Engineering Utilities Lecture 8

Lecture 8
Lighting Systems
Engr. Gerard Ang
School of EECE
Lighting Systems
1. Characteristics of Good Illumination
• The light source should not strike the eyes of the worker
• The type and size of the lamp should be correct
• Location of light sources should be proper
• Reflecting equipment should be suitable
2. Advantages of Correct Illumination:

• Factory production increases
• Accidents decrease
• Wastage of jobs decreases
3. Advantages of a Well Design Lighting Scheme

• Adequate illumination
• Avoidance of glare and hard shadows
• Sufficient uniform distribution of light all over the workplace
Lighting Systems
4. Factors affecting illumination
• Brightness
• Contrast. It is the difference in brightness between an object and
its background.
• Glare. There are two types of glare: (a) direct glare and (b)
indirect glare
• Diffuseness
5. Artificial Sources of Light

Different methods of producing light by electrical means are the
following:
a. By temperature incandescence
b. By establishing an electric arc between two carbon electrodes
c. By electric discharge
Lighting Systems
Kinds of Lighting System:
1. Direct Lighting. In this type of lighting most of the light falls directly to the
surface or the spot which is required to be illuminated. In this system, about
90% of the total light energy falls on the object.
2. Indirect Lighting. In this case light does not reach the surface directly but it is
being reflected or say, indirectly illuminated. The lamps are either placed
behind a cornice or in suspended opaque bowls. In this case about 90% of
light energy falls to the ceiling and then it comes to the object. There is an
opaque reflector below the lamp. This type of lighting is used for decoration
purposes in cinema, dancing halls, etc.
3. Semi-direct lighting. This system utilizes luminaires which send most of the
light downwards directly on the working plane but a considerable amount
reaches the ceilings and walls also.
Lighting Systems
4. Semi-Indirect Lighting. This lighting system lies between the direct and
indirect lighting wherein the light is partially received by diffuse reflection
and partly direct from the source. In this system about 60% to 90% light-
upward and remaining downwards. This type of lighting is mostly used for
decoration purposes.
5. General Diffusing System. In this lighting system, luminaires are employed
which have almost equal light distribution downwards and upwards.
6. Lighting systems can be further classified in terms of the following:
a. Percentage of light that falls downward towards the work plane
b. Percentage of light towards the walls and ceilings
Type of Lighting system % downward % upward

Direct 90 10
Semi-direct 60 40
General diffuse 50 50
Semi-indirect 40 60
Indirect 10 90
Lighting Systems
7. Specular Reflection – it is a type of reflection when a total reflection

of an incident light does not occur but a small portion of it is
absorbed by the reflecting surface and an image of the source is
formed.
8. Diffuse Reflection – it is a type of reflection where the incident light is
scattered or diffused in all directions hence no image of the source is
formed.
9. Perfect Diffuser – it is one that scatters light uniformly in all
directions. A white blotting paper is the nearest approach to a perfect
diffuser.
Objectives of Good Lighting Design
For a good lighting design, the following have to be met:

1. In accordance with Code requirements and architecture and interior design
2. Looks good
3. Provide the proper amount of light in every room
4. Be built and constructed within budget
5. Environmentally responsible and efficient
6. Produce good color
7. Achieve the desired moods of each space
8. Proper control of the lights
9. Facilitates daily functions and tasks such as eating, working
10. Enhance comfort and communication
11. Easy to maintain
Light Source Selection
Two Important Measurements of a Good Light Source:
1. Color Rendering Index
2. Color Temperature
Color Rendering Index
Color Rendering Index (CRI) – describes the quality of light on a scale of 0
(horrible) to 100 (perfect). This measurement illustrates the light source’s
ability to render the color of objects correctly.
Color Rendering Index
Applications
Minimum Lamp CRI Applications

Noncritical industrial storage, and security
< 50
lighting
Industrial and general illumination where
50 – 70
color is not important
Offices, schools and recreational spaces
70 – 79
where color is not important
Hotels, restaurants, offices, schools,
80 – 89 hospitals, and retail where color quality is
important
Retail and museum/gallery where color
90 – 100
quality is critical
Color Temperature
• Color Temperature of a light source – describes whether the light appears
warm, neutral or cool. The term “temperature” refers to the light emitted
from a metal object heated to the point of incandescence. The higher the
temperature, the whiter or cooler the light source appears.
Color Temperature Applications
Color Temperature
Applications
(in degrees Kelvin)
< 2500 Bulk industrial and security lighting
Residences, hotels, restaurants, themed
2700 – 3000 environments, and some commercial office
spaces
2950 – 3200 Display lighting in retail and galleries
3500 – 4100 Offices, schools, hospitals, some retail
Special applications where color
5000 – 7500 discrimination is critical; uncommon for
general lighting
Light Source Selection
Other factors to consider:
• Color Consistency and Stability of a light source – refers to how reliable the
light source is when compared with other lamps that are installed at the same
time.
• Dimmability
• Directionality
• Initial Cost
• Efficacy – refers to the energy efficiency of a light source measured in lumens
per watt.
• Operating temperature
• Auxiliary Equipment – transformer or ballast
• Ambient Temperature
• Life
• Lumen Maintenance – evaluates how much of the light is lose by the end of
the lamp’s life.
• Starting time

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Lecture 8

2. Advantages of Correct Illumination:

3. Advantages of a Well Design Lighting Scheme

5. Artificial Sources of Light

Type of Lighting system % downward % upward

7. Specular Reflection – it is a type of reflection when a total reflection

For a good lighting design, the following have to be met:

Minimum Lamp CRI Applications

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