2) = 2x106
Average value of EI from observation = cm4
Average value of EI from calculation = cm4
PRECAUTION :
 Measure the centre deflection y very accurately.

 Ensure that the beam is devoid of initial curvature
 Loading should be within the elastic limit of the materials.
ACET/SA-I Page 14
TO FIND THE SLOPE AND DEFLECTION OF CONTINUOUS BEAM
ACET/SA-I Page 15
AIM : To find the slope and deflection of continuous beam.
THEORY : According to moment area theorem.
1. The change of slope of the tangents of the elastic curve between any two points of the
M
deflected beam is equal to the area of diagram between these two points.
EI
2. The deflection of any point relative to tangent at any other point is equal to the
M
moment of the area of the diagram between the two points about the point at
EI
which
the deflection is required.
Deflected shape
W
Y2 W W W
B Y1 A
B
b a L a b
From Fig.
Y2
Slope at B 
b
SUGGESTED EXPERIMENTAL WORK :

Step 1 : Measure a, b and L of the beam.
ACET/SA-I Page 16
Step 2 : Place the hangers at equal distance form the sports A and load them with equal
loads.
Step 3 : Measure the deflection by dial gauges at the end B (y2) and at the centre C (y1).
Step 4 : Repeat the above steps foe different loads.
RESLUTS AND DISCUSSIONS :
Y2
1. Calculate the slope at B as (measured value).
b
2. Compute slope and deflection at B theoretically form B.M.D and compare with
experimental values
3. Deflection at C = Y1
4. Deflection at C = Average calculated value.
SAMPLE DATA SHEET :
Length of main span, L (cm.) =
Length of overhang on each side, a (cm.) =
Modulus of elasticity, E (kg/cm2) = 2 x 106
COMMENTS :
The moment area theorems may often be used more conveniently in the computation
of slopes and Deflection of beams and frames, practically when the deformation is
caused by concentrated rather than distributed loads. These theorems are based on a
consideration of the geometry of the elastic curve of the beam and the relation
between the rate of a change of slope and the bending moment at a point on the elastic
curve.
PRECAUTIONS:
 Apply the concentration loads without jerks.

 Measures the deflection only when the beam attains equilibrium.
 Measure deflection very carefully and accurately.
ACET/SA-I Page 17
DEFLECTION OF A TRUSS
ACET/SA-I Page 18
AIM:
Determination of deflection of trusses by Willot-Mohrs diagram.
THEORY :
The deflection of a node of truss under a given loading given by
TUL

AE
Where
T= force in any number under the given loading.

U= force in any number under a unit load at the point at which the
deflection is required. The unit loads acts when the load on the truss has been
removed and in the direction in which the deflection is required.
L= length of any member.
A = cross sectional area of any member.
E= modulus of elasticity.
Here L/AE is a property of member, which is equal to the extension per unit load. It may be
determined for each member separately by suspending a load from it and notice the extension
APPARAUTS :
Apparatus consists of a 4 panels of a PRATT truss, each panel being 40 cm. in horizontal
direction and 30 cm. in vertical direction. Load can be applied on each panel point. All
tension members are providing with detachable spring so as to obtain appreciable
deformation of the member. Direction of the diagonal members may be changed. Apparatus
can be used to illustrate visually the nature of forces set up in various members of the truss.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take out each member with a spring. Plot extension against loads suspended from
it and obtain the extension per unit load from the graph in mm/kg.
2. Load the truss with 200 gm. load at each node and assume this as the initial
position. Not the reading in the dial gauge under each node in this position.
3. Add loads of 2 kg. at central node and 1& 2 kg. at either of other nodes. Measure
the deflection through dial gauge of again. The added deflections due to applied
loads are found by difference between two readings of dial gauge.
4. Calculate deflection according to the formula given above under three nodes and
compare with the experimental values obtained.
5. Discuss the discrepancies.
ACET/SA-I Page 19
U0 U1 U2 U3 U4
L0 L1 L2 L3 L4
OBSERVATION AND TABLE
1. Values of L/AE
U0L1 U1L2 U3L2 U4L2 U1L2 U2L3
Load Load Load Load Load Load

Extension Extension Extension Extension Extension Extension
Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg.

mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.
ACET/SA-I Page 20
2. Deflection by calculation.
Node L1 L2 L3
1. Initial Loads (kg.)

