MUSIC

VOCAL MUSIC OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD

● Vocal music is one of the best tools for expressing one's feelings
● Romantic vocal forms like the art song and operas were about fantasy, supernatural,
romance and the nature as mirror of the human heart.
● Emotional Subjectivity
TERMS
● OPERA - Important source of musical expressions. a dramatic presentation which is set
to music. Opera is a form of theater in which music is a fundamental component and
dramatic roles are taken by singers.Opera is the plural form of the Latin word opus,
which means “work.”
COMPONENTS OF OPERA
● SCORE - The book that the composer and librettist put together. notation, in manuscript
or printed form, of a musical work, probably so called from the vertical scoring lines that
connect successive related staves.
● LIBRETTO - the text of an opera. Librettist and the composer work closely together to
tell the story
● RECITATIVE - Declamatory singing, used in the prose parts and dialogue of opera.
Different roles in operas are created considering different types of voices. It resembles
sung ordinary speech more than a formal musical composition. It resembles sung
ordinary speech more than a formal musical composition.
● ARIA – an air or solo singing part sung by a principal character.
MALE VOICES
● TENOR - highest male voice
● BARITONE - Middle male voice, lies between Bass and Tenor voices. It isthe common
male voice.
● BASS - Lowest male voice
FEMALE VOICE
● SOPRANO - highest female voice
● MEZZO SOPRANO - most common female voice; Strong middle voice, tone is darker or
deeper than the soprano
● CONTRALTO - Lowest female voice and most unique among female
TERMS
A CAPELLA - One or more singers performing without instrumental accompaniment
CANTABILE - In a singing style
CAPO - Head, the beginning
CODA - closing section appended to a movement or song.
DOLCE - Sweety
FALSETTO - A weaker and more airy voice usually in the higher pitch ranges.
GLISSANDO - Sliding quickly between 2 notes
PASSAGGIO - parts of a singing voice where register transition occur
RUBATO - Sligh speeding up or slowing down of the tempo of a piece
TESSITURA - The most comfortable singing range of a singer
VIBRATO - Rapidly repeated slight pitch variation during a sustained note, to give a richer &
more varied sound.

COMPOSERS
● FRANZ PETER SCHUBERT
The proper name for Franz Schubert songs is lieder which is the german for songs (Ave maria,
Swan song and unfinished symphony )

● GIUSEPPE VERDI
Verdi was born in Parma, Italy on October 9, 1813. He studied in Busseto and later went to
Milan where his first opera “Oberto” was performed in La Scala, The most important opera
house at the time.He insisted on a good libretto and wrote operas with political overtones and
for a middle-class audience. (La scala milan italy) All his works are serious love stories with
unhappy endings. He completed 25 operas throughout his career. His Final opera end with “All
the world's a joke” (La Traviata, Rigoletto, Falstaff,Otello and Aida)

● GIACOMO PUCCINI
He belonged to a group of composers who stressed realism, therefore, he drew material from
everyday life, rejecting heroic themes from mythology and history. (La Boheme, Tosca,
Madame Butterfly and turandot)

● RICHARD WAGNER
Wagner introduced new ideas in Harmony in form, including extremes of chromaticism. He
was an advocate of a new form of opera which he called “music drama” where musical and
dramatic elements were fused together. “Leitmotifs” or musical sequence standing for a
particular character/plot element.
(TRISTAN AND ISOLDE, DIE WALKYRIE, DIE MEISTERSINGER, TANNHÄUSER and
PARSIFAL)

● GEORGES BIZET
Famous opera is Carmen it is the most popular operas ever written
 ARTS
HISTORY OF THE THEATRICAL FORMS AND THEIR EVOLUTION
● Theater began from myth, ritual and ceremony. Early society perceived connections
between actions performed by groups of people or leaders to a certain society and these
actions moved from habit, to tradition, to ritual, to ceremony due to human desire and
need for entertainment.
● Theater is a building or outdoor area in which plays and other dramatic performances
are given

•The repeated rehearsals, performances and creation of different actions broke the
ground for theater.

•Theater means place of seeing

•To produce theater, a playwright writes the scripts, the director rehearses the performers,
the designer and technical crew produce props to create the scenes, and actors and
actresses perform on stage. Then it will only be a true theater act when an audience
witness it.

