Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Foundations of Physics
Module III - Python as Calculator

Dr. Lijo T. George

Department of Physics
St. Albert’s College (Autonomous)
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Table of Contents
6. Conditional Statements – if,
1. Introduction else and elif
2. Python 7. Loops in Python

2.1 Why Python? 7.1 for loop

2.2 How to run Python code 7.2 while loop

2.3 Installation 8. Derived datatypes

2.4 Commenting and Indentation 8.1 Complex numbers

8.2 Lists
3. Variables
8.3 Tuples
3.1 Types of variables
8.4 Dictionaries
3.2 Data type conversion
8.5 Sets
4. Input/Output in Python 9. Strings
5. Operators 10. Functions
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Introduction

• What is a program?
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Introduction

• What is a program?
A program is a sequence of instructions that specifies how to perform a
computation. Typically consists of (i) input, (ii) output, (iii) math, (iv)
conditional executions and (v) repetition
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Introduction

• What is a program?
A program is a sequence of instructions that specifies how to perform a
computation. Typically consists of (i) input, (ii) output, (iii) math, (iv)
conditional executions and (v) repetition
• Types of computer languages:
◦ Low level languages: These are programming languages that can be easily
understood by the computer but not easily readable for humans. An assembler is
required to translate the instructions to binary. Such programs are hard to
debug and maintain and not portable but they are memory efficient. e.g.
Machine Language, Assembly Language
◦ High level languages: These are programming languages that are
human-readable but need to be appropriately converted for the computer to
understand. A compiler/interpreter is required for this. Easier to maintain and
debug and easily portable but less memory efficient than low-level languages.
e.g. C, C++, Python, Javascript, Ruby etc.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Why Python?
1. Easy to Learn and use: Python uses very few keywords and a clear syntax
that resembles English
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Why Python?
1. Easy to Learn and use: Python uses very few keywords and a clear syntax
that resembles English
2. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line. This makes it
easier to debug but thus has slower execution speeds and high memory
consumption compared to other languages.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Why Python?
1. Easy to Learn and use: Python uses very few keywords and a clear syntax
that resembles English
2. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line. This makes it
easier to debug but thus has slower execution speeds and high memory
consumption compared to other languages.
3. Versatile: Python can be used for a variety of purposes e.g. web
development, data analysis, machine learning, artifcial intelligence etc.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Why Python?
1. Easy to Learn and use: Python uses very few keywords and a clear syntax
that resembles English
2. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line. This makes it
easier to debug but thus has slower execution speeds and high memory
consumption compared to other languages.
3. Versatile: Python can be used for a variety of purposes e.g. web
development, data analysis, machine learning, artifcial intelligence etc.
4. Extensive Libraries: Python has a large standard library and a vast
ecosystem of third-party libraries for variety of purposes e.g. numpy,
scipy, matplotlib, pandas, PyTorch, TensorFlow, Django, Flask etc.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Why Python?
1. Easy to Learn and use: Python uses very few keywords and a clear syntax
that resembles English
2. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line. This makes it
easier to debug but thus has slower execution speeds and high memory
consumption compared to other languages.
3. Versatile: Python can be used for a variety of purposes e.g. web
development, data analysis, machine learning, artifcial intelligence etc.
4. Extensive Libraries: Python has a large standard library and a vast
ecosystem of third-party libraries for variety of purposes e.g. numpy,
scipy, matplotlib, pandas, PyTorch, TensorFlow, Django, Flask etc.
5. Open Source: Python source code is freely available to view, modify and
distribute.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Why Python?
1. Easy to Learn and use: Python uses very few keywords and a clear syntax
that resembles English
2. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line. This makes it
easier to debug but thus has slower execution speeds and high memory
consumption compared to other languages.
3. Versatile: Python can be used for a variety of purposes e.g. web
development, data analysis, machine learning, artifcial intelligence etc.
4. Extensive Libraries: Python has a large standard library and a vast
ecosystem of third-party libraries for variety of purposes e.g. numpy,
scipy, matplotlib, pandas, PyTorch, TensorFlow, Django, Flask etc.
5. Open Source: Python source code is freely available to view, modify and
distribute.
6. Object Oriented Programming: Python supports Functional
Programming (program revolves around using functions) as well as
Object Oriented Programming (program is organised using objects)
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