2. Initial dial gauge reading
3. Additional Loads (kg.)
4. Final dial gauge (kg.)
5. Deflection (4)-(2)
3. Deflection by calculation.
Member L/AE (kg.) Node L1 Node L2 Node L3
U F.UL/AE U F.UL/AE U F.UL/AE
U0U1
U1U2
U2U3
U3U4
U0U1
U1U2
U2U3
U0U0
U1U1
U2U2
U3U3
U4U4
U0U1
U1U2
ACET/SA-I Page 21
4. Comparison of Deflections
Node L1 Node L2 Node3
1. Experimental
2. Calculated
ACET/SA-I Page 22
TWO HINGED ARCH APPARATUS
ACET/SA-I Page 23
AIM:
To find horizontal thrust and to draw the influence line for horizontal thrust for two hinge
arch.
THEORY :-
The two hinged arch is a statically indeterminate structure of the first degree. The horizontal
thrust is the redundant reaction and is obtained by the use of strain energy methods.
A
B B
L
Fig.(a) ∆1
B H
A
H
Fig. (b) ∆2
B
Two hinged arch is made determinate by treating it as a simply supported curved beam and
horizontal thrust as a redundant reaction the arch spreads out under external load as shown in
fig. (a). this results in a horizontal displacement of support B by ∆ 1. here, deflection due to
flexure only has been considered. Since the support conditions dictate that the final
displacement at support B should be zero, horizontal reaction H should be such that
displacement ∆2 caused by H must satisfy the condition.
 1   2  0
1  f x H  0
Where, f is the displacement caused by a unit force applied in the direction of H.

1
H  (1)
f
ACET/SA-I Page 24
Therefore, it is required to calculate the horizontal displacement on arch caused by external

load as well as unit horizontal force.
The horizontal displacement in a curved member can be found by either castiglano’s second
theorem or the unit load method.
M ds
H   BA M
H EI
M ds
  BA Mm
H EI
ds
Similarly f   BA m 2
EI
Mm ds
EI 
Therefore, H  (2)
m2 ds
 EI
Where, M= Bending moment on any point on the arch due to given loading.
m= moment on any point on the arch due to a unit horizontal force applied at B in the
direction of H.
the expression given by Eq. (20 will become simpler provided the curve of the arch axis is
parabolic and moment of inertial of curve at any section varies as I=I o sec θ where θ is angle
between the horizontal and tangent to the arch axis at that particular point.
Io = moment of inertia at the crown
I = moment of inertia at any other section
m = y, ds= sec θ dx
it may be noted that the integration is to be carried out form 0 to L then Eq. (2) will become.
Mydx

L
0
H EI (3)

