What Are The Solutions To Climate Change

What Are the Solutions to Climate
Change?
Some solutions are big and will require billions in investment. Some are
small and free. All are achievable.
• Español
Bundei Hidreka (left), a member of the Orissa Tribal Women's Barefoot

Solar Engineers Association, holds up a solar lantern in Tinginaput, India.
Thinking about climate change can be overwhelming. We’ve been aware

of its causes for decades now, and all around us, we bear witness to its
devastating effects on our communities and ecosystems.
But the good news is that we now know exactly what it will take to win
the fight against climate change, and we’re making measurable,
meaningful progress. Game-changing developments in clean energy,
electric vehicle technology, and energy efficiency are emerging every
single day. And countries—including Canada, China, India, and the
United States—are coordinating and cooperating at levels never seen
before in order to tackle the most pressing issue of our time.
The bottom line: If the causes and effects of our climate crisis are clearer
than ever, so are the solutions.
• Ending our reliance on fossil fuels

• Greater energy efficiency
• Renewable energy
• Sustainable transportation
• Sustainable buildings
• Better forestry management and sustainable agriculture
• Conservation-based solutions
• Industrial solutions
• Technological solutions
• Our choices
Ending our reliance on fossil fuels

The single-most important thing that we can do to combat climate
change is to drastically reduce our consumption of fossil fuels. The
burning of coal, oil, and natural gas in our buildings, industrial
processes, and transportation is responsible for the vast majority of
emissions that are warming the planet—more than 75 percent, according
to the United Nations. In addition to altering the climate, dirty energy
also comes with unacceptable ecological and human health impacts.
We must replace coal, oil, and gas with renewable and efficient energy
sources. Thankfully, with each passing year, clean energy is making
gains as technology improves and production costs go down. But
according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special
Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, in order to meet the goal of
reducing global carbon emissions by at least 45 percent below 2010
levels before 2030—which scientists tell us we must do if we’re to avoid
the worst, deadliest impacts of climate change—we must act faster.
There are promising signs. Wind and solar continue to account for ever-
larger shares of electricity generation. In 2021, wind and solar generated
a record 10 percent of electricity worldwide. And modeling by NRDC
has found that wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear could account for as much
as 80 percent of U.S. electricity by the end of this decade. (We can also
fully realize our clean energy potential if we invest in repairing our aging
grid infrastructure and installing new transmission lines.) While this
transformation is taking place, automakers—as well as governments—are
preparing for a future when the majority of vehicles on the road will
produce zero emissions.
Technicians from Solaris Energy carry out the first-annual servicing and
cleaning on a heat pump that was installed into a house originally built in
the 1930s, in Folkestone, United Kingdom.
Greater energy efficiency

Energy efficiency has been referred to as “the first fuel”; after all, the
more energy efficient our systems are, the less actual fuel we have to
consume, whether rooftop solar energy or gas power. Considered this
way, efficiency is our largest energy resource. As the technology
harnessing it has advanced over the past 40 years, efficiency has
contributed more to the United States’s energy needs than oil, coal, gas,
or nuclear power.
What’s more, energy efficiency strategies can be applied across multiple

sectors: in our power plants, electrical grids, factories, vehicles,
buildings, home appliances, and more. Some of these climate-friendly
strategies can be enormously complex, such as helping utility companies
adopt performance-based regulation systems, in which they no longer
make more money simply by selling more energy but rather by
improving the services they provide. Other strategies are extraordinarily
simple. For example, weatherproofing buildings, installing cool roofs,
replacing boilers and air conditioners with super-efficient heat pumps,
and yes, switching out light bulbs from incandescent to LED can all make
a big dent in our energy consumption.
Renewable energy
Transitioning from fossil fuels to clean energy is the key to winning the
fight against climate change. Here are the most common sources
of renewable energy—and one source of decidedly nonrenewable
energy that often gets included (falsely) in the list.
Engineer Steve Marchi and his team perform a final review of rooftop
solar panels as part of the solar expansion project at the Wayne National
Forest Welcome Center, in Ohio.
Solar energy
Solar energy is produced when light from the sun is absorbed by

photovoltaic cells and turned directly into electricity. The solar panels
that you may have seen on rooftops or at ground level are made up of
many of these cells working together. By 2030, at least one in seven U.S.
homes is projected to have rooftop solar panels, which emit no
greenhouse gases or other pollutants, and which generate electricity
year-round (in hot or cold weather) so long as the sun is shining. Solar
energy currently accounts for just under 3 percent of the electricity
generated in the United States—enough to power 18 million homes—but
is growing at a faster rate than any other source. By 2035, it could
account for as much as 40 percent of electricity generation. From 2020
through 2026, solar will account for more than half of new electricity
generation worldwide.
What to do when the sun doesn’t shine, you might ask. Alongside the
boom in solar has been a surge in companion battery storage: More
than 93 percent of U.S. battery capacity added in 2021 was paired with
solar power plants. Battery storage is key to the clean energy revolution—
and adapting to a warming world. Not only are batteries important at
night when the sun isn’t out, but on hot days when homes draw a lot of
electricity to power air conditioners, battery storage can help
manage the energy demand and control the threat of power failures.
Turbines on Block Island Wind Farm, located 3.8 miles from Block Island,
Rhode Island, in the Atlantic Ocean
Wind energy
Unlike solar panels, which convert the sun’s energy directly into
electricity, wind turbines produce electricity more conventionally: wind
turns the blades of a turbine, which spin a generator. Currently, wind
accounts for just above 9 percent of U.S. electricity generation, but it,
like solar, is growing fast as more states and utilities come to recognize
its ability to produce 100 percent clean energy at a remarkably low cost.
Unsurprisingly, states with plenty of wide-open space—
including Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas—have huge capacity when it
comes to wind power, but many analysts believe that some of the
greatest potential for wind energy exists just off our coasts. Offshore
wind even tends to ramp up in the evenings when home electricity use
jumps, and it can produce energy during the rainy and cloudy times
when solar energy is less available. Smart planning and protective
measures, meanwhile, can ensure we harness the massive promise of
offshore wind while limiting or eliminating potential impacts on wildlife.
Svartsengi geothermal power plant in Iceland
Geothermal and hydroelectric energy
Along with sunlight and wind, water—under certain conditions—can also

