1. IoT Protocols?

Link layer
● Link layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the network's
physical layer or medium(example copper wire, coaxial cable, or a radio wave).
● The scope of the link layer is the local network connection to which the host is
attached.
● Hosts on the same link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer
protocols. Linked layer determines how the packets are coded and signal by the
hardware device over the medium to which the host is attached.
Let us now look at some linked layer protocols which are relevant in the context of
iot.
802.3 - Ethernet : IEEE 802.3 is a collection of wired Ethernet standards for the link
layer.
Example 802.3 is the standard for 10BASE5 ethernet that uses coaxial cable as a
shade
medium.
802.3.i is this standard for 10BASE5-T Ethernet over copper twisted pair connection.
802.3.j is this standard for 10BASE5-F Ethernet over fiber optic connections.
802.3.ae is this standard for 10 Gbits/s Ethernet over fiber, and so on.
These standards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 gigabits per second and the
higher The shared medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial cable , twisted pair wire or
and Optical fiber.
Shared medium carries the communication for all the devices on the network.
802.1- WI-FI:
IEEE 802.3 is a collection of wireless Local area networks.(WLAN) communication
standards,
including extensive descriptions of the link layer.
For example 802.11a operates in the 5 GHz band.
802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band.
802.11n operates in 2..4/5 GHz band
802.11ac operates in the 5 GHz band.
802.11ad operates in the 60GHz band
These standards provide data rates from 1Mb/s to upto 6.75Gb/s.
802.16 WiMAX:
IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wirless broadband and Standards, including extensive
descriptions for the link layer also called WiMax.
WiMax standard provides data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s. The recent update
provides data rates of 100Mb/s for mobile stations and 1Gb/s for Fixed stations.
802.15.4 LR-WPAN:
IEEE 802.1 5.4 is a collection of standards for low rate wireless personal area
network(LR-WPAN).These standards form the basis of specifications for high level
communication Zigbee.
LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 k b/ s. These standards provide low
cost and low speed Communications for power constrained devices.
2G / 3G / 4G mobile communications:
These are the different generations of mobile communication standards including
second generation (2G including GSM and CDMA). 3rd Generation (3G including
UMTS and CDMA2000)
and 4th generation 4G including LTE.
Data rates for these standards are ranges from 9.6Kb/s for 2G, upto 100 Mb/s for 4G.

Network / internet layer :

● The network layer is responsible for sending IP datagrams from the source network
to the destination network.
● This layer Performs the host addressing and packet routing.
● The datagrams contain a source and destination address which are used to route
them from the source to the destination across multiple networks.
● Host Identification is done using the hierarchy IP addressing schemes such as ipv4
or IPv6.
IPV4: Internet protocol version 4(IPV4) is the most deployed internet protocol that is
used to identify the device is on a network using a hierarchy of latest schemes.
It uses a 32 bit addresses scheme that allows a total of 2^32 addresses. As more and
more devices got connected to the internet. The Ipv4 has been succeeded by IPv6.
IPv6: It is the newest version of internet protocol and successor to IPv4. IPv6 uses
128 bit
address schemes that are lost total of 2 128 are 3.4* 10 38 address.
6LoWPAN: IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks brings IP protocol
to the low
power device which has limited processing capability; it operates in the 2.4 GHz
frequency range
and provides the data transfer rate of 250 kb/s.
It works with 802.15.4 link layer protocol and defines compression mechanisms for
IPV6
datagrams over IEEE802.15.4 based networks.

Transport layer :
The Transport layer protocol provides end-to-end message transfer capability
independent of the underlying network. The message transfer capability can be set up
on connections, either using handshake or without handshake acknowledgements.
Provides functions such as error control , segmentation, flow control and congestion
control.
TCP: Transmission control protocol is the most widely used transport layer protocol
that is used by the web browsers along with HTTP , HTTPS application layer
protocols, email program (SMTP application layer protocol) and file transfer protocol.
TCP is a connection Oriented and stateful protocol while IP protocol deals with
sending packets, TCP ensures reliable
transmissions of packets in order. TCP also provides error detection capability so that
duplicate packets can be discarded and low packets are retransmitted.The flow control
capability ensures that the rate at which the sender sends the data is now too high for
the receiver to process.
UDP: Unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial setup procedure, UDP is a
connection-less protocol.
● UDP is useful for time sensitive applications; they have very small data units to
exchange and do not want the overhead of connection setup.
● UDP is a transaction oriented and stateless protocol.
● UDP does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of messages and duplicate
eliminations.