ANCIENT THEATER (700 B.C-410 C.E)

•Greek Theater European theater began in Ancient Greece. It began around 700 B.C. with
festivals honoring their many gods. One of gods, Dionysus, with a religious festival called “The
cult of Dionysus”

THREE TYPES OF DRAMA:

1. Tragedy - a compound of two Greek words, ―tragos or "goat" and ode or "song”, referring
to goats sacrificed to Dionysus before performances, or to goat-skins worn by the performers.

•Thespis was the first actor and introduced the use of masks and was called the "Father of
Tragedy”

2. Comedy - plays that were derived from imitation. Aristophanes wrote most of The comedy
plays. (Lysistrata and Cyclops)

3. Satyr - a serious play with a happy ending. The satyr play was a short, lighthearted
tailpiece performed after each trilogy of tragedies. It is an ancient Greek form of tragic comedy.

EXTRA INFO:
● It featured choruses of satyrs, based on Greek mythology, and with pretended
drunkenness, bold sexuality (including phallic props), tricks, and sight jokes.
● Theater buildings were called “Theatron”
THREE MAIN ELEMENTS = Orchestra, the skene and the audience.
Orchestra - A large circular or rectangular area at the center part of the theater, where the play,
dance, religious rites, and acting took place. (Center)
Theatron - Viewing place on the slope of a hill (In Front of the orchestra)
Skene - stage (behind the orchestra)
Parados - side entrance (usually Found in the side of the Theatron)

FAMOUS PLAYWRIGHTS:
1. Sophocles - an ancient Greek tragedian.
2. Aeschylus - an ancient Greek author of Greek tragedy, and is often described as the father
of tragedy.
3. Euripides - a tragedian of
classical Athens.

ROMAN THEATER 3RD CENTURY BC

•The usual themes for Roman theater plays were chariots races, gladiators, and public
executions. The christians however opposed the barbaric themes of the plays and closed
down all theaters.

"Triumvir Pompey” was one of the first permanent (non-wooden) theaters in Rome, whose
structure was somewhat similar to the Theatron of Athens.

MEDIEVAL THEATER (500 C.E-1400)

•During the Medieval era, theater performances were not allowed throughout Europe.To keep
the theater alive, minstrels, though denounced by the Church, performed in markets, public
places and festivals.

•They traveled from one town to another as puppeteers, jugglers, story tellers, dancers,
singers, and other theatrical acts.

Churches in Europe started staging their own theater performances during Easter Sundays and
biblicals stories and events. (Example: Mytére d“Adam” or The mystery of Adam)

RENAISSANCE THEATER (1400-1600)

● Renaissance theater arts were characterized by a return of Classical Greek and
Roman arts and culture.
● Mystery plays and morality plays

•Public theaters were developed like, the Commedia dell'arte (Italian comedy and a humorous
theatrical presentation performed by professional players who traveled in troupes) and the
elaborate masques (a dramatic entertainment consisting of pantomime, dancing, dialogue, and
song and sometimes players wore masks) that were usually presented in court.

INNOVATIONS OF THE STAGE

1. Proscenium was developed. This is the area of a theater surrounding the stage opening.
2. Backdrops for scenery were popularized by the art of painting clothes
3. Comedy of the Profession was developed. It was quick-witted performance of the
characters/players.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
- He was an English poet and playwright, widely known as the greatest writer in the
English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist.
- Also known as the “Bard of Avon”
- Famous works: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello.

BAROQUE THEATER (1600-1750)

- The theater of the baroque period is marked by the use of technology in current
Broadway or commercial plays.
- The theater crew uses machines for special effects and scene changes which may be
changed in a matter of seconds with the use of ropes and pulleys.
- Deus ex machina a latin word meaning “god from the machine”

NEOCLASSICAL THEATER (1800-1900)

● During this period, the theater was characterized by its grandiosity. Costumes and
scenery were highly elaborate.
● Main concepts of the plays were to entertain and to teach lessons.
● Multiple entry points on the stage were evident in many plays. Lighting and sound
effects intensified the mood and message of each scene, enhancing the dramatic
experience.

