MACHINE LEARNING LAB 1

Introduction to Python

MUNADI SIAL

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Code of Ethics
• All students must come to the lab on time
• Students must remain attentive and avoid use of mobile phones
• Respect peers and faculty through speech and actions
• Students should not be sleeping during the lab
• Discussion unrelated to lab is NOT allowed
• Eatables are NOT allowed in the lab
• Late submission of lab reports will be subjected to penalty
• Copying of lab reports will NOT be tolerated
• Sharing of code is NOT permitted
Lab Evaluation
Python Language
• Python is an interpreted, open-source language with an emphasis on code
readability and has a very large community support
• Consider the following comparison between C++ and Python codes:
Python C++
a = 10 int a = 10;
b = “M” char b = “M”;
c = 7.6 float c = 7.6;
print(a,b,c) cout << a << “ “ << b << “ “ << c << endl;

• The output of both programs is the same:

>> 10 M 7.6
• No semicolons are needed to end each line in Python
• It is not necessary to declare the data type of variable in Python
• The print() statement creates spaces and new line automatically
Python Scripts
• Python scripts are files that end in .py format and contain the code

• Let’s write a simple python script and execute it via the terminal:
a = 10
b = “M”
c = 7.6
print(a,b,c)

• Once you have typed the above code, save the script as test.py
• Now open the terminal, go the directory (with cd) where you saved the script
and execute it with the following command:
python test.py
Variables in Python
• To add a comment in code, use # in Python
• The data type of a variable can change in Python:
a = 10 # this will work
a = 5.5 # this will work
a = “house” # this will work

• The equivalent code in C++ will give an error:

int a = 10; // this will work

a = 5.5; // error
a = “house”; // error
Data Types in Python
• Python contains several data types, some of which are given below:
x_string = "Hello World"
x_integer = 25
x_float = 25.1
x_boolean = True
x_complex = 2j
x_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
x_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
x_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
x_dictionary = {"name":"Ali", "age":31}
Arithmetic Operators
• The following code shows the arithmetic operators in Python:
a = 10
b = 3

add = a + b
sub = a - b
mul = a*b
div = a/b
quotient = a//b
remainder = a%b
power = a**b

print(add, sub, mul, div, quotient, remainder, power)

>> 13 7 30 3.3333333333333335 3 1 1000
Logical Operators
• The following code shows the logical operators in Python:
a = True
b = False

print(a and b) print(not(a and b))

>> False >> True

print(a or b) print(not(a or b))

>> True >> False

print(not a) print(not b)
>> False >> True
Strings
• Python supports the string data type which is an array of characters
h = “Manipulator”
print(h) Output: Manipulator

• You can get individual characters with square brackets

print(h[0]) Output: M
print(h[1]) a
print(h[8]) p

• You can get the number of characters with the len() function
g = len(h)
print(g) Output: 11
Strings
• You can concatenate strings easily in python
c = “Computer”
d = “Vision” Output: ComputerVision
e = c + d
print(e)

f = c + “ “ + d
print(f) Output: Computer Vision

• You can check if a character is present in the string with the “in” keyword

print(“t” in c) Output: True

print(“s” in c) False
User Input
• To get input from user, we use the input() function
v1 = input(“Enter the first number: ”)
print(v1)

v2 = input(“Enter the second number: ”)

print(v2)

Output: Enter the first number: 200

200
Enter the second number: 100
100
User Input
• The input() function returns a string data which is stored in the variable
• If we add the previous two numbers, they will concatenate because they are strings,
not numbers

print(v1 + v2) Output: 200100

• To compute the numeric sum, we need to convert the string data type to an int or
float data type

v1 = int(v1)
v2 = int(v2) Output: 300
print(v1 + v2)
If…Else
• Python supports the IF…ELSE conditional statements which choose to execute
statements depending if a condition is true or false
• The syntax for a IF statement is given as:
if <condition>:
<statement_1>
<statement_2>
• An example is given below:
a = 4
b = 3
if a > b:
print(“a is greater than b”)

• The <condition> can be any of the following:

a==b a!=b a < b a > b a <= b a >= b
If…Else
• The else keyword contains statements that execute when the condition is not
met
a = 4
b = 3
if a > b:
print(“a is greater than b”)
else:
print(“b is greater than a”)

• Note that the colon symbol is part of the syntax

• To contain statements, they are indented with spaces
• The indents are mandatory in Python to define the block of statements
If…Else
• The elif keyword nests an if command inside an else statement
• It is the equivalent of else if
a = 4
b = 3
if a > b:
print(“a is greater than b”)
elif (a < b):
print(“a is less than b”)
else
print(“a is equal to b”)

• Only one of the three print statements will be executed

Loops
• Python has two types of loops: WHILE and FOR
• The while loop has the following syntax:
while <condition>:
<statement_1>
<statement_2>
• The while loop checks the condition. If the condition is true, the statements are
executed. After executing, the condition is rechecked. If it is true, it is executed
again. This continues until the condition becomes false at which point the loop
ends
• An example is given below
a = 0 Output: 0
1
while a < 5:
2
print(a) 3
a = a + 1 4
Loops
• The break keyword terminates the loop in which it is placed:
a = 0
Output:
b = 3
while a < 5: 0
1
print(a) 2
a = a + 1
if a == b:
break
Loops
• The continue keyword skips the current iteration of the loop:
a = 0
Output:
b = 3
while a < 5: 1
2
a = a + 1 4
if a == b: 5
continue
print(a)
Loops
• The for loop goes through a sequence of items (iterable object)
• We use the range() to create a sequence of numbers
for i in range(0,5): Output:
print(i) 0
1
2
3
4

for items in range(0,10,2): Output:

print(items) 0
2
4
6
8
Loops
• The for loop can also go through a sequence of characters
• The iterable object is a string variable in this case
for i in "PYTHON": Output:
print(i) P
Y
T
H
O
N
Functions
• We can define and call functions in python

def my_function(a, b): # Function Definition

out = a + b
print(a, "+", b, "=", out)
return out

value = my_function(3,4) # Function Call

print("value =", value)

Output: 3 + 4 = 7
value = 7
Lab Tasks

 Download the materials from LMS

 Perform the Lab Tasks given in the manual
 Convert the completed manual into .pdf and submit on LMS