Application layer :
Application layer protocol defines how the application interfaces with the lower layer
protocols to send the data over the network. Data are typically in files, is encoded by
the application layer
protocol and encapsulated in the transport layer protocol .Application layer protocol
enable process-to-process connection using ports.
HTTP:
Hypertext transfer protocol is the application layer protocol that forms the foundations
of world wide web http includes, ,commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE,
HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS etc.
● The protocol follows a request-response model where the client sends requests to
the server using the http commands.
● HTTPis a stateless protocol and each http request is an independent father request
and http client can be a browser or an application running on the client example and
application running on an IoT device ,mobile mobile applications or other software.
CoAP: Constrained application protocol is an application layer protocol for machine
to machine application M2M meant for a constrained environment with constrained
devices and constrained networks.
● Like http CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a request- response model,
however it runs on the top of the UDP instead of TC CoAP uses a client –server
architecture where client communicate with server using connectionless datagrams.
● It is designed to easily interface with http like http,CoAP supports methods such as
GET, PUT, POST, and DELETE .
Websocket:
● Websocket protocol allows full duplex communication over a single socket
connection for sending messages between client and server.
Websocket is based on TCP and Allows streams of messages to be sent back and forth
between the client and server while keeping the TCP connection open.
● The client can be a browser, a mobile application and IoT device.
MQTT :Message Queue Telemetry Transport is a lightweight message protocol based
on the public -subscribe model.
● MQTT uses a client server Architecture where the client is connected to the server(
also called the MQTT broker) and publishes messages to topics on the server.
● The broker forwards the message to the clients subscribed to topic MQTT is well
suited for constrained environments where devices have limited processing and
memory resources.

XMPP:
● Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol is a protocol for real-time
communication and streaming XML data between network entities XMPP powers a
wide range of applications including messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming
multiparty chat and voice / voice calls.
● XMPP Allows sending small chunks of XML data from one network entity to
another in real time. XMPP supports both client to server and server –client
communication path.
DDS: Data distribution service is the date centric middleware standard for device-to-
device machine to machine communication.
● DDS uses a publish subscribe model where publisher ( devices that generate data)
create topics to which subscribers(devices that consume the data) can subscribe.
● Publisher is an object responsible for data distributions and the subscriber
responsible for receiving published data.
● DDS provide quality of service (QoS) control and configurable reliability.
AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing protocols. It is an open application layer
protocol for business messaging.
● AMQP supports point to point and publish - subscribe communication model,
Routing and queuing.
 ● AMQP brokers receive messages from publishers for example (devices or
applications that generate data) and route them over connections to
consumers(applications that
process the data).
● Publishers publish the message to exchanges which then distribute message copies
to queues.
● Messages are eiter delivered by the broker to the consumers which have subscribed
to the queues or consumers can pull the messages from queues.