How to run Python code

1. Interactive interpreter: also known as the REPL (Read, Evaluate, Print,

Loop) interpreter
2. Script execution: A Python script can be written in a file with the
extension “.py” and then executed from the command line using “python
script.py”
3. IDE: An Integrated Development Environment such as PyCharm, Spyder
or VSCode can be used to write and execute python scripts. They offer
additional features like debugging and syntax highlighting etc.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Installation

Windows
1. Go to www.python.org/downloads/windows/ and download the latest
"Stable Release" of the Python installer.
2. Install Python "for all USERS" and add Python "to PATH"
3. Finish the installation with recommended settings
4. Open the command line (cmd) from the Start Menu and execute "python"
or "python3" to open the Python interpreter (REPL – Read, Evaluate, Print,
Loop)

Android
1. Install the app "PyDroid3" from the Google Play Store
2. Open the app and run the "Interpreter" from the hamburger menu on the
left.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Commenting and Indentation

Commenting
Any section of the script that starts with the “#” symbol is not read by Python.
This allows for developers to write comments on the code which can help in
understanding and maintaining the code especially if it is to be used by other
parties. It can also be used to temporarily disable parts of the code during
testing and debugging of the script.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Commenting and Indentation

Commenting
Any section of the script that starts with the “#” symbol is not read by Python.
This allows for developers to write comments on the code which can help in
understanding and maintaining the code especially if it is to be used by other
parties. It can also be used to temporarily disable parts of the code during
testing and debugging of the script.

Indentation
Indentation in Python defines the structure and heirarchy of the code.
Python does not use code blocks but rather indentation is used to group
statements into one block. This requires consistent indentation within
certain commands such as loops, conditionals and functions. Proper
indentation also improves code readability and reduces errors.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Variables

• Variables are used to store data values

Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Variables

• Variables are used to store data values

• A variable is created when a value is assigned to it.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Variables

• Variables are used to store data values

• A variable is created when a value is assigned to it.
• The type of the variable need not be declared and can even be changed
afterwards.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Variables

• Variables are used to store data values

• A variable is created when a value is assigned to it.
• The type of the variable need not be declared and can even be changed
afterwards.
Rules for variable naming
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Variables

• Variables are used to store data values

• A variable is created when a value is assigned to it.
• The type of the variable need not be declared and can even be changed
afterwards.
Rules for variable naming
1. Start with a letter or an underscore
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Variables

• Variables are used to store data values

• A variable is created when a value is assigned to it.
• The type of the variable need not be declared and can even be changed
afterwards.
Rules for variable naming
1. Start with a letter or an underscore
2. Subsequent letters can be letters, numbers or underscore
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Variables

• Variables are used to store data values

• A variable is created when a value is assigned to it.
• The type of the variable need not be declared and can even be changed
afterwards.
Rules for variable naming
1. Start with a letter or an underscore
2. Subsequent letters can be letters, numbers or underscore
3. Variables are case-sensitive
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Variables

• Variables are used to store data values

• A variable is created when a value is assigned to it.
• The type of the variable need not be declared and can even be changed
afterwards.
Rules for variable naming
1. Start with a letter or an underscore
2. Subsequent letters can be letters, numbers or underscore
3. Variables are case-sensitive
4. Spaces are not allowed
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Variables