be a source of renewable energy. For instance, geothermal energy
works by drilling deep underground and pumping extremely hot water
up to the earth’s surface, where it is then converted to steam that, once
pressurized, spins a generator to create electricity. Hydroelectric energy
uses gravity to “pull” water downward through a pipe at high speeds and
pressures; the force of this moving water is used to spin a generator’s
rotor.
Humans have been harnessing heat energy from below the earth’s
surface for eons—just think of the hot springs that provided warmth for
the people of ancient Rome. Today’s geothermal plants are considered
clean and renewable so long as the water and steam they bring up to the
surface is redeposited underground after use. Proper siting of
geothermal projects is also important, as recent science has linked some
innovative approaches to geothermal to an increased risk of
earthquakes.
Hydroelectric plants, when small-scale and carefully managed, represent

a safe and renewable source of energy. Larger plants known as mega-
dams, however, are highly problematic. Their massive footprint can
disrupt the rivers on which people and wildlife depend.
Biomass energy
With very few exceptions, generating electricity through the burning of

organic material like wood (sourced largely from pine and hardwood
forests in the United States), agricultural products, or animal waste—
collectively referred to as biomass—does little to reduce carbon
emissions, and in fact, does far more environmental harm than good.
Unfortunately, despite numerous studies that have revealed the true toll
of this form of bioenergy, some countries continue to buy the biomass
industry’s false narrative and subsidize these projects. Attitudes are
changing but, given the recent wood pellet boom, there is a lot more
work to be done.
A new electric bus on King Street in Honolulu, on June 16, 2021
Sustainable transportation
Transportation is a top source of greenhouse gases (GHG), so
eliminating pollution from the billions of vehicles driving across the
planet is essential to achieving net-zero global emissions by 2050, a goal
laid out in the 2015 Paris climate agreement.
In 2021, electric vehicles (EVs) accounted for less than 8 percent of

vehicle sales globally; by 2035, however, it’s estimated that they’ll
account for more than half of all new sales. Governments around the
world aren’t just anticipating an all-electric future; they’re bringing it into
fruition by setting goals and binding requirements to phase out the sale
of gas-powered internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. That year,
2035, is expected to mark a turning point in the adoption of EVs and in
the fight against climate change as countries around the world—as well
as numerous automakers—have announced goals to phase out gas-
powered cars and light trucks. This shift will also benefit our grid: EVs are
like a “battery on wheels” and have the potential to supply electricity
back to the network when demand peaks, helping to prevent blackouts.
It’s also critical that we consider all of the different ways we get around
and build sustainability into each of them. By increasing access to public
transportation—such as buses, ride-sharing services, subways, and
streetcars—as well as embracing congestion pricing, we can cut down on
car trips and keep millions of tons of carbon dioxide out of the
atmosphere every year. And by encouraging zero-emission forms of
transportation, such as walking and biking, we can reduce emissions
even more. Boosting these alternate forms of transportation will require
more than just talk. They require funding, planning, and the building out
of supportive infrastructure by leaders across the local, state, and
national levels.
To address the full set of impacts of the transportation sector, we need

holistic and community-led solutions around things like land-use policies
and the way we move consumer goods. Communities closest to ports,
truck corridors, rail yards, and warehouses are exposed to toxic diesel
emissions and face a high risk of developing acute and chronic public
health diseases. Like all climate solutions, long-lasting change in the
transportation sector requires building the power of historically
marginalized communities.
An Association for Energy Affordability (AEA) worker installs a new
energy-efficient window at an apartment in the South Bronx, New York
City.
Sustainable buildings
The energy used in our buildings—to keep the lights on and appliances
running; to warm them and cool them; to cook and to heat water—makes
them the single-largest source of carbon pollution in most cities across
the United States. Making buildings more energy efficient, by upgrading
windows and adding insulation to attics and walls, for example, will bring
these numbers down. That’s why it’s all the more important that we raise
public awareness of cost- and carbon-saving changes that individuals
can make in their homes and workplaces, and make it easier for people
to purchase and install energy-efficient technology, such as heat
pumps (which can both heat and cool spaces) and certified appliances
through programs like Energy Star in the United States or EnerGuide in
Canada.
Beyond the measures that can be taken by individuals, we need to see a

dedication from private businesses and governments to further building
decarbonization, which simply means making buildings more efficient
and replacing fossil fuel–burning systems and appliances with clean-
powered ones. Policy tools can help get us there, including city and state
mandates that all newly constructed homes, offices, and other buildings
be outfitted with efficient all-electric systems for heating, cooling, and
hot water; requirements that municipalities and states meet the latest
and most stringent energy conservation standards when adopting or
updating their building codes would also be impactful. Indeed, many
places around the world are implementing building performance
standards, which require existing buildings to reduce their energy use or
carbon emissions over time. Most important, if these changes are going
to reach the scale needed, we must invest in the affordable housing
sector so that efficient and decarbonized homes are accessible to
homeowners and renters of all incomes.
Nicolas Mainville joins a canoe trip with youth from the Cree First Nation
of Waswanipi on a river in Waswanipi Quebec, Canada, which is part of
the boreal forest.
Better forestry management and sustainable agriculture

Some of our strongest allies in the fight against climate change are the
trees, plants, and soil that store massive amounts of carbon at ground
level or underground. Without the aid of these carbon sinks, life on earth
would be impossible, as atmospheric temperatures would rise to levels
more like those found on Venus.
But whenever we clearcut forests for timber or rip out wetlands for
development, we release that climate-warming carbon into the air.
Similarly, the widespread overuse of nitrogen-based fertilizers (a fossil
fuel product) on cropland and generations of industrial-scale livestock
farming practices have led to the release of unprecedented amounts of
nitrous oxide and methane, powerful greenhouse gases, into our
atmosphere.
We can’t plant new trees fast enough to replace the ones we clearcut in
carbon-storing forests like the Canadian boreal or the Amazon
rainforest—nor can rows of spindly young pines serve the same function
as old-growth trees. We need a combination of responsible forestry
policies, international pressure, and changes in consumer behavior to
put an end to deforestation practices that not only accelerate climate
change but also destroy wildlife habitat and threaten the health and
culture of Indigenous communities that live sustainably in these verdant
spaces. At the same time, we need to treat our managed landscapes
with as much care as we treat wild ones. For instance, adopting practices
associated with organic and regenerative agriculture—cover crops,
pesticide use reduction, rotational grazing, and compost instead of
synthetic fertilizers—will help nurture the soil, yield healthier foods, and
pay a climate dividend too.
A school of fish swimming through a mangrove forest in the Caribbean