2. Domain Specific IoTs ?

Applications of Iot domain wise

The applications of Internet of things span a wide range of domains including homes,
cities,
environment,energy systems,retail,logistics,industaryagrictule and health as listed
above.
Smart homes: The most visible application of the Internet of Things is a smart home.
A smarthome uses sensors to control and maintain lighting, resource management,
and security systems. A smart home is a smaller, independent version of a smart city.
IoT allows you to connect all your home applications like air conditioners, lighting,
locks, thermostat, theft alarm systems, and whatnot into a single system and have the
control at your fingertips with a smartphone.
Smart cities:
A smart city is an urban city that uses sensors and cellular or wireless technology
placed in ubiquitous places such as lamp posts and antennae. There are multiple facets
 in which one can incorporate IoT into the functioning of a city: Traffic management,
pollution monitoring, Resource Management, parking solutions infrastructure
management, disaster management
Environment :
The applications of IoT in environmental monitoring are broad − environmental
protection,
extreme weather monitoring, water safety, endangered species protection, commercial
farming,
and more. In these applications, sensors detect and measure every type of
environmental
change.
Energy systems: IOT has applications such as including smart grids, grid integration
of renewable energy sources and prognostic health management systems. retail
Retail : For retail domain iot has applications such as inventory management, smart
payment and smart vending machines. For the agriculture domain IOT has
applications such as smart irrigation systems that help in
saving water while enhancing product and greenhouse control systems.
Industrial applications of IOT include machine diagnosis and prognosis systems that
help in predicting false and determining the cause of false and indoor air quality
systems.
Health and lifestyle
IoT devices offer a number of new opportunities for healthcare professionals to
monitor patients, as well as for patients to monitor themselves. By extension, the
variety of wearable IoT devices provide an array of benefits and challenges, for
healthcare providers and their patients alike Remote patient monitoring ,glucose
monitoring, heart rate monitoring, Depression and mood monitoring.

3. IoT Communication Models?

Request-Response

Request - Response is a Communications model in which the client sends

request to the server and the server responds to the requests. when the server receives
a request it decides how to respond, if it shows the data retrieved resources definitions
for the response , and then send the response to the client. Access to response model is
a stateless communication model and each request response per is independent of
others the crime and server interactions in the request response model.
Publish – Subscribe

It is a communication model that involves Publishers, brokers and

consumers. Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics
which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumer.
Consumers Subscribe to the topic which is managed by the broker. When the broker
receives the data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed
consumers.
■ Publisher: It transfers data to brokers. Publishers don’t know about consumers.
■ Broker: It is responsible to accept data from publishers and send it to the
appropriate subscriber.
■ Subscriber: It consumes the topics which are managed by the broker.

Push pull:

Push pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to queues
and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the
consumer. Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the Producers and Consumers
. It also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the rate
at which the produces push data and the rate at which the consumers full the data
 Exclusive pair

Exclusive pair is a bi directional, full duplex communication model that uses persistent
connections between the client and the server. Once the condition is set up it remains open
until the client sends a request to close the connection. client and server can send messages
to each other after connection setup. Exclusive pair is a stateful Communications model and
the server is aware of all the open connections.

4. Definition and Characteristics of IOT?

The internet of things have been defined as
Definition: A dynamic Global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based
on standard and interoperable communication protocol where physical and virtual things
have identity, physical attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces and
seamlessly integrated into the information network, often communicating data associated
with users and their environments.

Characteristics of IOT:

Dynamic in self adapting: Iot devices and Systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing context and take actions based on the operating
conditions, user context or sensitive environment.
Example consider a surveillance system comprising a number of surveillance
cameras. The surveillance cameras can adapt their mode( to normal or infra-red night
modes) based on whether it is day or night. Cameras could switch from Lower
resolution to higher resolution modes when any motion is detected and alert nearby
cameras to do the same. In this example the surveillance system is adapting itself
based on the contacts and changing conditions.
 Self Configuring: Iot devices may have self configuring capability allowing a large
number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality(such as weather
monitoring). These devices have the ability to configure themselves(in Association
with the iot infrastructure), setup the networking and its latest software upgrades with
minimal manual or user intervention. Interoperable communication protocols : IOT
devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can
communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure. We describe some of
the commonly used to communicate and protocol and model and letter section.

Interoperable communication protocols : IOT devices may support a number of

interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also
with the infrastructure. We describe some of the commonly used to communicate and
protocol and model and letter section.

Unique Identity: Each iot device has a Unique Identity and a unique identifier(such as an IP
address or a URL). Iot systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the
contexts, allow communicating with users and the environmental contexts. IOT devices
interfaces allow users to query the devices, monitor with status, and control them remotely,
in Association with the control, configuring and management infrastructure.

