Notes of Physics Part 1

AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
CHAPTER
18 Ray Optics and Wave Optics
Chapter Highlights
Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and
its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens,
Combination of thin lenses in contact, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and
their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle.
Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained
interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes
and astronomical telescopes, Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light
and Polaroids.
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 4. The formula v = fl is applicable to light.
Introduction 1m 10–3 m 7800 Å 3600 Å 10–9 m 10–11 m
Blue lakes, golden deserts, green forest, and multicoloured Radio Micro Infra Visible light U.V. x-ray γ -ray
rainbows can be enjoyed by anyone who has eyes with wave wave red
which to see them. But by studying the branch of physics Electromagnetic spectrum
called optics, which deals with the behaviour of light and
5. When light gets reflected in same medium, it suffers no
other electromagnetic waves, we can reach a deeper appre-
change in frequency, speed, and wavelength.
ciation of the visible world. A knowledge of the properties
6. When light gets reflected in same medium, it suffers no
of light allows us to understand the blue colour of the sky
change in frequency, speed, and wavelength.
and the design of optical devices such as telescopes, micro-
7. Frequency of light remains unchanged when it gets
scopes, cameras, eyeglasses, and the human eye. The same
reflected or refracted.
basic principles of optics also lie at the heart of modern
developments such as the laser, optical fibres, holograms, Reflected ray
optical computers, and new techniques in medical imaging. Incident ray
v, f, λ, I′ ≤ I
v, f, λ , I
Properties of Light Medium 1
1. Speed of light in vacuum, denoted by c, is equal to Medium 2
3 × 108 m/s approximately.
2. Light is electromagnetic wave (proposed by Maxwell).
It consists of varying electric field and magnetic field. Reflected ray
v′, f, λ′, I″ ≤ I
E
Some Interesting Facts about Light