Sea, off Belize
Conservation-based solutions
Intact ecosystems suck up and store vast amounts of carbon: Coastal
ecosystems like wetlands and mangroves accumulate and store carbon
in their roots; our forests soak up about a third of annual fossil fuel
emissions; and freshwater wetlands hold between 20 and 30 percent of
all the carbon found in the world’s soil. It’s clear we’re not going to be
able to address climate change if we don’t preserve nature.
This is one reason why, along with preserving biodiversity, climate

experts are calling on global leaders to fully protect and restore at
least 30 percent of land, inland waters, and oceans by 2030, a strategy
endorsed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. To help
us reach that goal, we must limit industrial impacts on our public lands
and waters, continue to protect natural landscapes, support the creation
of marine protected areas, uphold bedrock environmental laws, and
follow the lead of Indigenous Peoples, many of whom have been
faithfully and sustainably stewarding lands and waters for millennia.
Emissions rise from the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, a steel mill in the
Braddock and North Braddock communities near Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
Industrial solutions
Heavy industry—the factories and facilities that produce our goods—is
responsible for a quarter of GHG emissions in the United States and 40
percent globally, according to the EPA. Most industrial emissions come
from making a small set of carbon-intensive products: basic chemicals,
iron and steel, cement, aluminum, glass, and paper. (Industrial plants are
also often major sources of air and water pollutants that directly affect
human health.)
Complicating matters is the fact that many industrial plants will stay in
operation for decades, so emissions goals for 2050 are really just one
investment cycle away. Given these long horizons for building and
retrofitting industrial sites, starting investments and plans now is critical.
What would successfully decarbonized industrial processes look like?
They should sharply reduce heavy industry’s climate emissions, as well as
local pollution. They should be scalable and widely available in the next
decade, especially so that less developed nations can adopt these
cleaner processes and grow without increasing emissions. And they
should bolster manufacturing in a way that creates good jobs.
Technological solutions
Technology alone won’t save us from climate change (especially not
some of these risky geoengineering proposals). But at the same time, we
won’t be able to solve the climate crisis without researching and
developing things like longer-lasting EV batteries,
nonpolluting hydrogen-based solutions, and reliable, safe, and
equitable methods for capturing and sequestering carbon. Because,
while these tools hold promise, we have to make sure we don’t repeat
the mistakes of the past. For instance, we can take actions to reduce
local harms from mining lithium (a critical component of electric vehicle
batteries), improve recycling opportunities for solar cells, and not use
carbon capture as an excuse to pollute. To accelerate research and
development, funding is the critical third leg of the stool: Governments
must make investing in clean energy technologies a priority and spur
innovation through grants, subsidies, tax incentives, and other rewards.
A protester rings a bell in front of P&G’s headquarters in Cincinnati; the

company’s toilet paper brand, Charmin, uses wood pulp from virgin
trees in Canada's boreal forest.
Our choices
Finally, it should go without saying that we, as individuals, are key to
solving the climate crisis—not just by continuing to lobby our
legislators and speak up in our communities but also by taking climate
actions in our daily lives. By switching off fossil fuels in our homes and
being more mindful of the climate footprint of the food we eat, our
shopping habits, how we get around, our use of plastics and fossil fuels,
and what businesses we choose to support (or not to support), we can
move the needle.
But it’s when we act collectively that real change happens—and we can
do even more than cut down on carbon pollution. Communities banding
together have fought back fracking, pipelines, and oil drilling in people’s
backyards. These local wins aren’t just good news for our global climate
but they also protect the right to clean air and clean water for everyone.
After all, climate change may be a global crisis but climate action starts
in your own hometown.
We have a responsibility to consider the implications of our choices—and

to make sure that these choices are actually helping to reduce the
burdens of climate change, not merely shifting them somewhere else.
It’s important to remember that the impacts of climate change—which
intersect with and intensify so many other environmental, economic, and
social issues—fall disproportionately on certain communities, namely low-
income communities and communities of color. That’s why our leaders
have a responsibility to prioritize the needs of these communities when
crafting climate policies. If those on the frontlines aren’t a part of
conversations around climate solutions, or do not feel the benefits of
things like cleaner air and better job opportunities, then we are
not addressing the roots of the climate crisis.
1. Renewable energies
The first way to prevent climate change is to move away from fossil fuels. What are the
alternatives? Renewable energies like solar, wind, biomass and geothermal.
2. Energy & water efficiency

Producing clean energy is essential, but reducing our consumption of energy and water by
using more efficient devices (e.g. LED light bulbs, innovative shower systems) is less costly
and equally important.
3. Sustainable transportation
Promoting public transportation, carpooling, but also electric and hydrogen mobility, can
definitely help reduce CO2 emissions and thus fight global warming.
4. Sustainable infrastructure
In order to reduce the CO2 emissions from buildings - caused by heating, air conditioning, hot
water or lighting - it is necessary both to build new low energy buildings, and to renovate the
existing constructions.
5. Sustainable agriculture & forest management

Encouraging better use of natural resources, stopping massive deforestation as well
as making agriculture greener and more efficient should also be a priority.
6. Responsible consumption & recycling

Adopting responsible consumption habits is crucial, be it regarding food (particularly meat),
clothing, cosmetics or cleaning products. Last but not least, recycling is an absolute necessity
for dealing with waste.
How You Can Stop Global Warming