EXTRA INFO
● The first “spotlight” was used in the U.S during this period and was called “Limelight”.
● The Theatre Regulation act of 1843 banned drinking in legitimate theaters.
● The idea of changing scenery and backdrops became more noticeable, particularly with
the invention of pulley systems that allowed parts to move more quickly across the
stage.
● The concept of decorum (meaning right and proper audience behavior) was applied in
this period which means classical concepts and appropriate social behavior must be
observed.
● This period officially established just two types of plays, tragedy and comedy. They never
mixed these together, and the restriction led to the use of the now well-known pair of
happy and sad masks that symbolize the theatrical arts.
 ROMANTIC THEATER(1850-2000)
- During the Romantic period, Melodrama and Opera became the most popular theatrical
forms. Melodrama originated from the French word “melodrame”, which is derived from
Greek word “melos”, which means music and French word “drame”, which means to
perform.
- Melodrama can also be described as a dramatic work that puts characters in a lot of
danger in order to appeal to the emotions and in which orchestral music or song was
used to accompany the action.
- Opera, on the other hand, is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a
dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Acting, scenery,
costumes, and dance were important elements of theater in this period. It is usually
performed in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical
ensemble.
FAMOUS ROMANTIC PLAYWRIGHTS
1. Victor Marie Hugo - considered one of the greatest and best known French writers. He
was a poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. Among his works that
stand out all over the world are “Les Contemplations, Les Misérables, and
Notre-Dame de Paris” which is known as the Hunchback of Notre-Dame.
2. Georges Bizet - This French composer was a pianist and best known for his operas.
Carmen is the most popular among his works.

PHILIPPINE THEATER FAMOUS PLAYWRIGHTS

1. Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz - He was also known as Francisco Baltazar. His best
known work is the Florante at Laura.
2. Severino R. Reyes - known to be the "Father of Tagalog Zarzuela". He was also a
writer, dramatist, and playwright, Reyes was highly acclaimed as one of the giants of
Tagalog literature. In 1902, Reyes founded and directed the Grand Compania de
Zarzuela Tagala. On June 14, 1902, the company staged his play Walang Sugat (No
Wounds), a set against the historical events in Bulacan during the Philippine revolution.
3. Dr. Ricardo G. Abad - He directed and acted for professional companies like Teatro
Pilipino and Tanghalang Pilipino of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, and the
Metropolitan Theater.
4. Salvador F. Bernal - known as the “Father of Theater Design in the Philippines”. He
was the first to develop theater design as a profession and elevate it to an art form. He
has designed more than 250 productions in ballet, theater and film.
 P.E
RECREATION
- Activities that you voluntarily participate in during your free time
- Voluntary participation in an activity during free and unobligated time that gives
enjoyment.
- It refreshes the body and mind after a day’s work.
INDOOR RECREATION
- When the activity is within the premises of your comfort zone at home or inside a
building
- Badminton is believed to have originated from the game “poona” that was played
by English Army officers stationed in India during the 17th century. It was later
brought to England in 1870‟ s when the Duke of Beaufort held a lawn party in his
country's place, Badminton.
- Games are held inside the gym to avoid the effect of air in the flight of the shuttle.
- Volleyball The beginning of volleyball can be traced from the ingenuity of William
J. Morgan in 1895 at Holyoke Massachusetts. Initially, the game was called
“mintonette” but in its first exhibition game demonstration, Alfred Halstead
suggested the name “Volley Ball” due to the volleying characteristic of the game.
- Badminton and volleyball are good recreation activities that involve the physical
dimension. It enhances the metabolism of the body which in turn is a factor in
losing weight.
- Dance Dance is another indoor alternative recreation for those who enjoy the
beat of rhythm and movement. It is a fantastic and fun form of exercise that
gradually raises heart rate. That‟ s why dance is a very good cardio workout.
Regular participation in dance activities tightens and tones muscle groups and
burns more calories.
- Zumba Fitness Dance/Latin Dance Fitness Zumba dance is an alternative indoor
recreational activity with fitness benefit claims. It was accidentally discovered by
Alberto “Beto” Perez , a celebrity fitness trainer of Colombia in the mid 90‟ s.
- Badminton,Table Tennis, Floor ball, Volleyball, Futsal and Latin dance fitness
(zumba)
OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL
- When the activity is undertaken in a natural, rural, or open space outside the confines of
buildings, usually large land area that is close to nature
- Hiking - is going on an extended walk for the purpose of pleasure and exercise.
- Orienteering - It is an outdoor navigational recreational activity using specially drawn and
detailed maps. It requires navigational skills to navigate from point to point normally
moving at a speed .An orienteering course consists of a series of control points which
have to be located in order in the shortest possible time.
- Orienteering is basically a running sport so it develops your cardiovascular endurance
and general fitness. Speed, endurance, and strength are essential components
necessary to successfully participate in the game. Technically, this activity captivates the
mental and physical challenge features.
 - Hiking, Football, Jogging/Running, Treasure hunting, Biking/Cycling, Frisbee and
Swimming
EXTRA INFO
● Recreational satisfaction needs: Physiological, Educational, Social, Relaxation,
Psychological and aesthetics.
● Lifestyle - The way you live your life on an everyday basis, It includes, eating habits,
physical activity participation and recreational choice.
● Lifestyle change - the best way of preventing illness
● To maintain a healthy lifestyle you need to engage yourself physical activity, eat healthy
foods, find time to manage stress and follow a good personal healthy habits
● Factors which affect weight range: Genes inherited traits from your parents and
Environmental factors include behavior and lifestyle choices.
● The Map - is a picture or representation of the earth’s surface.
● Orienteering Compass - compass is an invaluable tool that every backpacker should
know how to use.
● Bearing refers to the direction from one spot to another measured in degrees from the
reference line of the north