Propagation
Until the time of Isaac Newton (1642–1727), most
B of light
scientists thought that light consisted of streams of parti-
3. Light carries energy and momentum. cles (called corpuscles) emitted by light source. Galileo
18.2 Chapter 18
and others tried (unsuccessfully) to measure the speed of mirrors to measure the time it took light to make a round
light. Around 1665, evidence of wave properties of light trip from Mt. Wilson to Mt. San Antonio in California. The
began to be discovered. By the early nineteenth century, precise measurements yielded a speed of 299,796,000 m/s.
evidence that light is a wave had grown very persuasive.
In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the exist- Reflection of Light
ence of electromagnetic wave and calculated their speed of
When light rays strike the boundary of two media such as
propagation. The development, along with the experimen-
air and glass, a part of light is turned back into the same
tal work of Heinrich Hertz starting in 1887, showed conclu-
medium. This is called Reflection of Light.
sively that light is indeed an electromagnetic wave.
The wave picture of light is not the whole story; 1. Regular Reflection: When the reflection takes place
however, several effects associated with emission and from a perfect plane surface it is called regular reflec-
absorption of light reveal a particle aspect, in that the tion. In this case, the reflected light has large intensity
energy carried by light waves is packaged in discrete bun- in one direction and negligibly small intensity in other
dles called photons or quanta. These apparently contradic- directions.
tory wave and particle properties have been reconciled since
1930 with the development of quantum electrodynamics, a
comprehensive theory that includes both wave and particle
properties. The propagation of light is best described by a
wave model, but understanding emission and absorption
requires a particle approach. Regular reflection
The speed of light in a vacuum is exactly 299,792,458
m/s (about 186,282.397 miles per second). The speed of 2. Diffused Reflection: When the surface is rough, we do
light depends upon the medium in which it is traveling, and not get a regular behaviour of light. Although at each
the speed will be lower in a transparent medium. point, light ray gets reflected irrespective of the over-
Different physicists have attempted to measure the all nature of surface, difference is observed because
speed of light throughout history. Galileo attempted to even in a narrow beam of light there are many rays
measure the speed of light in the seventeenth century. A which are reflected from different points of surface and
good early experiment to measure the speed of light was it is quite possible that these rays may move in differ-
conducted by Ole Rømer, a Danish physicist, in 1676. ent directions due to irregularity of the surface. This
Using a telescope, Ole observed the motions of Jupiter and process enables us to see an object from any position.
one of its moons, Io. Noting discrepancies in the appar- Such a reflection is called diffused reflection.
ent period of Io’s orbit, Rømer calculated that light takes
about 18 minutes to traverse the diameter of Earth’s orbit.
Unfortunately, this was not a value that was known at that
time. If Ole had known the diameter of the earth’s orbit, he Diffused reflection
would have calculated a speed of 227,000,000 m/s. For example, reflection from a wall, from a newspa-
Another, more accurate, measurement of the speed per, etc. This is why you can not see your face in news
of light was performed in Europe by Hippolyte Fizeau in paper and in the wall.
1849. Fizeau directed a beam of light at a mirror several
kilometers away. A rotating cog wheel was placed in the Laws of Reflection
path of the light beam as it traveled from the source to the 1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the
mirror and then returned to its origin. Fizeau found that at point of incidence lie in the same plane. This plane is
a certain rate of rotation, the beam would pass through one called the plane of incidence (or plane of reflection).
gap in the wheel on the way out and the next gap on the way
This condition can be expressed mathematically as R .
back. Knowing the distance to the mirror, the number of
teeth on the wheel, and the rate of rotation, Fizeau was able (I × N ) = N . (I × R) = I ⋅ (N × R) = 0, where I ,
to calculate the speed of light as 313,000,000 m/s. N , and R are vectors of any magnitude along incident
Léon Foucault used an experiment which used ray, the normal, and the reflected ray, respectively.
rotating mirrors to obtain a value of 298,000,000 m/s in 2. The angle of incidence (the angle between normal and
1862. Albert A. Michelson conducted experiments on the incident ray) and the angle of reflection (the angle
the speed of light from 1877 until his death in 1931. He between the reflected ray and the normal) are equal,
refined Foucault’s methods in 1926 using improved rotating i.e. ∠ i = ∠r
18.3
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALLRay APUL
Optics and Wave Optics
Normal Solution:
i r R R
i i δ2
O δ1
O δ1
A A
Original direction Original direction
(a) of propagation (b) of propagation
Special Cases Fig. 18.1
Normal Incidence
From Fig. 18.1(b) it is clear that light ray bends either
In case light is incident normally, by d1 anti-clockwise or by d2 (= 2p – d1) clockwise.
i=r=0 From Fig. 18.1(a),
d = 180° d1 = p – 2i.
Reflected light \ d2 = p + 2i.
Incident light Object and Image

1. Object (O): Object is defined as point of intersection
N
of incident rays.
NOTE Incident side

1
We say that the ray has retraced its path. Incident side O
2
Virtual point object
O
Grazing Incidence Rays 1 and 2 have originated
Real point object from a point source
In case light strikes the reflecting surface tangentially,
i = r = 90 Let us call the side in which incident rays are present as
d = 0° or 360° incident side and the side in which reflected (refracted)
rays are present, as reflected (refracted) side.
Incident Reflected
light light NOTE
N An object is called real if it lies on incident side otherwise it
is called virtual.
NOTE
In case of reflection, speed (magnitude of velocity) of 2. Image (I): Image is defined as point of intersection of
light remains unchanged, but in Grazing incidence, velocity reflected rays (in case of reflection) or refracted rays
remains unchanged. (in case of refraction).
Reflected side
SOLVED EXAMPLE Reflected side
I
Real
1. Show that for a light ray incident at an angle i on Real image
object
I
getting reflected the angle of deviation is d = p - 2i or Virtual image
p + 2i.
18.4 Chapter 18
Solution:
NOTE See Fig. 18.2, M1, N1, and R1 indicate the initial posi-
tion of mirror, initial normal, and initial direction of
An image is called real if it lies on reflected or refracted side
otherwise it is called virtual.
reflected light ray, respectively. M2, N2, and R2 indi-
cate the final position of mirror, final normal, and
final direction of reflected light ray, respectively. From
Formation of Image of a Point Object Fig. 18.2, it is clear that ∠ABC = 2ϕ + d = 2(ϕ + q) or
d = 2q.
i P
i
NOTE
Keeping the mirror fixed, if the incident ray is rotated by
i i
O I angle q then reflected ray rotates by same angle in the
M
opposite direction of rotation
Δ OMP and Δ IMP are congruent