L 2
O y dx
Mydx

L
0
And ∆1=horizontal displacement = L EI for a concentrated load W at the crown it is
 O EI 0
found that
5 WL2 r
Horizontal displacement 1  (4)
48 EI0
Where, L is the span of the arch and r is the rise.
ACET/SA-I Page 25
The horizontal movement of arch roller end can be found by this method for any position of
the load on the arch.
W1 W
W
H
A
L
Z=aL
(L  z) Wz
W
L L
Ordinate for the influence line diagram for H at any distance z = aL form L.H.S can be
obtained as follows :
Wx
M  ( L  z ) for 0  x  z
L
Wz
M  ( L  x) for z  x  L
L
Now H can be evaluated using Eq.(3).
Wx  x x2  W ( L  x)  x x 2  W ( L  z )( L2  Lz  Z 2 )
 My dx  0z ( L  z )4r   2 dx   Lz z 4r   2 dx  z
L
0
L L L  L L L  3L2
ACET/SA-I Page 26
2
  x x 2  18 2
 y dx   4 x  2  dx  Lr
L 2 L
o o
  L L  15
5 Wz
H   3
( L  z )( L2  Lz  z 2 )
8 rL
Now substituting z=aL
5 WL
We have H   ( a  2a 3  a 4 )
8 r
Taking W=1kg.
 Influence line ordinate are given by
5 WL
ILO  ( a  2a 3  a 4 )
8 r
APPARATUS :
The model has a span of 100cm and rise 25cm. both end are hinged but one of the ends is
also free to move longitudinally. A lever arrangement is fitted at this end for the
application of known horizontal inward force for measuring the horizontal thrust. Along the
horizontal span of the arch various pints are marked at equidistant for the application of load.
This being a statically indeterminate structure of the first degree. A dial gauge with magnetic
base is supplied with the apparatus.
PROCEDURE :
Step 1 : Fix the dial gauge to measure the movement of the roller end of the model
and keep the lever out of contact.
Step2 : Place a load of 0.5kg on the central hanger of the arch at remove any slackness and
taking this as the initial position, set the reading on the dial gauge to zero.
Step3 : Now add 1kg weights to the hanger and tabulated the horizontal movement of the
roller end with increase in the load in steps of 1gk. Take the reading up to 5kg
load. Dial gauge reading should be noted at the time of unloading also.
step4 : Plot a graph between the load end displacement (theoretical and experimental)
compare. Theoretical values should be computed by Eq.(4)
Step5 : Now move the lever in contact with 200gm hanger on ratio 4/1 position with a 1kg
load on the first hanger. Set the initial reading of the dial gage to zero.
Step6 : Place additional 5kg.load on the first hanger without shock and observe the dial
gauge reading.
Step7 : Restore the dial gauge reading to zero by adding loads to the lever hanger, say the
load is w kg.
ACET/SA-I Page 27
Step8 : The experimental value of the influence line ordinate at the first hanger position shall
4w
be .
5
Step9 : Repeat the steps 5 to 8 for all other hanger loading positions and tabulate. Plot the
influence line ordinates.
Step10 : Compare the experimental values with those obtained theoretically by using Eq. (5)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS :

Compare the two results obtained theoretically and analytically.
CALCULATION :
TABLE-1
Horizontal thrust
Sr.No. Central load (kg.) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
1 Observed horizontal thrust
2 Calculated horizontal thrust
ACET/SA-I Page 28
HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION AT ROLLER END IN TWO HINGED ARCH
ACET/SA-I Page 29
AIM:
To calculate horizontal deflection at roller end in two hinged arch
Procedure and steps same as above.
Horizontal displacement
Sr.No. Central load (kg.) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
1 Observed horizontal displacement
ACET/SA-I Page 30
BEHAVIOUR OF STRUTS
ACET/SA-I Page 31
AIM :
To study the behaviour of different types of struts and to calculate the Euler’s buckling load
for each case.
APPARATUS :
Steel strip struts with different end conditions , graph paper, weights, lead shots with
container.
PROCEDURE :
The column members fail not only by crushing but also due to buckling. This is particularly
true if the members are considerably long in comparison with their lateral dimensions. Once a
member shows signs of buckling, it will lead to a failure of the member. The load at which
the member just buckles is called the buckling load or critical load which is less than the
crushing load. Following four cases of struts with different end conditions arise for which the
 2 EI
corresponding buckling lead P is given in general by P 
l 2eff
 2 EI
i. When both ends of the member are pinned, P  , leff  l (i)
l2
 2 EI l
ii. When one end is fixed and other end is pinned, P  2
, leff 
l 2
4 EI 2
l
iii. When both ends of the member are fixed, P  2
, leff 
l 2
 EI
2
iv. When one end is fixed and other end is free, P  , leff  2l
4l 2
Where E= modules of elasticity of steel=2x106kg/cm2
I = moment of inertia for the steel strip

leff = effective length of strut for each case or Euler’s equivalent length.
l = distance between the points of fixity at top and bottom of the strut.
PROCEDURE :
1. Calculate the Euler’s buckling load for each case separately by the expression given in theory
above.
2. Place the loads on the struts and note down the loads at which the strut buckles. When the
loading platform goes down by about half its height, it shall be assumed that the strut has
buckled.
ACET/SA-I Page 32
3. For the strut where one end is fixed and other completely free on roller, it shall be ensured that
rollers are well greased and before noting the load the base is lightly tapped.
4. Pin a graph paper on the wooden board and slide it behind the strut. With a sharp pencil carefully
mark the deflected shape of the struts. Mark the pints of inflection on the curves and measure
the effective or equivalent length.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

L=………….., b=…………….., d=……………….
Critical load (kgs) Effective length (cm.)

