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    of 8

    3.

    10 Linear Approximations
    and Differentials
    We have seen that a curve lies very close to its tangent line near the
    point of tangency. In fact, by zooming in toward a point on the graph
    of a differentiable function, we noticed that the graph looks more
    and more like its tangent line.

    This observation is the basis for a method of finding approximate


    values of functions. The idea is that it might be easy to calculate a
    value f(a) of a function, but difficult (or even impossible) to compute
    nearby values of f.

    Equation of the tangent line to the curve of the function f(x) at x=a

    (a,f().
    So, we settle for the easily
    computed values of the linear
    function L(x) whose graph
    is the tangent line of f at (a,f(a)).

    The linear function whose graph is this tangent line, that is,
    L(x) = f(a) + f’(a)(x – a)
    is called the linearization of f at a.

    1
    In other words, we use the tangent line y = f(a) + f’(a)(x - a) at
    (a, f(a)) as an approximation to the curve y = f(x) when x is near
    a.
    The approximation
    f(x) ≈ f(a) + f’(a)(x – a)
    is called the linear approximation or tangent line approximation
    of f at x=a.

    Ex. 1. Use the linear approximation of the function f ( x)  3 x


    to find a) 3 2 and b) 3 26 .

    2
    Ex. 2. Verify that the linearization of the function f(x) = sin x at
    a = 0 is L1(x) = x and of the function g(x) = cos x at a = 0 is
    L2(x) = 1. [Often used in physics]

    3
    DIFFERENTIALS
    Let P(x, f(x)) and Q(x + ∆x, f(x + ∆x)) be the points on the graph
    of f(x).

    Let change in x between


    points P and Q be
    denoted as dx = ∆x.

    The corresponding change in y (between points P and Q) is:

    ∆y = f(x + ∆x) – f(x)


     The slope of the tangent line PR is the derivative f’(x).
     Thus, the directed distance from S to R is dy=f’(x)dx .

    Therefore:
    1. dy represents the amount that the tangent line
    rises or falls (the change in the linearization, i.e. the
    approximate change in y) if x changes by dx.
    2. ∆y represents the amount that the curve y = f(x)
    rises or falls when x changes by an amount dx (exact
    change in y).

    4
    dy=f’(x)dx

    Ex.3 Compare the values of ∆y and dy if


    y = f(x) = x3 + x2 – 2x + 1
    and x changes from:
    a. 2 to 2.05
    b. 2 to 2.01

    5
    Ex. 4. The radius of a sphere was measured and found to be 21
    cm with a possible error in measurement of at most 0.05 cm.
    What is the maximum error in using this value of the radius to
    compute the volume of the sphere?

    6
    Ex. 5. When the blood flows along a blood vessel, the flux F (the
    volume of blood per unit time that flows past a given point) is
    proportional to the fourth power of the radius R of the blood
    vessel: F=kR4. Show that the relative change in F is about 4
    times the relative change in R. How will a 5% increase in the
    radius affect the flow of blood?

    7
    Ex. 8. Use differentials to estimate the amount of paint needed to
    apply a coat of paint 0.01 cm thick to a hemispherical dome with
    a diameter 50 m.

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