so we can say that OM = MI Point Object
Characteristics of image due to reflection by a plane mirror:
NOTE
Plane mirror is the perpendicular bisector of OI.
Plane Mirror S S
Object Image
Plane mirror is formed by polishing one surface of a plane
thin glass plate. It is also said to be silvered on one side.
It is symbolically Reflecting side
Thin transparent plate
Represented as
Polished side
Polished surface
1. Distance of object from mirror = Distance of image
PLANE MIRROR
from the mirror.
A beam of parallel rays of light, incident on a plane mirror 2. All the incident rays from a point object will meet at a
will get reflected as a beam of parallel reflected rays. single point after reflection from a plane mirror which
is called image.
SOLVED EXAMPLE 3. The line joining a point object and its image is normal
to the reflecting surface.
2. For a fixed incident light ray, if the mirror be rotated
4. For a real object, the image is virtual and for a virtual
through an angle q (about an axis which lies in the
object, the image is real.
plane of mirror and perpendicular to the plane of inci-
dence), show that the reflected ray turns through an 5. The region in which observer’s eye must be present in
angle 2q in same sense. order to view the image is called field of view.
N1 N 2
A R1 D
θ C SOLVED EXAMPLES
Fixed ϕ +θ δ R2
incident ϕ ϕ
ray 3. Figure 18.3 shows a point object A and a plane mirror
θ M1 MN. Find the position of image of object A, in mirror
B M2
MN, by drawing ray diagram. Indicate the region in
which observer’s eye must be present in order to view
Fig. 18.2 the image. (This region is called field of view.)
18.5
A
M
Solution:
The image of point A, in the mirror is at A′ (6, 0).
Join A′M and extend to cut y-axis at M ′ (Ray
originating from A which strikes the mirror at M gets
N reflected as the ray MM ′ appears to come from A′).
Fig. 18.3 Join A′N and extend to cut y-axis at N′ (Ray originat-
ing from A which strikes the mirror at N gets reflected
Solution: as the ray NN ′ which appears to come from A′).
See Fig. 18.4, consider any two rays emanating from
the object. N1 and N2 are normals; N′
i1 = r1 and i2 = r2
A M A′ N(4, 3)
M′
i1 (4, 2)
N1 r1
i2 M
R1 N2 r2 A A′
(6, 0)
R1 N
From geometry,
Fig. 18.4
M′ ≡ (0, 6)
The meeting point of reflected rays R1 and R2 is image
N ′ ≡ (0, 9). M ′N ′ is the region on y-axis in which
A′. Though only two rays are considered it must be
reflected rays are present.
understood that all rays from A reflect from mirror
such that their meeting point is A′. To obtain the region
in which reflected rays are present, join A′ with the Extended Object
ends of mirror and extend. The following Fig. 18.5 An extended object like AB shown in Fig. 18.6 is a com-
shows this region as shaded. In Fig. 18.5, there are bination of infinite number of point objects from A to B.
no reflected rays beyond rays 1 and 2; therefore, the Image of every point object will be formed individually
observers P and Q cannot see the image because they and thus infinite images will be formed. A′ will be image
do not receive any reflected ray. of A, C ′ will be image of C, B ′ will be image of B, and so
on. All point images together form extended image. Thus,
P extended image is formed of an extended object.
1 A′
B B′
C C′
2
A A′
Q
Fig. 18.6
Fig. 18.5
4. Find the region on y-axis in which reflected rays are Properties of Image of an Extended Object, Formed
present. Object is at A (2, 0) and MN is a plane mirror, by a Plane Mirror
as shown. 1. Size of extended object = size of extended image.
2. The image is erect, if the extended object is placed
parallel to the mirror.
N (4, 3)
Y
B B′
M (4, 2)
A X
(2, 0) A A′
18.6 Chapter 18
3. The image is inverted if the extended object lies per- H H′
pendicular to the plane mirror. x M1
x
H: head
EYE (E)
F: feet
B A A′ B′ x+y
Image of
y
observer
M2
B B′ y Hit of mirror =
C C′ 1/2 ht. of eye
F F′
z z
Object Image
A A′ Fig. 18.8
4. If an extended horizontal object is placed in front of