Sr.No. End conditions
Theoretical Observed Theoretical Observed
1 Both ends pinned
2. Both ends fixed
One end pinned and

3.
other end fixed
One end fixed and

4.
other end free
ACET/SA-I Page 33
ACET/SA-I Page 34
AIM:
To determine the moment required to produce a given rotation at one end of a beam when
the other end is i) Pinned ii) Fixed
THEORY :
According to moment area theorem

For a beam AB which is simply supported at A and fixed at B, a clock-wise
rotation of A  4 EI 
can be effected by applying a clockwise moment of M A    X
 L 
A at A, (Fig a) = stiffness X Rotation which in turn induces a clockwise moment of
1  4 EI 
 MB  MA on the member at B. The expression MA    is called the
2  L 
stiffness factor, which is defined as the moment required to be applied at A to cause a
rotation of 1 radian at A of a span AB simply supported at A and fixed at B. the
MA 1
number  is the carry over factor, which iis the rotation of the moment
MB 2
induced at B due to the moment at A.
If the far end is hinged instead of being fixed, the moment required to rotation the
3EI  4 EI 
tangent at the near end through 1 radian will be instead of   Fig . B.
L  L 
 4 EI   3EI 
MA    ØA MA    ØA
 L   L 
A A
1
EI=constant MB  MA E I = constant
2
L L
Fig. A Fig. B
Moment required to produce a given rotation at one end of the beam when the other
end is pinned is ¾ of the moment required to produce the same rotation when the
other end is fixed.
ACET/SA-I Page 35
Suggested Experimental Work :
(A) Beam with overhang having far end pinned.
Step 1 : Measure the height of free end C of the beam form the top of the table.
Step 2 : Load W is applied at the free end C. the beam will get deflected as shown in
fig. Measure the height of the deflected end c form the table to. The
difference will give the deflection y.
Y
Step 3 : Measure deflection Y at C and find the slope ( ) at A.
a
(B) Beam with overhang having far end fixed.
Step 1 : Repeat all the steps a in beam with far end connected.
RESULT & DISCUSSIONS:
1. A graph is plotted between moment as ordinate and sloes for pinned end and slopes
for fixed end as abscissa.
2. Find the ration of moments in the two cases for the same slope.
ACET/SA-I Page 36
CALCULATION:
a = cm.
Load W
Sr. No Far end pinned Far end fixed
(kg.)
Deflection y Deflection y
Slope y/a rad Slope y/a rad
(cm) (cm)
COMMENTS:
PRECAUTION:
 Measure the deflection of each free end of the beam very accurately.
 Apply the load at the end without any jerk.
 Perform this experiment away from any external disturbances.
ACET/SA-I Page 37
ACET/SA-I Page 38
AIM: Study of Strain Gauges.
Definition: A strain gauge is defined as a passive transducer that converts a mechanical

displacement into a change of resistance.
A strain gauge is a thin, wafer-like device that can be attached to a variety of
materials to measure applied strain.
Structure: The majority of strain gauges are foil types, available in a wide choice of shapes
and sizes to suit a variety of applications. They consist of a pattern of resistive foil which is
mounted on a backing material. They operate on the principle that as the foil is subjected to
stress, the resistance of the foil changes in a defined way.
Working: The strain gauge is connected into a Wheatstone Bridge circuit. The change in
resistance is proportional to applied strain and is measured with Wheatstone bridge.
The sensitivity of a strain gauge is described in terms of a characteristic called the gauge
ACET/SA-I Page 39
factor, defined as unit change in resistance per unit change in length, or
Gauge factor is related to Poisson's ratio µ by,
Types:
Based on principle of working :
• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Piezoelectric
Based on mounting :
• Bonded strain gauge
• Unbonded strain gauge
Based on construction :
• Foil strain gauge
• Semiconductor strain gauge
• Photoelectric Strain gauge
MECHANICAL STRAIN GAUGE