• Variables are used to store data values

• A variable is created when a value is assigned to it.
• The type of the variable need not be declared and can even be changed
afterwards.
Rules for variable naming
1. Start with a letter or an underscore
2. Subsequent letters can be letters, numbers or underscore
3. Variables are case-sensitive
4. Spaces are not allowed
5. Reserved keywords are not allowed
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
2.1. Integers: can be positive or negative
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
2.1. Integers: can be positive or negative
2.2. Floats: can be positive or negative
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
2.1. Integers: can be positive or negative
2.2. Floats: can be positive or negative
3. Strings: A sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes (') or double
quotes (") is a string in Python.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
2.1. Integers: can be positive or negative
2.2. Floats: can be positive or negative
3. Strings: A sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes (') or double
quotes (") is a string in Python.
4. Derived data types:
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
2.1. Integers: can be positive or negative
2.2. Floats: can be positive or negative
3. Strings: A sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes (') or double
quotes (") is a string in Python.
4. Derived data types:
4.1. Complex numbers: Can be stored in Real and Imaginary parts as ‘a + j b’
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
2.1. Integers: can be positive or negative
2.2. Floats: can be positive or negative
3. Strings: A sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes (') or double
quotes (") is a string in Python.
4. Derived data types:
4.1. Complex numbers: Can be stored in Real and Imaginary parts as ‘a + j b’
4.2. Lists: Any collection of items of the fundamental data types stored in an
ordered fashion.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
2.1. Integers: can be positive or negative
2.2. Floats: can be positive or negative
3. Strings: A sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes (') or double
quotes (") is a string in Python.
4. Derived data types:
4.1. Complex numbers: Can be stored in Real and Imaginary parts as ‘a + j b’
4.2. Lists: Any collection of items of the fundamental data types stored in an
ordered fashion.
4.3. Tuples: Similar to lists but they are immutable.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
2.1. Integers: can be positive or negative
2.2. Floats: can be positive or negative
3. Strings: A sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes (') or double
quotes (") is a string in Python.
4. Derived data types:
4.1. Complex numbers: Can be stored in Real and Imaginary parts as ‘a + j b’
4.2. Lists: Any collection of items of the fundamental data types stored in an
ordered fashion.
4.3. Tuples: Similar to lists but they are immutable.
4.4. Sets: They store unique and immutable items in an unordered fashion and
support mathematical set operations.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Types of variables

The most commonly used variable data types are:

1. Boolean: This variable can have two values: True or False
2. Numbers: These can be further divided into
2.1. Integers: can be positive or negative
2.2. Floats: can be positive or negative
3. Strings: A sequence of characters enclosed in single quotes (') or double
quotes (") is a string in Python.
4. Derived data types:
4.1. Complex numbers: Can be stored in Real and Imaginary parts as ‘a + j b’
4.2. Lists: Any collection of items of the fundamental data types stored in an
ordered fashion.
4.3. Tuples: Similar to lists but they are immutable.
4.4. Sets: They store unique and immutable items in an unordered fashion and
support mathematical set operations.
4.5. Dictionaries: They map `keys' to `values'
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Data type conversion

• In Python, you can change or convert between different data types using
various built-in functions or methods.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Data type conversion

• In Python, you can change or convert between different data types using
various built-in functions or methods.
• Changing data types (type conversion or type casting) is a common
operation that involves converting a variable from one data type to another.
This can be achieved using built-in functions like int(), float(),
str(), and bool().
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Data type conversion

• In Python, you can change or convert between different data types using
various built-in functions or methods.
• Changing data types (type conversion or type casting) is a common
operation that involves converting a variable from one data type to another.
This can be achieved using built-in functions like int(), float(),
str(), and bool().
• For instance, converting a string to an integer is done with int("123"),
and converting an integer to a string is done with str(123). Type
conversion is essential for ensuring data compatibility and correctness in
operations, such as mathematical calculations or string manipulations.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Input/Output in Python
Input
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Input/Output in Python
Input
1. Input from the user in Python can be done using the input() command.
This function reads a line from the input (usually from the user via the
keyboard), converts it to a string, and returns it.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Input/Output in Python
Input
1. Input from the user in Python can be done using the input() command.
This function reads a line from the input (usually from the user via the
keyboard), converts it to a string, and returns it.
2. Input from the user can also be read from a file.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Input/Output in Python
Input
1. Input from the user in Python can be done using the input() command.
This function reads a line from the input (usually from the user via the
keyboard), converts it to a string, and returns it.
2. Input from the user can also be read from a file.

Output
Any output can be displayed either in terminal or stored in a file.
Displaying in the terminal is done using the print command which prints
the output as strings. There are several ways to format the output string:
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Input/Output in Python
Input
1. Input from the user in Python can be done using the input() command.
This function reads a line from the input (usually from the user via the
keyboard), converts it to a string, and returns it.
2. Input from the user can also be read from a file.