Healing the planet starts in your garage, in your kitchen, and at your
dining room table.
August 7, 2023
• Español
Weatherizing doors and windows by sealing drafts can make your home
more energy efficient.
Credit:
Getty Images
Melissa Denchak
Contributor
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Rising sea levels. Raging storms. Searing heat. Ferocious fires. Severe
drought. Punishing floods. The effects of climate change are already
threatening our health, our communities, our economy, our security, and
our children’s future.
What can you do? A whole lot, as it turns out. Americans, on average,
produce 21 tons of carbon a year, about four times the global average.
Personal action is, of course, no substitute for meaningful government
policies. We still must limit carbon pollution and aggressively move away
from dirty fossil fuels toward cleaner power.
But it’s important to remember the equally vital contributions that can be
made by private citizens—which is to say, by you. “Change only happens
when individuals take action,” says clean energy advocate Aliya Haq.
“There’s no other way, if it doesn’t start with people.”
Here are a dozen easy, effective ways each one of us can make a
difference.
1. Speak up!
What’s the single biggest way you can make an impact on global climate
change? “Talk to your friends and family, and make sure your
representatives are making good decisions,” Haq says. By voicing your
concerns—via social media or, better yet, directly to your elected
officials—you send a message that you care about the warming world.
Encourage Congress to enact new laws that limit carbon emissions and
require polluters to pay for the emissions they produce. “The main
reason elected officials do anything difficult is because their constituents
make them,” Haq says. You can help protect public lands, stop offshore
drilling, and more here.
2. Power your home with renewable energy.
Choose a utility company that generates at least half its power from wind
or solar and has been certified by Green-e Energy, an organization that
vets renewable energy options. If that isn’t possible for you, take a look
at your electric bill; many utilities now list other ways to support
renewable sources on their monthly statements and websites.
3. Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.
“Building heating and cooling are among the biggest uses of energy,”
Haq says. Indeed, heating and air-conditioning account for almost half of
home energy use. You can make your space more energy efficient by
sealing drafts and ensuring it’s adequately insulated. You can also
claim federal tax credits for many energy efficiency home improvements.
To help you figure out where to start, you could also get a home energy
audit, which some utilities offer free of charge. (Alternatively, you can
hire a professional to come to your home and perform one; the Inflation
Reduction Act offers a partial tax credit for this.) The EPA’s Home Energy
Yardstick gives you a simple assessment of your home’s annual energy
use compared with similar homes.
4. Invest in energy-efficient appliances.
Since they were first implemented nationally in 1987, efficiency

standards for dozens of appliances and products have kept 2.3 billion
tons of carbon dioxide out of the air. That’s about the same amount as
the annual carbon pollution coughed up by nearly 440 million cars.
“Energy efficiency is the lowest-cost way to reduce emissions,” Haq says.
When shopping for refrigerators, washing machines, heat pump water
heaters, and other appliances, look for the Energy Star label. It will tell
you which are the most efficient. (There may also be rebates to earn from
your purchase of Energy Star–certified products.)
And when you’re ready to swap out your old machines, don’t just put
them on the curb: Recycling an old refrigerator through the EPA’s
Responsible Appliance Disposal Program can prevent an
additional 10,000 pounds of carbon pollution because the global-
warming pollutants in the refrigerants and foam would be properly
captured rather than vented to the air.
5. Reduce water waste.
Saving water reduces carbon pollution, too. That's because it takes a lot
of energy to pump, heat, and treat your water. So take shorter showers,
turn off the tap while brushing your teeth, and switch to WaterSense-
labeled fixtures and appliances. The EPA estimates that if just one out of
every 100 American homes were retrofitted with water-efficient fixtures,
about 100 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year would be saved—
avoiding 80,000 tons of global warming pollution.
6. Actually eat the food you buy—and compost what you can’t.
Approximately 10 percent of U.S. energy use goes into growing,

processing, packaging, and shipping food—about 40 percent of which
winds up in the landfill. “If you’re wasting less food, you’re likely cutting
down on energy consumption,” Haq says. As for the scraps you can’t eat
or the leftovers you don’t get to, collect them in a compost bin instead of
sending them to the landfill where they release methane. Recycling food
and other organic waste into compost provides a range of
environmental benefits, including improving soil health, reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, recycling nutrients, and mitigating the
impact of droughts.
7. Buy better bulbs.
LED light bulbs use one-sixth the amount of energy to deliver the same
amount of light as conventional incandescents and last at least 10 times
longer. They’re also cheaper in the long run: A 10-watt LED that replaces
your traditional 60-watt bulb will save you $125 over the light bulb’s life.
And because the average American home has around 40 to 50 light
bulbs, this is a simple swap that will reap huge rewards. If every
household in the United States replaced just one incandescent with an
Energy Star–labeled LED, we would prevent seven billion pounds of
carbon pollution per year. That’s equivalent to the emissions of about
648,000 cars.
8. Pull the plug(s).
Taken together, the outlets in your home are likely powering about 65
devices—an average load for a home in the United States. Audio and
video devices, cordless vacuums and power tools, and other electronics
use energy even when they're not charging. This "idle load" across all
U.S. households adds up to the output of 50 large power plants in the
country. So don't leave fully charged devices plugged into your home's
outlets, unplug rarely used devices or plug them into power strips and
timers, and adjust your computers and monitors to automatically power
down to the lowest power mode when not in use.
9. Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle.
Gas-smart cars, such as hybrids and fully electric vehicles, save fuel and
money. And once all cars and light trucks meet 2025’s clean car
standards, which means averaging 54.5 miles per gallon, they’ll be a
mainstay. For good reason: Relative to a national fleet of vehicles that
averaged only 28.3 miles per gallon in 2011, Americans will spend $80
billion less at the pump each year and cut their automotive emissions by
half. Before you buy a new set of wheels, compare fuel-economy
performance here.
10. Maintain your ride.
If all Americans kept their tires properly inflated, we could save 1.2
billion gallons of gas each year. A simple tune-up can boost miles per
gallon anywhere from 4 percent to 40 percent, and a new air filter can
get you a 10 percent boost. Also, remove unnecessary accessories from
your car roof. Roof racks and clamshell storage containers can reduce
fuel efficiency by as much as 5 percent.
11. Rethink planes, trains, and automobiles.
Choosing to live in walkable smart-growth cities and towns with quality

public transportation leads to less driving, less money spent on fuel, and
less pollution in the air. Less frequent flying can make a big difference,
too. “Air transport is a major source of climate pollution,” Haq says. “If
you can take a train instead, do that.” If you must fly, consider purchasing
carbon offsets to counterbalance the hefty carbon pollution associated
with flying. But not all carbon offset companies are alike. Do your
homework to find the best supplier.
12. Reduce, reuse, and recycle.
In the United States, the average person generates 4.5 pounds of trash
every day. Fortunately, not all the items we discard end up in landfills;
we recycle or compost more than one-third of our trash. In 2014 this
saved carbon emissions equivalent to the yearly output of 38 million
passenger cars. But we could be doing so much more. “Reduce should
always be the number-one priority,” says NRDC senior resource
specialist Darby Hoover. And to reap the environmental benefits of
“recyclable” goods, you must recycle according to the rules of your
municipality, since systems vary widely by location. Search your
municipality’s sanitation department (or equivalent) webpage to learn
exactly what you can place in the recycling bin, as counties and cities
often differ in what they accept.

