L3 - Python Scripts,

Statements
By
Dr. Mubarak Sufyan

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Table of content  References
 File Objects
 The with statement
 Python Script
 Plotting in Python
 Condition Statement
 If statement
 If else
 If else if
 Iteration
 For loop
 Fibonacci Numbers
 Nested For Loops
 While
 Break Statement

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References

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 Reference
 Assignment manipulates references
 x = y does not make a copy of the object y references
 x = y makes x reference the object y references
 Very useful; but beware!
 Example:
>>> a = [1, 2, 3] # a now references the list [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = a # b now references what a references
>>> a.append(4) # this changes the list a references
>>> print b # if we print what b references,
[1, 2, 3, 4] # SURPRISE! It has changed…

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 Reference
 There is a lot going on when we type:
x=3
 First, an integer 3 is created and
stored in memory
 A name x is created
 An reference to the memory location
storing the 3 is then assigned to the
name x
 So: When we say that the value of x is  For example, we could increment x:
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>>> x = 3
 we mean that x now refers to the
integer 3 >>> x = x + 1
>>> print x
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 Reference – Example1

References
 Every object name is a reference to this object!
 An assignment to a new name creates an additional
reference to this object.
Reference – Example2
Hint: copy a list
s2 = s1[:] oder s2 = list(s1)
 Operator is compares two references (identity),
 Operator == compares the contents of two objects
 Assignment:
 different behavior depending on object type
 Strings, numbers (simple data types): create a new object
with new value
 Lists, dictionaries, ...: the original object will be changed

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File Objects

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 File Objects
 f = open(filename[, mode[, buffersize])
 mode can be "r", "w", "a" (like C stdio); default "r" file1 = open (" spam ", "r")
file2 = open ("/ tmp/ eggs ", "wb")
 append "b" for text translation mode
• Read mode: r
 append "+" for read/write open
• Write mode (new file): w
 buffersize: 0=unbuffered; 1=line-buffered; • Write mode, appending to the end: a
buffered • Handling binary files: e.g. rb
 methods: • Read and write (update): r+
 read([nbytes]), readline(), readlines()
 write(string), writelines(list)
 seek(pos[, how]), tell()
 flush(), close()
 fileno()

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Files
 File objects are built for interacting with files on
the system.
 Same object used for any file type.
 User has to interpret file content and maintain
integrity.

 Operations on Files
 Read: f.read([size])
 Read a line: f.readline()
 Read multiple lines: f.readlines([sizehint])
 Write: f.write(str)
 Write multiple lines: f.writelines(sequence)
 Close file: f.close()
The with statement

 File handling (open/close) can be done by the context manager with .

(⇒section Errors and Exceptions on slide 64).

 After finishing the with block the file object is closed, even if an
exception occurred inside the block.

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Python Scripts

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Python Scripts
 When you call a python program from the command line the interpreter
evaluates each expression in the file

 From the Python Shell you select Run → Run Module or hit F5 in order to
run or execute the Python Script

 Run Python Scripts from the Command Prompt in Windows

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Run Python Scripts

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Run Python Scripts

Running Python Scripts from Console window on macOS 14

Plotting in Python

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 Plotting in Python  Plotting functions that
you will use a lot:
 Typically you need to create some plots or charts.  plot()
 In order to make plots or charts in Python you will  title()
need an external library.
 xlabel()
 The most used library is Matplotlib.
 ylabel()
 Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library
 axis()
 Here you find an overview of the Matplotlib library:
 grid()
https://matplotlib.org
 import the whole library like this:  subplot()
 legend()
 show()
 4 basic plotting function in the Matplotlib library:
1. plot()
2. xlabel()
• In order to make plots or charts in Python you will need
an external library
3. ylabel()
• The most used library is Matplotlib.
4. show() • Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library Here you find an
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overview of the Matplotlib library: https://matplotlib.org
Plotting in Python

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Subplots

 The subplot command enables you to display multiple plots in the same
window.
 Example will be the Quiz

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Condition Statements

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Conditions : If / Else
Syntax
 If, elif, and else statements are used to implement
conditional program behavior
 Syntax: if condition:

elif Boolean_value: statements

…some other code [elif condition:

elif Boolean_value: statements] ...

…some other code else:

else: statements

…more code
 elif and else are not required
 used to chain together multiple conditional
statements or provide a default case.

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• <condition> has a value True or False
• evaluate expressions in that block if
<condition> is True
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Example

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Example

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 INDENTATION
 matters in Python
 how you denote blocks of code

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INDENTATION

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if statements

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 Iteration
for var in sequence:
statements

while condition:
statements

Do … while condition:

break
continue

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 For loops

 iterate through numbers in a sequence

 A For loop is used for iterating over a sequence.
 All programs will use one or more For loops.

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For loops

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Range(start,stop,step)
 Default values are start = 0 and step = 1 and optional
 Loop until value is stop – 1

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Fibonacci numbers

 Fibonacci numbers are used in the analysis of financial markets, in strategies

such as Fibonacci retracement, and are used in computer algorithms such as
the Fibonacci search technique and the Fibonacci heap data structure.
 In mathematics, Fibonacci numbers are the numbers in the following sequence:
 0, 1, 1, 2 ,3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, . . .
 By definition, the first two Fibonacci numbers are 0 and 1, and each
subsequent number is the sum of the previous two.
 In mathematical terms, the sequence n of Fibonacci numbers is defined by the
recurrence relation

 Assignment:
 write a Python script that calculates the N first Fibonacci numbers
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Nested For Loops
 use one loop inside another loop

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 While Loops
 <condition> evaluates to a Boolean
 If <condition> is True, do all the steps inside the
while code block
 check <condition> again
 repeat until <condition> is False
 Note: break and continue work for while loops, too.

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for VS while LOOPS

For While
know number of iterations unbounded number of iterations
can end early via break can end early via break
uses a counter can use a counter but must initialize
before loop and increment it inside
loop
can rewrite a for loop using a while may not be able to rewrite a while
loop loop using a for loop

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 Break STATEMENT
• immediately exits
whatever loop it is in
• skips remaining
expressions in code block
• exits only innermost loop!

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Exercise:
1) Programming Challenge: Hollow Square

 Write a program that prints the pattern to the right using functions

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References:
 For more information, you can read from “Python
for Everybody” book
 Chapter 3 Conditional execution
 Chapter 5 Iteration
 Chapter 7 Files

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End
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