It is made up of two separate plastic layers. The bottom layer has a ruled scale on it
and the top layer has a red arrow or pointer. One layer is glued to one side of the crack and
one layer to the other. As the crack opens, the layers slide very slowly past one another and
the pointer moves over the scale. The red crosshairs move on the scale as the crack widens.
ELECTRICAL STRAIN GAUGE

When an electrical wire is stretched within the limits of its elasticity such that it does
not break or permanently deform, it will become narrower and longer, changes that increase
its electrical resistance end to-end.
Strain can be inferred by measuring change in resistance.
ACET/SA-I Page 40
PIEZOELECTRIC STRAIN GAUGE

Piezoelectric generate electric voltage when strain is applied over it. Strain can be
calculated from voltage. Piezoelectric strain gauges are the most sensitive and reliable
devices.
BONDED STRAIN GAUGE

A bonded strain-gage element, consisting of a metallic wire, etched foil, vacuum-
deposited film, or semiconductor bar, is cemented to the strained surface.
ACET/SA-I Page 41
UNBONDED STRAIN GAUGE

The unbonded strain gage consists of a wire stretched between two points in an
insulating medium such as air. One end of the wire is fixed and the other end is attached to a
movable element.
ACET/SA-I Page 42

Sa I Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sa I Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sa I Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Structural Analysis-I Lab Manual

Roll No.________a student of ________ year of the course

of PRACTICAL/ORAL as prescribed by the Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj

Nagpur University for the subject_____________________________________

in the laboratory of ___________________________________during the

academic year _________________________ and that I have instructed him/her

that standard envisaged for the course.

Date:- Signature & Name Signature & Name

Anjuman College of Engineering and Technology

Vision and Mission of the Department

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PROGRAM: CE DEGREE: B.E

LAB COURSE OBJECTIVES:

COURSE OUTCOMES: Design Patterns

supervisor. As per department policy, a grace period of 10 minutes will be given to

 Lab reports have to be submitted serially.

as possible in class time.)

maximum care of the equipment during test.

 Keep work area neat and free of any unnecessary objects.

 Never block access to exits or emergency equipment.

Continuous Assessment Practical

To verify the Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem for

To find the value of Flexural rigidity (EI) for a given

3 To find the slope and deflection of continuous beam

4 Determination of deflection of trusses

5 To find horizontal thrust for two hinge arch.

To calculate horizontal deflection at roller end in two

10 Study of various types of strain gauges

To verify the Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem for

To find the value of Flexural rigidity (EI) for a given

3 To find the slope and deflection of continuous beam

4 Determination of deflection of trusses

5 To find horizontal thrust for two hinge arch.

To calculate horizontal deflection at roller end in two

10 Study of various types of strain gauges

CLERK’S MAXWELL RECIPROCAL THEOREM

To verify the Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem for beam.

Mild steel overhand beam, (Fig. 1) dial gauges, weights.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS :

Distance for Load Load

Comparison of the deflection for the beam.

ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF DEFLECTED BEAM

a=length of overhang on each side

W=load applied at the free ends

E=modulus of elasticity of the material of the beam

I=moment of inertia of cross section of the beam.

Where, b = width of beam

Step 4 : Repeat the above steps for different loads.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

1. Calculate the experimental value of EI by Eq. (2)

2. Compare the experimental value of EI with theoretical values.

Length of main span, L (cm) =

Length of overhang on each side, a (cm) =

Width of beam, b (cm) =

Depth of beam, d (cm) =

Modulus of elasticity, E (kg/cm2) = 2x106

Average value of EI from observation = cm4

Average value of EI from calculation = cm4

Roll No.a student of year of the course