dining room table.
August 7, 2023
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difference.
1. Speak up!


impact of droughts.
648,000 cars.
performance here.

dining room table.
August 7, 2023
• Español
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Melissa Denchak
Contributor
SHARE THIS PAGE

•
•
•
difference.
1. Speak up!


impact of droughts.
648,000 cars.
performance here.


dining room table.
August 7, 2023
• Español
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Melissa Denchak
Contributor
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•
•
•
difference.
1. Speak up!


impact of droughts.
648,000 cars.
performance here.


dining room table.
August 7, 2023
• Español
Credit:
Getty Images
Melissa Denchak
Contributor
SHARE THIS PAGE

•
•
•
difference.
1. Speak up!


impact of droughts.
648,000 cars.
performance here.


dining room table.
August 7, 2023
• Español
Credit:
Getty Images
Melissa Denchak
Contributor
SHARE THIS PAGE

•
•
•
difference.
1. Speak up!


impact of droughts.
648,000 cars.
performance here.

Are There Any Global
Warming Solutions?
By
Ines Gendre,
updated 29 Sept 2022
Content Manager at Greenly
What is global warming? What can be done to stop it? Are there any possible
solutions to global warming?
With global warming being a hot topic for over the last decade, it has been easy to
talk about the issue as a big challenge that will be difficult to overcome. But
understanding how we can combine different resources into one larger global
warming solution will help us feel empowered to stay informed and involved in this
fight.
What is the link between

global warming and fossil
fuels emissions?
Global warming definition
👉 The definition of global warming is the earth’s increase in temperature over recent
decades caused by our world’s fossil fuel consumption.
Global warming is one of the many byproducts of climate change. Climate change
more broadly refers to the gradual changes in climate over the past hundred years,
also caused by fossil fuel use.
Global warming is an existential threat to our existence as a species and to life on

earth as we know it.
How do fossil fuel emissions affect global
warming?
As we burn more fossil fuels, we emit more greenhouse gases. These gases are
exceptional at trapping heat in the atmosphere.
The atmosphere already had greenhouse gases before we started emitting them.
The gases contribute to the greenhouse effect which ensures that earth’s surface
temperatures are at a stable level for life to flourish. In other words, the existence of
these gases in the atmosphere is necessary for our survival.
⚠️ But, as we emit more and more gases, we are slowly changing the composition of our
atmospheric gas makeup. We are changing the planet to be better insulated, worsening
global warming.
How did we get here in the first place?

As you might have guessed, humans haven’t been emitting greenhouse gases for all
that long in the span of our species’ existence. We started burning the gases for
energy in the 1880s, coinciding with the industrial revolution. Since then, the
developed world has learned to be reliant on products and services that rely on
fossil fuels. These include:
• Electricity
• Plastics
• Gas (for cars and industry)
• Heating
We have been struggling to change this reliance on our current system, despite
understanding climate change and the science behind it.
How to stop global warming:
3 solutions
We’ve come up with a list of 3 global warming solutions that, in combination with
other solutions, could help us stop global warming.
Global warming becoming worse is inevitable if we don’t have both industry and
government on our side. The United States has begun passing laws such as the
clean air act to try to do its part as the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases.
If we work together on finding and implementing solutions, we can stop global
warming.
1) Carbon Dioxide Removal

Forests and agriculture
Removing carbon and other fossil fuels from our atmosphere is a very effective way
to limit global warming.
For example, trees and other plants are experts at sequestering carbon. They
breathe in carbon from the atmosphere and breathe out oxygen. Trees are a main
reason why the air quality is so much better in forests compared to cities.
We can protect existing forests, plant new forests, and replant forests that have been
cleared for agriculture or development to let the world’s natural air filters do their
jobs.
Another tool at our disposal is changing farming techniques. Since farms cover a lot
of soil, they have a lot of potential to sequester carbon.
By planting cover crops, farmers can make sure that their land is always collecting
carbon. They can also opt to limit tilling. This will contribute to lower rates of erosion,
keeping more carbon in the soil.
BECCS
BECCS has also been discussed as a potential powerful player in the carbon dioxide
removal game.
📖 BECCS is an acronym for BioEnergy with Carbon Capture and Storage. As the name
suggests, it is a solution that combines bioenergy (renewable energy made by burning
organic material) with storage of that same carbon that is burned.
There are other ways to sequester carbon that include capturing the carbon from the
source as it is burned, like BECCS. But what makes BECCS unique is that it uses
renewable energy in the first place – making it an even more sustainable carbon
removal option. Additionally, the carbon that is burned and then captured can also
be used as energy for electricity.
BECCS is still a very expensive system to purchase, but down the line, it could be a
vital component of our clean energy creation.
2) Renewable energy
Solar and wind energy
Solar and wind energy, among other sources of renewable energy, are increasingly
more sought after. These energy sources can replace fossil fuels by using the sun’s
energy and the wind’s energy, respectively. Wind power has contributed the most
energy among renewable energy sources to the U.S. grid for three years running.
When given the investment, wind and solar can give countries most of the energy
they require to sustain their needs. In 2020, 64% of Denmark’s electricity production
came from wind and solar.
However, both renewable energy sources have their drawbacks. Solar panels, for
example, rely on mining of particular minerals like indium and copper in order to
function. Wind turbines, in addition to solar panels, require an energy intensive
process for construction.
Are biofuels a solution to global warming?