a mirror inclined 45° with the horizontal, the image NOTE
formed will be vertical. See Fig. 18.7.
■ The requirement of the mirror is independent of its
Horizontal incident rays on
the mirror get reflected in
distance from the person.
vertical direction. So the image ■ The image can be seen only if the mirror is placed in a
of extended object will be vertical proper position. (The upper end of the mirror should be
Common direction just between the eyes and head of the person.)
of incident lights from
pointd A and B
A B
Relation between Velocity of Object and
BE = EB′ 45° Image (Take Origin on the Mirror)
AF = FA′ E
From mirror property: xim = –xom, yim = yom, and zim = zom
F
Here xim means x coordinate of image with respect to
B′ mirror. Similarly, others have meaning.
y
A′
Object Image
Fig. 18.7
x
SOLVED EXAMPLE
5. Show that the minimum size of a plane mirror, required Differentiating with respect to time, we get
to see the full image of an observer is half the size of v(im)x = –v(om)x; v(im)y = v(om)y; v(im)z = v(om)z,
that observer.
Solution: ⇒ for x-axis

See the following Fig. 18.8. It is self-explanatory if viG – vmG = –(voG – vmG)
you consider lengths x and y as shown in it.
but for y-axis and z-axis
Aliter:
DE M1, M2, and DE H ′F ′ are similar viG – vmG = (voG – vmG)
M1 M 2 z
\ = or viG = voG.
H ´F´ 2 z
or M1 M2 = H ′ F ′/2 = HF/2. here viG = velocity of image with respect to ground.
18.7
8. In the situation shown in Fig. 18.9, find the velocity of

NOTE image.
■ For perpendicular direction: Velocity of object and image 5 m/s
are different; we can also say that
30°
V OM = −V IM (in perpendicular direction)
10 m/s
■ For parallel direction: Velocity of object and image are
60° y
same.
V OM = V IM (in parallel direction)
x
Fig. 18.9
Solution:
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Along x direction, applying vi – vm = –(v0 – vm)
6. An object moves with 5 m/s towards right while the vi – (–5cos 30°) = –(10 cos 60° –(–5 cos 30°))
mirror moves with 1 m/s towards the left as shown.
\ vi = – 5 (1+ 3 ) m/s
Find the velocity of image.
Along y direction v0 = vi
Solution:
Take → as + direction. \ vi = 10 sin 60° = 5 3 m/s
vi – vm = vm – v0 \ Velocity of the image = –5 (1+ 3)iˆ + 5 3 ĵ m/s.
vi – (–1) = (–1) – 5
Images formed by Two Plane Mirrors
\ vi = –7 m/s.
If rays after getting reflected from one mirror strike second
mirror, the image formed by first mirror will function as an
Object 1 m/s object for second mirror, and this process will continue for
every successive reflection.
5 m/s Mirror
⇒ 7 m/s and direction towards left. SOLVED EXAMPLES

7. There is a point object and a plane mirror. If the mirror
is moved by 10 cm away from the object, find the dis- 9. Figure 18.10 shows a point object placed between two
tance which the image will move. parallel mirrors. Its distance from M1 is 2 cm and that
from M2 is 8 cm. Find the distance of images from the
Solution: two mirrors considering reflection on mirror M1 first.
We know that
xim = – xom or xi – xm = xm – xo M1 M2
or Dxi – Dxm = Dxm – Dxo. 2 cm