Integrated into Information Network: Iot devices are usually integrated into the
Information Network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other
devices and systems. Iot devices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other
devices and are the network, and have capability to describe themselves(and change their
characteristics) to other devices or user applications.
Integration into the information networkshealps in making IOT systems “smarter” due to
the collective intelligence of the individual devices in collaboration with infrastructure.

5. Big Data Analytics?

Big data is defined as collections of data sets whose volume, velocity in terms of its temporal
variations )or variety, is so large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the
data using traditional database and data processing tools. Big Data Analytics involves several
steps starting from Data cleaning data munging data processing and visualization
1. Sensor data generated by IoT system such as weather monitoring stations
2. Machine sensor data collected from sensor embedded in Industrial and energy system for
monitoring their files and protecting failure
3. Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable fitness bands.
4. Data generated by IoT systems for Location tracking of vehicles.
5. Data generated by retail inventory monitoring system.
Characteristics of data include:
Volume: Though there is no fixed threshold for volume of data to be considered as big data,
however the term big data is used for massive scale data that is difficult to store, manage
and process using traditional databases and data processing architecture. The volume of
data generated by modern IT, industrial and Healthcare systems for example is growing
exponentially driven by the lowering cost of data storage and processing architectures and
 the need to extract valuable insights from the data to improve business processes, efficiency
and services to consumesr.
Velocity: Velocity is another important characteristic of big data and the primary reasons for
exponential growth of data velocity of the data of a store is how fast the data is generated
and how frequently it varies. Modern IT Industrial and other systems are generating data at
increasing the highest speeds.
Variety: Variety refers to the forms of the data. Big data comes in for different forms such as
structured or unstructured data including text data, audio, video and sensor data .

6. Explain about different types of IOT Architectures

The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network Layer,
Data processing Layer, and Application Layer.
 Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of Things architecture
and is responsible for collecting data from different sources. This layer
includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to gather information
about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other physical parameters. Wired or
wireless communication protocols connect these devices to the network layer.
 Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing
communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. It includes
protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect and communicate with each
other and with the wider internet. Examples of network technologies that are commonly
used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks such as 4G and 5G
technology. Additionally, the network layer may include gateways and routers that act
as intermediaries between devices and the wider internet, and may also include security
features such as encryption and authentication to protect against unauthorized access.
 Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the
software and hardware components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing,
and interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is responsible for receiving raw
data from the devices, processing it, and making it available for further analysis or
action.The data processing layer includes a variety of technologies and tools, such
as data management systems, analytics platforms, and machine learning algorithms.
These tools are used to extract meaningful insights from the data and make
decisions based on that data. Example of a technology used in the data processing
layer is a data lake, which is a centralized repository for storing raw data from IoT
devices.
 Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer
that interacts directly with the end-user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly
interfaces and functionalities that enable users to access and control IoT
devices.This layer includes various software and applications such as mobile apps,
web portals, and other user interfaces that are designed to interact with the
underlying IoT infrastructure. It also includes middleware services that allow
different IoT devices and systems to communicate and share data seamlessly.The
application layer also includes analytics and processing capabilities that allow data
to be analyzed and transformed into meaningful insights. This can include machine
learning algorithms, data visualization tools, and other advanced analytics
capabilities.

7. Difference between IOT and M2M

 8. Role of Wireless Sensor Networks in IoT Applications?

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a crucial role in the functioning of Internet of
Things (IoT) applications by acting as the backbone for data collection, processing,
and communication. Here's a breakdown of their importance:

Data Collection

WSNs consist of small, low-power sensor nodes that are deployed in various environments to
monitor physical or environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, motion, etc.). In
IoT applications, these sensors collect real-time data from their surroundings and
communicate it wirelessly.

Communication Backbone

The sensor nodes in WSNs are capable of forming a self-organized network. These nodes
communicate with each other and transmit the collected data to a central node, which further
forwards it to cloud services or other IoT infrastructure. This wireless communication is key
to enabling a truly connected IoT system, eliminating the need for wired infrastructure.