Biofuels are liquid fuels converted from biomass like vegetables and corn into a fuel
that typical vehicle engines can use.
It is common nowadays to find biofuels mixed with a fossil fuel product. For example,
a biofuel you are likely already accustomed to if you own a car is ethanol – often it is
blended to “E10”, or 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline.
Biofuels are “cleaner” than alternatives only because the plants that they come from
sequester carbon themselves. You could say that your ethanol is “carbon neutral”
because the corn that was harvested to produce that ethanol captured carbon in its
earlier lifetime.
👉But at the end of the day, biofuels still emit CO2into the atmosphere when burned. You
could consider biofuels to be a band-aid solution rather than a surgery solution to global
warming – they are a helpful fix for now, but do not solve the underlying problem.
3) Limiting consumption
Public Transit
👉 Personal vehicles like cars, SUVs, and trucks account for about two-thirds of the U.S.’s
transportation emissions. Furthermore, transportation is the second largest contributor to
American greenhouse gas emissions behind the electric power industry.
A great way to limit the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is to cut down
on our everyday fossil fuel emissions.
If one driver of a four-person, two-car household switched from driving to

using public transit on their 10-mile daily commute, the household would have
an over 8% reduction in their annual carbon footprint.
Although there are many electric vehicles (EVs) on the road these days, we are still
several years away from EVs being widely used by all income brackets.
The public transit solution also requires that governments invest in public transit to
make this a feasible solution for the future. Unfortunately, American cities tend to
have issues with their transit systems, such as:
• Inconvenient or infrequent consistency of trains or busses.

• Incomplete service to the whole city.
• Poor transit systems between cities.
If the U.S. government invested in public transit like much of the rest of the
developed world does, it would be much easier for an American to leave their car
behind.
Changing our food consumption

Eating less meat can be a great way to limit carbon emissions. Of course, just one
person altering their habits might not make much of a difference, but as a society we
dictate the supply and demand of our food systems depending on what we buy and
consume.
The meat industry has far-reaching effects on our climate. Cows emit tons of
methane simply through digestion, particularly when they eat processed grain.
Furthermore, deforestation for cattle ranching in places like Brazil destroys local
habitat and carbon sequestration potential of forests.
We could reduce American greenhouse gases by 1% if each American limited
their meat consumption by 25%.
Going beyond meat, America’s food waste is another significant food industry
contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.
About a third of all produced food is wasted and not eaten. Methane builds up when
organic food rots in a land fill. That methane and everything that goes into the
growing, harvesting, and transporting of the world’s food waste accounts for 8% of
all greenhouse gases.
Working together with

Greenly
If learning about different global warming solutions has excited you to take a greater
part in the fight against climate change, Greenly can help you. Greenly has a wide
portfolio of certified carbon offsets to offer your business – reach out and we can
work together to commit to the climate.
S
1. The car you drive: the most important personal climate
decision.
When you buy your next car, look for the one with the best fuel
economy in its class. Each gallon of gas you use is responsible
for 25 pounds of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. Better
gas mileage not only reduces global warming, but will also
save you thousands of dollars at the pump over the life of the
vehicle. Upgrading from a 20 mpg car to a 40 mpg car can
save you 4,500 gallons of gasoline over the car’s life span. At
today’s gas prices, that’s a total savings of more than $18,000.
Ten solutions to climate change that will

actually make a difference
Jun 20, 2022
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At this point we need solutions bigger than any one person. But that doesn’t tell the
whole story.
There are a lot of differing opinions on whether it's too late to climate change — and, if it's
not the best way of going about it. Some say recycling is useless and that individual action
means nothing against the larger policy reforms that need to happen. This is, in part, true —
although you should absolutely still be recycling. But it doesn’t tell the whole story, and it
doesn’t help those who are currently on the frontlines of the climate crisis. Here, we break
down 10 solutions to climate change that will actually make a difference — and how you can
help make them all a reality.
Stand with the people most affected by climate change

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1. Shift to renewable energy sources in all key sectors

The United Nations identified a six-sector solution to climate change, focusing on actions that
can be taken by the energy, industry, agriculture, transportation, nature-based solutions, and
urban planning. If all of these actions are completed, the UN Environment Programme
estimates we could reduce global carbon emissions by 29 to 32 gigatonnes, thereby limiting
the global temperature rise to 1.5º C.
One key element of this plan is shifting to renewable energy sources, both at home and at
work. “We have the necessary technology to make this reduction by shifting to renewable
energy and using less energy,” the UNEP writes of our personal energy consumption
(generally, fossil fuels power our homes, keeping the lights on, our rooms warm, and Netflix
streaming). But the energy usage of the industrial sector also plays a key role: Addressing
issues like methane leaks and switching at large scale to passive or renewable energy-based
heating and cooling systems could reduce industrial carbon emissions by 7.3 gigatonnes
every year.
The United Nations Environment Program's Six Sector Solution to Climate Change (Image
courtesy of the UNEP)
2. Reduce food loss and waste and shift to more

sustainable diets
There are a few different ways that climate change and hunger go hand-in-hand. Whether it’s
kale or Kobe beef, producing food accounts for some measure of greenhouse gasses. In 2021,
the Food and Agriculture Organization estimated we consumed more meat than ever before.
By 2050 this will, by some estimates, increase greenhouse gas emissions from food
production by 60%. Likewise, many farmers use nitrous-based fertilizers to grow more crops,
more quickly to meet demand.
It’s important to reduce food waste at every step of the food system. For us as consumers, we
can commit to eating what we buy and composting what we don’t get to in time. We can also
switch our focus to plant-based and other sustainable diets, supporting farms that use organic
fertilizers and making beef and other meat products the exception rather than the rule at the
dinner table.
Ruth Ngoyi, 25, and her vegetables for sale at the central market of the town of Manono,
Tanganyika Province. The DRC is beset with malnutrition and chronic poverty due in part to climate
change, but programs run by Concern Worldwide are working to alleviate this. Products grown on
rural farmland as part of Concern Worldwide’s Food for Peace program are often destined to be
transported to, and sold at this market. (Photo: Hugh Kinsella Cunningham/Concern Worldwide)
3. Halt deforestation and commit to rebuilding
damaged ecosystems
The rapid deforestation of the Earth, especially over the last 60 years, has contributed to
climate change, creating “heat islands” out of land that would normally be protected by trees
and other flora from overheating. Simply put, this has to stop. There are actions each of us
can take as individuals to help halt this—going paperless and buying recycled paper products,
planting trees or supporting organizations that do this (like Concern), and recycling.
But change has to happen at a larger scale here. Illegal logging happens both in the United
States and abroad. Last year, world leaders committed to halting this and other harmful
practices by 2030 as part of COP26. You can help by holding your own elected leaders to
account.
The Paribartan project supported Indrojit to start a mangrove nursery which could provide
saplings to be planted on local embankments. Planting trees and plants on the embankments helps
to prevent erosion and make them stronger. (Photo: Shafiqul Alam Kiron/Map Photo Agency)
4. Embrace electric vehicles, public transport, and