O
In this Q. Dxo = 0; Dxm = 10 cm. 8 cm
Therefore Dxi = 2Dxm – Dxo = 20 cm. Fig. 18.10

Initial position of mirror Solution:
Initial position To understand how images are formed, see the fol-
Object x x of image
lowing Fig. 18.11 and table. You will require to know
what symbols like I121 stands for. See the following
10 cm d diagram.
Object
Final position
x + 10 x + 10 of image
I12 1
This last number ‘1’ indicates
Final position of mirror that light rays are reflected from
2(x + 10) = 2x + d mirror ‘1’ i.e. M1
∴ d = 20 cm I12 is object in this case
18.8 Chapter 18
M1 6 M2
5
4
3
2
A
1O B
I121 I1 1 2 I12 I1212
3
4
5
6
Fig. 18.11
Incident rays Reflected by Reflected rays Object Image Object distance Image distance
Rays 1 M1 Rays 2 O I1 AO = 2 cm AI1 = 2 cm
Rays 2 M2 Rays 3 I1 I12 BI1 = 12 cm BI12 = 12 cm
Rays 3 M1 Rays 4 I12 I121 AI12 = 22 cm AI121 = 22 cm
Rays 4 M2 Rays 5 I121 I1212 BI121 = 32 cm BI1212 = 32 cm
And so on …
Similarly, images will be formed by the rays striking mirror M2 first. Total number of images = ∞.
10. Consider two perpendicular mirrors. M1 and M2 and M2