HEALTH
INTENTIONAL INJURIES
- Are injuries resulting from violence.
SELF INFLICTED INJURIES
- When a person harms himself/herself on purpose
- Suicide - Is the intentional taking of one’s own life
- Parasuicide - A suicide attempt in which a person does not intend to die.
ASSAULT
- when a person/persons harm others on purpose.
- Domestic abuse - Is an act that includes physical assault (hitting, pushing,
shoving, etc.), sexual abuse (unwanted or forced sexual activity), and verbal
abuse.
- Bullying - is an unwanted, aggressive behavior. The behavior is repeated, or can
be repeated, over time. Both kids who are bullied and who bully others may have
serious, lasting problems. (Physical bullying, Verbal bullying, Social bullying and
Cyberbullying)
- Stalking - is a pattern of behavior that makes you feel afraid, nervous, harassed,
or in danger. It is when someone repeatedly contacts you, follows you, sends you
things, and talks to you, even when you don’t want them to.
- Extortion - is the act of using force or threats to force people to hand over their
money or properties, on favors.
 - Gang - is defined as a relatively tough, mostly street based group of young
people who regard themselves and may be seen by others as a group that
engages in a range of criminal activity and violence.
- Fraternity - is a group of people with similar backgrounds, occupations, interests,
or tastes. They may see it as a gain in power and protection, as fraternities have
a reputation for being a powerful group.
- Hazing - refers to any activity that is condition upon recruitment, admission,
affiliation, or continued participation in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses,
or endangers someone, regardless of consent or a person's willingness to
participate.
- Kidnapping - is taking away or forcefully moving a person against his/her will and
holding him/her in unjust captivity.
- Abduction - is the use of deceit or force in order to take a person or a child away
from their home or relatives. In abduction, the victim usually knows or has some
sort of relation with the abductor.
- Acts of terror or terrorism - is the use of violence for political goals and putting the
public or a great number of people in fear. (State terrorism, Bioterrorism, Eco
terrorism, Nuclear terrorism and Cyber terrorism)
SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION
- Verbal abuse - is a form of cruelty that involves the use of words. These words are used
to attack, control, and cause harm to another person. It includes behaviors such as
angry outburst, screaming rage, and name calling, which tends to blame, and
brainwashes and threatens a person.
- Incest - is a sexual contact between persons who are so closely related that a marriage
between them is considered illegal (e.g., parents and children, uncles/aunts and
nieces/nephews, etc.).
- Molestation - is the sexual abuse of a person (whether a child or adult) by an adult for
sexual pleasure or for profit.
- Fondling – to handle, stroke or caress lovingly or erotically
- Mutual masturbation – two people touching each other’s sexual organs for pleasure
- Sodomy – sexual intercourse that involves inserting of the penis of one person into the
anus of another person
- Coitus – sexual intercourse between a male and a female involving the insertion of the
penis into the vagina
- Child pornography – explicit portrayal of children as sexual subject matter for the
purpose of sexual arousal. It may be in a variety of media, like books, magazines, films,
photos etc.
- Child prostitution- refers to children who get paid to have sex
- Rape - is forced sexual intercourse, including vaginal, anal, or oral penetration.
Penetration may be by a body part or an object.

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