other non-motorized options for getting around
The carbon savings on junking your current car in favor of an electric model are basically
nullified if you aren’t seriously in the market for a new vehicle. However, mass adoption of
electric vehicles and public transport — along with walking, biking, skating, and scooting —
is key to cutting the greenhouse gas emissions from fuel-based motor vehicles.
Adama T Barrie, a traditional healer from Mamurie Village, Sierra Leone, takes a cycling test.
(Photo: Andrew Tholley/ Concern Worldwide)
This is another issue you can raise with elected officials. Earlier this year, for example, you
may remember hearing that President Biden had been encouraging the US Postal System to
adopt electric vans as part of its new fleet. This didn’t come to pass, but it’s changes like
these — changes beyond any one person’s transportation method — that need to happen. You
can call on your representatives to support these switchovers for delivery vehicles, cab and
taxi fleets, ambulances, and other auto-centric services. Or, if your city or town lacks decent
public transportation or enough bike lanes or sidewalks to make those alternatives to driving,
lobby for those.
5. Subsidize low-carbon alternatives for urban

planning
In tandem with low-carbon alternatives for public transportation, governments need to
commit to similar measures with our growing cities. New buildings mean a new opportunity
to reward green design methods that help to decrease the strain on urban resources, whether
they’re apartments or entertainment venues. (Fun fact: The Stavros Niarchos Cultural Center
in Athens runs almost entirely off of solar panels during the bright and sunny summer
months.) In cities like New York, we’ve seen the toll that excessive power use can take
through rolling blackouts and brown-outs, especially in the summer months. Changes to
public infrastructure that reduce our reliance on the power grid will help to keep the system
from becoming untenably overloaded.
A solar-powered water point in Marsabit, Kenya. (Photo: Concern Worldwide)
6. Strengthen resilience and climate adaptation

methods in MAPA communities
So far, we’ve looked at solutions to climate change that can take place within our own homes
and communities. However, these only go so far to mitigate the damage that the climate crisis
has already inflicted on a large portion of the world. The most affected people and areas
(MAPAs) are largely in the Global South. Many are located in low-income countries without
the resources or infrastructure to respond and adapt to climate disasters, even as they become
more frequent and destructive.
Countries like the United States and organizations responding to the climate crisis must
support MAPA communities, particularly the most vulnerable, in developing and carrying out
strategies specific to context and designed to bolster resilience where it’s needed most. Often
these communities know what needs to be done to mitigate the effects of climate change, and
they simply need to be supported with access to additional research and meteorological data,
new technologies, and funding.
Related
News
What we talk about when we talk about resilience
The word “resilience” has taken on new meanings and contexts in recent years, but at
Concern it still has a specific definition relating to our emergency and climate response.
Here’s what we mean when we use it.
Read More
7. Address poverty and other inequalities that

increase vulnerability
The tem MAPA can also apply to individuals within a community. Women, disabled people,
children, the elderly, people living in poverty, indigenous peoples, and LGBTQIA+ people
are among those who are most likely to be hit harder by climate change because of
preexisting societal marginalization. This is why it’s critical that they also have a seat at the
decision-making table when it comes to solutions to climate change within their own
communities. Ending poverty and the other systemic inequalities that give some people
greater access to resources than others will help to offset some of the greatest threats posed
by the climate crisis.
Esime Jenaia, a Lead Farmer for conservation agriculture, at her plot in Chituke village,
Mangochi, Malawi, with neighbor Esnart Kasimu. Concern has been carrying out Conservation
Agriculture and livelihoods programming in Malawi since 2012, with the assistance of Accenture
Ireland. (Photo: Kieran McConville / Concern Worldwide)
8. Invest in disaster risk reduction (DRR)

Disaster Risk Reduction (otherwise known as DRR) protects the lives and livelihoods of
communities and individuals who are most vulnerable to disasters or emergencies. Whether
the crisis is caused by nature or humans (or a combination of both), DRR limits its negative
impact on those who stand to lose the most.
We can’t undo much of climate change’s impact so far, but we can help the communities who
are hit hardest by these impacts to prepare for and respond to these emergencies once they
strike.
9. Commit to fair financing and climate justice

Of course, DRR strategies and other resilience, adaptation, and mitigation practices cost
money. Money that the countries most affected by climate change often lack. As part of a
global commitment to climate justice, countries with the highest carbon footprints should be
making restitution to those countries with lower footprints, countries that tend to be more
vulnerable to global warming.
Countries like the United States must increase investments in disaster prevention and DRR
strategies, such as early warning and response systems, forecast-based financing mechanisms,
and adapted infrastructure. What’s more, these funds need to be made rapidly dispersible and
flexible so that when emergency strikes, they can be accessed more quickly. Additional
investment to prevent conflicts over the use of natural resources will also help countries
facing both fragile political systems and a high risk for climate-related disasters.
Our Work
Project Profile
Responding to Pakistan's Internally Displaced (RAPID)
RAPID is a funding program that allows Concern to quickly and efficiently deliver aid to
people displaced by conflict or natural disaster.
Read More
10. Guarantee these changes in the long-term via

policy reform
Few of the solutions listed above are not sustainable without policy reform. You can help by
encouraging your elected officials to consider the above points, and to support bills that
incorporate one or more of these solutions to climate change, many of which are currently
being written and shared at the local and national levels.
Smart climate policy will prioritize people over corporations, consider the framework of
climate justice — including land and water rights of indigenous peoples and rural
communities, address the intersectional effects of climate change on hunger, poverty, and
gender equality, and enforce regulatory frameworks and standards that commit people and
institutions to honoring these new standards. Bold and aggressive action must be taken if
we’re to reach the goal of not exceeding 1.5º C and mitigating the current effects of climate
change by 2030. But it’s not a lost cause yet. It’s on all of us to now support those actions
that are needed most.
Su
• RESOURCES
• EXPLAINERS
TOP 10 LARGE-SCALE CLIMATE
SOLUTIONS
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27.08.21 BY CLIMATE COUNCIL