a point object O. Taking origin at the point of inter- 5
I2
section of the mirrors and the coordinate of object as 1
O
(x, y), find the position and number of images. 2 3 6
4
Solution: Extension of mirror M1
M1
Rays a and b strike mirror M1 only and these rays will
form image I1 at (x, –y), such that O and I1 are equi-
distant from mirror M1. These rays do not form further I21
image because they do not strike any mirror again.
Similarly, rays d and e strike mirror M2 only and these For incident rays 1, 2 object is O, and reflected rays 3,
rays will form image I2 at (–x, y), such that O and I2 are 4 form image I2.
equidistant from mirror M2. Now rays 3, 4 incident on M1 (object is I2) which
reflect as rays 5, 6 and form image I21. Rays 5, 6 do not
y d strike any mirror, so image formation stops.
I2 and I21, are equidistant from M1. To summarize,
M2 e see the following Fig. 18.12.
Now rays 3, 4 incident on M1 (object is I2) which
O(x, y) a b reflect as rays 5, 6 and form image I21. Rays 5, 6 do not
I2 strike any mirror, so image formation stops.
(–x, y)
For rays reflecting first from M1 and then from M2,
x
M1 first image I1 (at (x, –y)) will be formed and this will
function as object for mirror M2 and then its image I12
I1
(x, –y)
(at (–x, –y)) will be formed.
I12 and I21 coincide.
Now consider those rays which strike mirror M2 first
and then the mirror M1. \ three images are formed.
18.9
First step
(M2 forms image I2,
(M1 forms image I2, of object O)
M2
of object I2)
I2
O
Second step
(–x, y) (x, y)
Extension of
mirror M1 M1 Concave mirror Convex mirror
(–x, –y)
I21 1. Important terms related to spherical mirrors:
(a) Centre of Curvature (C): The centre of the
Fig. 18.12 sphere from which the spherical mirror is formed
is called the centre of curvature of the mirror. It is
represented by C and is indicated in Fig. 18.14.
Locating all the Images Formed by Two
Plane Mirrors A
R
Consider two plane mirrors M1 and M2 inclined at an angle
q = a + b as shown in Fig. 18.13. P C
B
and so on I (α + 2β )
21
I1(α ) M1 A spherical shell with the center of
curvature, pole aperture and radius
α P(object) of curvature identified
β
M2 Fig. 18.14
I2( β )
(b) Pole (P): The centre of the mirror is called the
I12(2α + β ) pole. It is represented by the point P on the mirror
and so on
APB in Fig. 18.14.
(c) Principal Axis: Principal axis is a line which
Fig. 18.13
is perpendicular to the plane of the mirror and
Point P is an object kept such that it makes angle a with passes through the pole. The principal axis can
mirror M1 and angle b with mirror M2. Image of object P also be defined as the line which joins the pole to
formed by M1, denoted by I1, will be inclined by angle a on the centre of curvature of the mirror.
the other side of mirror M1. This angle is written in bracket (d) Aperture (A): The aperture is the segment or area
in the Fig. 18.13 besides I1. Similarly, image of object P of the mirror which is available for reflecting light.
formed by M2, denoted by I2, will be inclined by angle b on In Fig. 18.14, APB is the aperture of the mirror.
the other side of mirror M2. This angle is written in bracket
in the Fig. 18.13 besides I2. SOLVED EXAMPLES
Now I2 will act as an object for M1 which is at an
angle (a + 2b) from M1. Its image will be formed at an
11. Find the angle of incidence of ray for which it passes
angle (a + 2b) on the opposite side of M1. This image will
through the pole, given that MI || CP.
be denoted as I21, and so on. Think when this will process
stops. Hint: The virtual image formed by a plane mirror I
must not be in front of the mirror or its extension. M θ
θ
C P
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
Spherical mirror is formed by polishing one surface of
a part of sphere. Depending upon which part is shining,
the spherical mirror is classified as (a) Concave mirror, Solution:
if the side towards centre of curvature is shining and (b) ∠MIC = ∠CIP = q
Convex mirror if the side away from the centre of curvature
is shining. MI || CP ∠MIq = ∠ICP = q
18.10 Chapter 18
CI = CP
∠CIP = ∠CPI = q
C F P C F P
\ In DCIP, all angles are equal
3q = 180°
Convex mirror
⇒ q = 60°.
12. Find the distance CQ if incident light ray parallel to Ray Tracing
principal axis is incident at an angle i. Also find the
Following facts are useful in ray tracing.
distance CQ if i → 0.
1. If the incident ray is parallel to the principal axis, the
reflected ray passes through the focus.
R/2 i
L θ
i
C Q P
Solution:
R 2. If the incident ray passes through the focus, then the
cos i =
2CQ reflected ray is parallel to the principal axis.
R 3. Incident ray passing through centre of curvature will
⇒ CQ = be reflected back through the centre of curvature
2 cos i (because it is a normally incident ray).
As i increases, cos i decreases.
Hence, CQ increases
If i is a small angle, cos i ≈ 1
\ CQ = R/2 C F P C P
i
4. It is easy to make the ray tracing of a ray incident at the
C i < 5° pole as shown below.
P C P
F(
fo
cu
s)
θ
C F P θ
So, paraxial rays meet at a distance equal to R/2 from
centre of curvature, which is called focus.
Principal Focus (F)