Energy Efficiency

IoT applications often require long-term deployments in remote or hard-to-reach locations

(like forests, oceans, or industrial environments). WSNs are designed to be energy-efficient,
using low-power communication protocols and sleep cycles to extend the battery life of
sensor nodes, which is essential for maintaining a sustainable IoT system.

Scalability

WSNs support the addition of more nodes as needed, making it easier to scale IoT
applications. As more devices become part of the IoT ecosystem, the network of sensors can
grow, enabling the capture of increasingly rich datasets without significant reconfiguration.

Remote Monitoring and Control

WSNs enable real-time monitoring of IoT systems from remote locations. This is particularly
useful in applications like smart agriculture, smart cities, healthcare, and industrial
automation, where constant monitoring and control are needed.

Security

WSNs often need to ensure data privacy and secure communication in IoT applications,
especially when dealing with sensitive information like health data, industrial secrets, or
public infrastructure. Secure communication protocols and data encryption are critical
components of WSNs in IoT environments.

Key IoT Application Areas Involving WSNs:

 Smart Cities: Monitoring infrastructure, traffic, air quality, etc.

 Healthcare: Remote health monitoring using wearable sensors.
 Agriculture: Precision farming through environmental monitoring.
 Industrial Automation: Monitoring equipment and production processes.
 Environmental Monitoring: Tracking weather patterns, pollution, and disaster management.

9. Explain Things in IoT?

The things in iot usually refers to iot devices which have unique identities and can perform
Remote Sensing, acuting and monitoring capabilities. Can exchange data with other
connected devices and application directly or indirectly or collect data from other devices
and process that data either locally or send the data to centralised service or cloud based
application back and for first thing the data or perform some task locally, and other tasks
within the iot infrastructure based on temporal and space constraints.

10. WoT in IOT?

Web of Things (WoT) is a technology that extends the Internet of Things (IoT) with
web technologies to make it easier to integrate IoT devices and services. WoT is
designed to be more scalable and user-friendly than IoT.

11.Explain different types of IOT Networks?

IoT networks consist of various types of communication frameworks that allow devices to
connect, share data, and interact with each other. Depending on the application, environment,
and network requirements like range, bandwidth, power consumption, etc., different types of
IoT networks are used. Below are some of the major types of IoT networks:

1. Personal Area Networks (PAN)

 Description: A PAN typically covers a small area like a room or a person's workspace. It is
designed to connect personal devices, like wearables, smartphones, and tablets, that are
within close proximity.
 Technologies:
o Bluetooth: Widely used in wearable IoT devices, fitness trackers, and smart home
applications.
o Zigbee: Often used in low-power applications such as home automation and
industrial settings.
 Range: Around 10-100 meters.
 Applications: Smartwatches, health monitors, smart lighting.

Local Area Networks (LAN)

 Description: A LAN covers a limited geographical area such as a home, office, or building. It
connects a larger set of devices than a PAN and usually provides higher bandwidth.
 Technologies:
o Wi-Fi: The most common IoT LAN technology, used in home automation, smart
appliances, and media streaming.
o Ethernet: Used in industrial IoT (IIoT) applications for high-speed, reliable
communication.
 Range: About 100-200 meters.
 Applications: Smart home devices, smart TVs, connected appliances, security systems.

Wide Area Networks (WAN)

 Description: A WAN spans over a broad area such as a city or even a country. It allows long-
distance communication between IoT devices over large areas.
 Technologies:
o Cellular Networks (4G, 5G): Used in IoT applications requiring high data throughput
and mobility, such as connected cars, smart cities, and drones.
o Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN): Designed for long-range, low-power,
low-bandwidth applications such as smart metering, agriculture, and environmental
monitoring.
 Range: From a few kilometers to several thousand kilometers.
 Applications: Connected vehicles, smart city infrastructure, industrial automation, smart
grids.

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)

 Description: LPWAN is a specialized type of WAN designed for long-range communication

with low power consumption. It is especially useful for IoT devices that need to send small
amounts of data over long distances and can remain in the field for years without a battery
change.
  Technologies:
o LoRaWAN: Long-range and low-power, typically used in smart agriculture,
environmental monitoring, and smart cities.
o Sigfox: Ultra-narrowband, used in remote monitoring, asset tracking, and smart
grids.
o NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT): A cellular-based technology used for applications like
smart metering, wearables, and smart parking.
 Range: Up to 40 km in rural areas, and 10 km in urban settings.
 Applications: Smart agriculture, environmental sensors, utility metering, asset tracking.