This content is more than 2 years old
The latest IPCC report could not be clearer: we either dramatically reduce global
greenhouse gas emissions this decade, or face catastrophic climate impacts. The
strong message is that although time is running out, we still have control over what the
future looks like. Co-ordinated ambitious action taken today can dramatically reduce
future harm.
At the Climate Council, we are often asked about the best solutions to climate change
that are available today and can drive Australia’s emissions down quickly. So our
research team has compiled this list of their top ten large-scale climate solutions – in no
particular order – which would see our emissions plummet.
No New Coal, Oil and Gas
The International Energy Agency says there can be no new coal, oil or gas projects if the
global energy sector is to reach net zero emissions by 2050 and help avoid catastrophic
climate change. That’s because burning fossil fuels is the largest source of greenhouse
gas emissions, which is what’s causing climate change. Yet the Government continues to
pay fossil fuel companies to increase production right around the country, particularly
new gas projects.
Electrify everything
Many industries and technologies still run on combustion (e.g. cars that burn fuel in
their engines), and many homes and businesses still rely on gas. Electrifying all of our
energy needs would mean we don’t need to use combustion fuels that emit greenhouse
gases. Electric cars are becoming more affordable and available, and when paired with
renewable energy, they produce zero emissions! And in the home, gas stoves and hot
water systems can be swapped with induction and heat pumps, which are not only
better for the climate, but better for your health too.
100% renewables
Moving to 100% renewables is key to addressing climate change. Renewable energy –
like solar, wind and renewable hydrogen – don’t emit the greenhouse gases that are
driving climate change. Renewable energy is clean, reliable and affordable. The
Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO), found there were “no fundamental limits
to 100% renewables.” So what are we waiting for! Read more.
Improve efficiency
Energy efficiency refers to how well something uses energy, i.e. how much ‘work’ that
unit of energy can provide. Australian houses and buildings are notoriously
energy inefficient which drives up our bills and our emissions. By improving energy
efficiency we can get more bang for our buck and use less energy to do the same
job. Read our top tips here! Or watch out video below.
Get smart about managing energy demand
You might have heard about something called the ‘electricity grid’. This is the network
that delivers electricity from producers to consumers. The problem is that many
features of Australia’s biggest grids are old, inefficient and outdated. Our Government
needs to step up to create smarter, more nimble grids that would allow us to better
manage energy demand and accommodate the critical transition to renewable
energy. Read more.
Travel smart
Travelling uses energy and that energy has to come from somewhere. Transport is now
Australia’s third-largest source of greenhouse gas emissions after electricity. By making
smart travel choices (like using public transport, walking, cycling or carpooling) where
possible, you can reduce the amount of energy you use to get around. Read more.
Change up our diet
The way most of us consume food is not particularly climate smart. Food miles, land
clearing and overall resource consumption (which is one of the biggest issues with
meat) are each big factors that contribute to climate change. An important step we can
all take is to be conscious of where our food comes from and what its overall impact is.
Try to eat locally sourced food to avoid those transport emissions, and cut back on meat
consumption – especially meat produced at factory farms or other unsustainable ways –
where you can. More importantly, the food industry itself needs a real shake up to
appropriately consider its climate impacts.
Export Australian wind and sun
As the sunniest continent, and one of the windiest, Australia has the chance to be a
world leader in renewables. Exporting these renewables would be a huge economic
opportunity and create lots of new jobs. In fact, a report from the Australian-German
Energy Transition Hub said that with the right policies, Australia could produce double
the amount of energy it needs by 2050 and export the excess, even after electrifying
(basically) everything.
Responsible land management
Climate change poses a big threat to the land and how we use it. But the latest report
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows how smarter and
more responsible land management practices can help address climate change. This
involves things like smarter farming, halting deforestation and looking after our coastal
ecosystems.
Contact your local, state and federal representatives
As you’ve just read, we’ve got the solutions we need to address climate change. But in
many areas, the political will is missing. Contacting your local, state and federal
representatives about the importance of climate action is one of the best climate
solutions out there! And we’ve got a handy guide to how to do it here.

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What Are the Solutions to Climate

Bundei Hidreka (left), a member of the Orissa Tribal Women's Barefoot

Thinking about climate change can be overwhelming. We’ve been aware

• Ending our reliance on fossil fuels

Ending our reliance on fossil fuels

Greater energy efficiency

What’s more, energy efficiency strategies can be applied across multiple

Solar energy is produced when light from the sun is absorbed by

Geothermal and hydroelectric energy

Along with sunlight and wind, water—under certain conditions—can also

Hydroelectric plants, when small-scale and carefully managed, represent

With very few exceptions, generating electricity through the burning of

A new electric bus on King Street in Honolulu, on June 16, 2021

In 2021, electric vehicles (EVs) accounted for less than 8 percent of

To address the full set of impacts of the transportation sector, we need

Beyond the measures that can be taken by individuals, we need to see a

Better forestry management and sustainable agriculture

A school of fish swimming through a mangrove forest in the Caribbean

This is one reason why, along with preserving biodiversity, climate

A protester rings a bell in front of P&G’s headquarters in Cincinnati; the

We have a responsibility to consider the implications of our choices—and

2. Energy & water efficiency

5. Sustainable agriculture & forest management

6. Responsible consumption & recycling

How You Can Stop Global Warming

SHARE THIS PAGE

2. Power your home with renewable energy.

3. Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.

4. Invest in energy-efficient appliances.

Since they were first implemented nationally in 1987, efficiency

5. Reduce water waste.

Approximately 10 percent of U.S. energy use goes into growing,

7. Buy better bulbs.

8. Pull the plug(s).

10. Maintain your ride.

11. Rethink planes, trains, and automobiles.

Choosing to live in walkable smart-growth cities and towns with quality

12. Reduce, reuse, and recycle.

How You Can Stop Global Warming

SHARE THIS PAGE

2. Power your home with renewable energy.

3. Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.

4. Invest in energy-efficient appliances.

Since they were first implemented nationally in 1987, efficiency

5. Reduce water waste.

Approximately 10 percent of U.S. energy use goes into growing,

7. Buy better bulbs.

8. Pull the plug(s).

9. Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle.

11. Rethink planes, trains, and automobiles.

Choosing to live in walkable smart-growth cities and towns with quality

12. Reduce, reuse, and recycle.

SHARE THIS PAGE

2. Power your home with renewable energy.

3. Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.

4. Invest in energy-efficient appliances.

Since they were first implemented nationally in 1987, efficiency

5. Reduce water waste.

Approximately 10 percent of U.S. energy use goes into growing,