Output
Any output can be displayed either in terminal or stored in a file.
Displaying in the terminal is done using the print command which prints
the output as strings. There are several ways to format the output string:
1. Default: By default, the print command can print several arguments
separated by a space.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Input/Output in Python
Input
1. Input from the user in Python can be done using the input() command.
This function reads a line from the input (usually from the user via the
keyboard), converts it to a string, and returns it.
2. Input from the user can also be read from a file.

Output
Any output can be displayed either in terminal or stored in a file.
Displaying in the terminal is done using the print command which prints
the output as strings. There are several ways to format the output string:
1. Default: By default, the print command can print several arguments
separated by a space.
2. str.format: This method allows for more advanced string formatting by
replacing placeholders ‘{}’ with variables or expressions.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Input/Output in Python
Input
1. Input from the user in Python can be done using the input() command.
This function reads a line from the input (usually from the user via the
keyboard), converts it to a string, and returns it.
2. Input from the user can also be read from a file.

Output
Any output can be displayed either in terminal or stored in a file.
Displaying in the terminal is done using the print command which prints
the output as strings. There are several ways to format the output string:
1. Default: By default, the print command can print several arguments
separated by a space.
2. str.format: This method allows for more advanced string formatting by
replacing placeholders ‘{}’ with variables or expressions.
3. f-strings: These are a concise and readable way to embed expressions
inside string literals using curly braces.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Input/Output in Python
Input
1. Input from the user in Python can be done using the input() command.
This function reads a line from the input (usually from the user via the
keyboard), converts it to a string, and returns it.
2. Input from the user can also be read from a file.

Output
Any output can be displayed either in terminal or stored in a file.
Displaying in the terminal is done using the print command which prints
the output as strings. There are several ways to format the output string:
1. Default: By default, the print command can print several arguments
separated by a space.
2. str.format: This method allows for more advanced string formatting by
replacing placeholders ‘{}’ with variables or expressions.
3. f-strings: These are a concise and readable way to embed expressions
inside string literals using curly braces.
You can also specify the separator and end parameters.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Arithematic Operators
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Comparison Operators
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Logical and Bitwise Operators

Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Assignment Operators
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Identity and Membership Operators

Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Conditional Statements – if, else and elif

These statements allow you to execute certain blocks of code based on conditions.
Python uses indentation to define the blocks of code. Each block of code following an
if, elif, or else statement must be indented.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Conditional Statements – if, else and elif

These statements allow you to execute certain blocks of code based on conditions.
Python uses indentation to define the blocks of code. Each block of code following an
if, elif, or else statement must be indented.

if statements
An if statement allows you to execute certain blocks of code based on specific
conditions. It enables decision-making in the program by evaluating a condition and
determining whether it is True or False. The syntax is given by:
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Conditional Statements – if, else and elif

These statements allow you to execute certain blocks of code based on conditions.
Python uses indentation to define the blocks of code. Each block of code following an
if, elif, or else statement must be indented.

if statements
An if statement allows you to execute certain blocks of code based on specific
conditions. It enables decision-making in the program by evaluating a condition and
determining whether it is True or False. The syntax is given by:

if-else statements
Following an if statement block, the else keyword can be used, followed by another
colon and an indented block of code that runs if the condition is False. This structure
enables you to handle binary decisions effectively, ensuring that one of the two code
blocks is always executed. The syntax is given by:
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Conditional Statements – if, else and elif

Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Conditional Statements – if, else and elif

if-elif-else statements
It begins with an if statement, where a specific condition is evaluated. If this condition is
true, the corresponding block of code executes. If the initial condition is false, the program
proceeds to check subsequent elif (else if) statements in sequence. Each elif statement
introduces another condition to evaluate, providing additional pathways for the program’s
logic based on different scenarios. Finally, if none of the preceding conditions are met, the
else block, if present, serves as a catch-all for executing code when all previous conditions
evaluate to false.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Loops in Python

• A loop statement enables the repetition of a statement or group of

statements multiple times based on specified conditions.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Loops in Python

• A loop statement enables the repetition of a statement or group of

statements multiple times based on specified conditions.
• Python supports for and while loops for iterative operations.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Loops in Python