Mesh Networks

 Description: A mesh network involves multiple interconnected devices (nodes), where each
node communicates with others and can act as a relay to transmit data. This type of network
is highly resilient, as even if one node fails, data can still be routed through other nodes.
 Technologies:
o Zigbee Mesh: Common in smart homes and industrial settings.
o Z-Wave Mesh: Used in home automation and smart lighting.
 Range: Highly dependent on the number of nodes, with each node extending the range.
 Applications: Smart homes, industrial automation, smart street lighting.

Satellite IoT Networks

 Description: Satellite networks provide global coverage, especially useful for IoT
applications in remote or inaccessible locations where other types of networks are not
feasible.
 Technologies:
o LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Satellites: Used for global coverage, especially in
environmental monitoring, agriculture, and maritime IoT applications.
o GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) Satellites: Used for high-altitude communications
over large distances.
 Range: Global.
 Applications: Global asset tracking, remote monitoring, maritime and aviation IoT.

Hybrid Networks

 Description: Some IoT applications require a combination of different types of networks,

such as combining a cellular IoT network with an LPWAN to meet the needs for both
mobility and long-range coverage.
 Applications: Smart cities, transportation, and industrial IoT, where different network types
serve different needs (e.g., high bandwidth for traffic cameras and low power for
environmental sensors).
 12.Types of IOT Access Technologies?
IoT access technologies refer to the different methods and communication protocols that
IoT devices use to connect to a network or communicate with other devices. These technologies vary
based on their range, power consumption, data rate, and application scenarios. Below are the major
types of IoT access technologies:

Wi-Fi

 Description: Wi-Fi is one of the most widely used access technologies for IoT, especially in
smart homes, offices, and industrial applications. It provides high data rates and can support
a large number of devices over a local area.
 Range: Up to 100-200 meters.
 Data Rate: Up to several Gbps (Wi-Fi 6).
 Power Consumption: High, typically not suitable for battery-operated devices.
 Applications: Smart home devices, smart TVs, security cameras, industrial automation.

Bluetooth

 Description: Bluetooth is a short-range, low-power wireless technology that is primarily used

in personal devices and short-range communication.
 Variants:
o Bluetooth Classic: Used in audio devices and smartphones.
o Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Specifically designed for IoT applications, such as
wearables and health devices, due to its low energy consumption.
 Range: 10-100 meters.
 Data Rate: Up to 2 Mbps (BLE).
 Power Consumption: Low, making it ideal for battery-powered devices.
 Applications: Wearables, health monitors, smart home sensors.

Zigbee
  Description: Zigbee is a low-power, low-data-rate wireless technology specifically designed
for IoT. It is widely used in mesh networks where devices form an interconnected network
and can relay data between each other.
 Range: 10-100 meters.
 Data Rate: 20-250 Kbps.
 Power Consumption: Very low.
 Applications: Smart lighting, home automation, industrial monitoring, energy management.

Ethernet

 Description: Ethernet is a wired technology that provides reliable, high-speed

communication, often used in industrial and enterprise IoT applications. While it's not
suitable for mobile or remote IoT devices, it is ideal for environments where high data
throughput and low latency are critical.
 Range: Up to 100 meters without repeaters.
 Data Rate: Up to 10 Gbps or more.
 Power Consumption: High, compared to wireless technologies.
 Applications: Industrial IoT (IIoT), building automation, smart factories.

Satellite Communication

 Description: Satellite communication provides global coverage and is ideal for IoT
applications in remote or isolated areas where cellular or other terrestrial networks are
unavailable.
 Range: Global.
 Data Rate: Varies, generally low.
 Power Consumption: Higher compared to LPWAN technologies.
 Applications: Remote environmental monitoring, maritime IoT, asset tracking in remote
areas.