• A loop statement enables the repetition of a statement or group of

statements multiple times based on specified conditions.
• Python supports for and while loops for iterative operations.
• Additionally, loop control statements alter the sequence of execution.
When execution exits a scope in Python, all automatically created objects
within that scope are automatically destroyed.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Loops in Python – for loop

• A for loop in Python provides a concise and powerful way to iterate over a
sequence of elements, such as lists, tuples, strings, or ranges.
• It allows you to execute a block of code repeatedly for each item in the
sequence.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Loops in Python – for loop

• A for loop in Python provides a concise and powerful way to iterate over a
sequence of elements, such as lists, tuples, strings, or ranges.
• It allows you to execute a block of code repeatedly for each item in the
sequence.

range object
range(stop)
range(start, stop[, step])
The range keyword is used in Python to produce an object containing a
sequence of integers from start(inclusive) to stop(exclusive) with step
increment (positive or negative). Default value of start is 0.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Loops in Python – while loop

Unlike for loops, which iterate over a sequence of elements, while loops
continue iterating until the condition specified at the start of the loop
evaluates to False.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Fine-tuning loops

There are two useful statements that can be used within loops to fine-tune
how they are executed:
• The break statement breaks out of the loop entirely
• The continue statement skips the remainder of the current loop, and goes
to the next iteration
These can be used in both for and while loops.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Complex numbers

In Python, complex numbers are represented using the syntax a + bj √,

where a and b are real numbers and j represents the imaginary unit ( −1).
Python then allows several operations on these complex numbers.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Complex numbers

In Python, complex numbers are represented using the syntax a + bj √,

where a and b are real numbers and j represents the imaginary unit ( −1).
Python then allows several operations on these complex numbers.
• The real and imaginary part of a complex number z can be obtained from
z.real, z.imag respectively.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Complex numbers

In Python, complex numbers are represented using the syntax a + bj √,

where a and b are real numbers and j represents the imaginary unit ( −1).
Python then allows several operations on these complex numbers.
• The real and imaginary part of a complex number z can be obtained from
z.real, z.imag respectively.
• The conjugate of a complex number z can be obtained using
z.conjugate()
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Complex numbers

In Python, complex numbers are represented using the syntax a + bj √,

where a and b are real numbers and j represents the imaginary unit ( −1).
Python then allows several operations on these complex numbers.
• The real and imaginary part of a complex number z can be obtained from
z.real, z.imag respectively.
• The conjugate of a complex number z can be obtained using
z.conjugate()
• Normal arithematic operations of complex numbers can be performed i.e.
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Complex numbers

In Python, complex numbers are represented using the syntax a + bj √,

where a and b are real numbers and j represents the imaginary unit ( −1).
Python then allows several operations on these complex numbers.
• The real and imaginary part of a complex number z can be obtained from
z.real, z.imag respectively.
• The conjugate of a complex number z can be obtained using
z.conjugate()
• Normal arithematic operations of complex numbers can be performed i.e.
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
• The absolute value of a complex number z is obtained using abs(z)
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
• append: Append an object to the end of a list.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
• append: Append an object to the end of a list.
• extend: Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
• append: Append an object to the end of a list.
• extend: Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
• Concatenation
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
• append: Append an object to the end of a list.
• extend: Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
• Concatenation
• insert: Insert object before index.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
• append: Append an object to the end of a list.
• extend: Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
• Concatenation
• insert: Insert object before index.
• remove: Remove first occurrence of value.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
• append: Append an object to the end of a list.
• extend: Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
• Concatenation
• insert: Insert object before index.
• remove: Remove first occurrence of value.
• pop: Remove and return item at index (default last).
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
• append: Append an object to the end of a list.
• extend: Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
• Concatenation
• insert: Insert object before index.
• remove: Remove first occurrence of value.
• pop: Remove and return item at index (default last).
• index: Return first index of value.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
• append: Append an object to the end of a list.
• extend: Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
• Concatenation
• insert: Insert object before index.
• remove: Remove first occurrence of value.
• pop: Remove and return item at index (default last).
• index: Return first index of value.
• count: Return number of occurrences of value.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists

Lists are ordered collections of items. They are mutable, meaning that their
elements can be changed after they are created. Python allows for several
operations on lists as well:
• append: Append an object to the end of a list.
• extend: Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
• Concatenation
• insert: Insert object before index.
• remove: Remove first occurrence of value.
• pop: Remove and return item at index (default last).
• index: Return first index of value.
• count: Return number of occurrences of value.
• sort: Sort the list in ascending order and return None.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
• len: Return the number of items in the list.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
• len: Return the number of items in the list.
• max: Return the biggest item in a list.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
• len: Return the number of items in the list.
• max: Return the biggest item in a list.
• min: Return the smallest item in a list.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
• len: Return the number of items in the list.
• max: Return the biggest item in a list.
• min: Return the smallest item in a list.
• sorted: Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in
ascending order.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
• len: Return the number of items in the list.
• max: Return the biggest item in a list.
• min: Return the smallest item in a list.
• sorted: Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in
ascending order.
• sum: Return the sum of a list of numbers
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
• len: Return the number of items in the list.
• max: Return the biggest item in a list.
• min: Return the smallest item in a list.
• sorted: Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in
ascending order.
• sum: Return the sum of a list of numbers
Slicing
Elements of lists can also be accessed using slicing.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
• len: Return the number of items in the list.
• max: Return the biggest item in a list.
• min: Return the smallest item in a list.
• sorted: Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in
ascending order.
• sum: Return the sum of a list of numbers
Slicing
Elements of lists can also be accessed using slicing.
• Syntax: lst[start:stop:step]
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
• len: Return the number of items in the list.
• max: Return the biggest item in a list.
• min: Return the smallest item in a list.
• sorted: Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in
ascending order.
• sum: Return the sum of a list of numbers
Slicing
Elements of lists can also be accessed using slicing.
• Syntax: lst[start:stop:step]
• Indexes/Steps can be positive or negative
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Lists
• reverse: Reverse *IN PLACE*.
• len: Return the number of items in the list.
• max: Return the biggest item in a list.
• min: Return the smallest item in a list.
• sorted: Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in
ascending order.
• sum: Return the sum of a list of numbers
Slicing
Elements of lists can also be accessed using slicing.
• Syntax: lst[start:stop:step]
• Indexes/Steps can be positive or negative
• e.g. l[1:3], l[:3], l[1:], l[::2], l[::-1], l[-4:]
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Tuples

Tuples are ordered collections of items that are immutable, meaning that
their elements cannot be changed after they are created.
Even though the elements cannot be modified they can be accessed using
other ways:
• slicing
• length
• count
• index
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Dictionaries

Dictionaries are unordered collections of items. They store data as

key-value pairs.
Elements of a dictionary are refered similar to lists.
The keys, values and elements of the dictionaries can be accessed using the
keys, values, items keywords.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Sets

Sets are unordered collections of unique items. They are mutable, meaning
that their elements can be changed after they are created.
There are certain inbuilt functions that can be used on Sets.
• add: add elements to the set
• remove: remove elements from the set
• union: items appearing in either
• intersection: items appearing in both
• difference: items appearing in one but not the other
• symmetric difference: items appearing in only one set
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Strings

Strings are ordered sequence of letters, numbers and special characters that
are immutable. Strings in Python also have certain functions and methods
that can be used.
• len
• upper
• lower
• title
• capitalize
• count
• split
• indexing/slicing
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions

• Functions in Python are a fundamental building block for organizing and

reusing code. They allow developers to encapsulate a set of instructions
that perform a specific task, making programs more modular and
manageable.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions

• Functions in Python are a fundamental building block for organizing and

reusing code. They allow developers to encapsulate a set of instructions
that perform a specific task, making programs more modular and
manageable.
• A function in Python is defined using the def keyword, followed by the
function name and parentheses that may include parameters. The body of the
function contains the code to be executed and is indented under the
function definition. Functions can return values using the return
statement, enabling the results of the function’s computations to be used
elsewhere in the program.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions

• Functions in Python are a fundamental building block for organizing and

reusing code. They allow developers to encapsulate a set of instructions
that perform a specific task, making programs more modular and
manageable.
• A function in Python is defined using the def keyword, followed by the
function name and parentheses that may include parameters. The body of the
function contains the code to be executed and is indented under the
function definition. Functions can return values using the return
statement, enabling the results of the function’s computations to be used
elsewhere in the program.
• Additionally, functions promote code reusability, reduce redundancy, and
enhance readability by breaking down complex problems into smaller,
more manageable parts. Python’s support for both built-in functions and
user-defined functions makes it a versatile language for developers to create
efficient and maintainable code
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions
Defining and Calling functions
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions
Defining and Calling functions
• Defining and calling functions in Python allows you to encapsulate
reusable blocks of code for efficient and modular programming.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions
Defining and Calling functions
• Defining and calling functions in Python allows you to encapsulate
reusable blocks of code for efficient and modular programming.
• To define a function, use the def keyword followed by the function name
and any parameters within parentheses. The function body, indented
following a colon:, contains the code to execute when the function is called.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions
Defining and Calling functions
• Defining and calling functions in Python allows you to encapsulate
reusable blocks of code for efficient and modular programming.
• To define a function, use the def keyword followed by the function name
and any parameters within parentheses. The function body, indented
following a colon:, contains the code to execute when the function is called.
• To call a function, simply use its name followed by parentheses, optionally
passing any required arguments.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions
Defining and Calling functions
• Defining and calling functions in Python allows you to encapsulate
reusable blocks of code for efficient and modular programming.
• To define a function, use the def keyword followed by the function name
and any parameters within parentheses. The function body, indented
following a colon:, contains the code to execute when the function is called.
• To call a function, simply use its name followed by parentheses, optionally
passing any required arguments.

Function with parameters

Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions
Defining and Calling functions
• Defining and calling functions in Python allows you to encapsulate
reusable blocks of code for efficient and modular programming.
• To define a function, use the def keyword followed by the function name
and any parameters within parentheses. The function body, indented
following a colon:, contains the code to execute when the function is called.
• To call a function, simply use its name followed by parentheses, optionally
passing any required arguments.

Function with parameters

• When defining a function, parameters are specified within the
parentheses after the function name.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions
Defining and Calling functions
• Defining and calling functions in Python allows you to encapsulate
reusable blocks of code for efficient and modular programming.
• To define a function, use the def keyword followed by the function name
and any parameters within parentheses. The function body, indented
following a colon:, contains the code to execute when the function is called.
• To call a function, simply use its name followed by parentheses, optionally
passing any required arguments.

Function with parameters

• When defining a function, parameters are specified within the
parentheses after the function name.
• These parameters act as placeholders for the values that will be passed to
the function when it is called.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions
Defining and Calling functions
• Defining and calling functions in Python allows you to encapsulate
reusable blocks of code for efficient and modular programming.
• To define a function, use the def keyword followed by the function name
and any parameters within parentheses. The function body, indented
following a colon:, contains the code to execute when the function is called.
• To call a function, simply use its name followed by parentheses, optionally
passing any required arguments.

Function with parameters

• When defining a function, parameters are specified within the
parentheses after the function name.
• These parameters act as placeholders for the values that will be passed to
the function when it is called.
• By using parameters, functions can perform operations on different data
each time they are called, making them adaptable to various scenarios.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions

Function with return value

Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions

Function with return value

• A function with a return value in Python not only executes a set of
instructions but also produces a result that can be used elsewhere in the
program.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions

Function with return value

• A function with a return value in Python not only executes a set of
instructions but also produces a result that can be used elsewhere in the
program.
• When defining such a function, you specify what value it should return
using the return keyword followed by the expression or variable whose
value you want the function to output.
Introduction Python Variables Input/Output Operators Conditionals Loops Derived datatypes Strings Functions

Functions

Function with return value

• A function with a return value in Python not only executes a set of
instructions but also produces a result that can be used elsewhere in the
program.
• When defining such a function, you specify what value it should return
using the return keyword followed by the expression or variable whose
value you want the function to output.

Default parameter value

Default parameter values in Python allow you to specify a default value for a
function parameter, which is used when the function is called without
providing a corresponding argument for that parameter.