Sign Convention
It is the point of intersection of all the reflected rays for
which the incident rays strike the mirror (with small aper- We are using co-ordinate sign convention.
ture) parallel to the principal axis. In concave mirror, it is 1. Take origin at pole (in case of mirror) or at optical
real, and in the convex mirror, it is virtual. The distance centre (in case of lens).
from pole to focus is called focal length. Take x-axis along the principal axis, taking positive
direction along the incident light.
u, v, r, and f indicate the x-coordinate of object, image,
centre of curvature, and focus, respectively.
C F P C F P 2. y-coordinates are taken positive above principal axis
and negative below principal axis.
h1 and h2 denote the y-coordinate of object and image,
Concave mirror respectively.
Ray Optics and Wave Optics 18.11
⎛ 40 ⎞
NOTE - ⎜ - ⎟ ×1
⎛ -v ⎞ ⎝ 7⎠
⇒ h2 = – ⎜ × h1 ⎟ =
This sign convention is used for reflection from mirror, reflec- ⎝ u ⎠ -40
tion through flat or curved surfaces or lens.
1
= - cm.
7
Formulae for Reflection from ⎛ -40 1 ⎞
Spherical Mirrors \ The position of image is ⎜ cm, - cm⎟
⎝ 7 7 ⎠
Mirror Formula
14. Converging rays are incident on a convex spherical
1 1 2 1 mirror so that their extensions intersect 30 cm behind
+ = =
v u R f the mirror on the optical axis. The reflected rays form
a diverging beam so that their extensions intersect the
x-coordinate of centre of curvature and focus of concave optical axis 1.2 m from the mirror.. Determine the
mirror are negative and those for convex mirror are posi- focal length of the mirror.
tive. In case of mirrors, since light rays reflect back in x-di-
rection, –ve sign of v indicates real image and +ve sign of v Solution:
indicates virtual image. In this case,
120 cm
SOLVED EXAMPLES
13. Figure 8.15 shows a spherical concave mirror with its

pole at (0, 0) and principal axis along x-axis. There is
a point object at (–40 cm, 1 cm), find the position of 30 cm
image.
u = + 30
(–40, 1)
Object ⇒ v = + 120
1 1 1 1 1
x axis \ = + = +
(0, 0) f v u 120 30
f = 24 cm
R.O.C. = 10 cm
15. Find the position of final image after three successive
Fig. 18.15
reflections taking first reflection on m1.
Solution:
ROC = 20 cm
According to sign convention,
O
u = –40 cm
15 m
h1 = +1 cm
f = –5 cm m1
40 m
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
Solution:
1 1 1
⇒ + = ; I reflection:
v -40 -5
Focus of mirror = –10 cm
-40 h -v
v= cm; 2 = ⇒ u = –15 cm
7 h1 u
18.12 Chapter 18
Applying mirror formula,
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1 1 1
+ = 16. An extended object is placed perpendicular to the
v u f
principal axis of a concave mirror of radius of curva-
⇒ v = –30 cm. ture 20 cm at a distance of 15 cm from pole. Find the
For II reflection on plane mirror: lateral magnification produced.
u = –10 cm Solution:
u = –15 cm
\ v = 10 cm
f = –10 cm
For III reflection on curved mirror:
1 1 1
Using + =
u = –50 cm v u f
f = –10 cm we get, v = –30 cm
Applying mirror formula: v
\ m = - = –2.
1 1 1 u
+ = Aliter:
v u f f -10
m= = = –2
v = –12.5 cm. f -u -10 - ( -15)
1. Lateral magnification (or transverse magnification) 17. A person looks into a spherical mirror. The size of
h image of his face is twice the actual size of his face. If
denoted by m is defined as m = 2 and is related as the face is at a distance 20 cm, then find the nature of
h1
v radius of curvature of the mirror.
m = - . From the definition of m, positive sign of
u
m indicates erect image and negative sign indicates Solution:
inverted image. Person will see his face only when the image is virtual.
2. In case of successive reflection from mirrors, the over- Virtual image of real object is erect.
all lateral magnification is given by m1 × m2 × m3 …, Hence, m=2
where m1, m2, etc. are lateral magnifications produced -v
by individual mirrors. \ =2
u
h1 and h2 denote the y-coordinate of object and
image, respectively. ⇒ v = 40 cm
1 1 1
Applying + = ;
NOTE v u f
f = –40 cm
■ Using (1) and (2) the following conclusions can be made
(check yourself). or R = 80 cm.
■ Derivation to be studied by student from HCV/NCERT. Aliter:
f
Nature of Nature of Inverted or m=
Object Image erect f -u
Real Real Inverted
f
⇒ 2=
Real Virtual Erect
f - ( -20)
Virtual Real Erect ⇒ f = –40 cm
Virtual Virtual Inverted or R = 80 cm.
From (1) and (2), we get 18. An image of a candle on a screen is found to be double
f f -v its size. When the candle is shifted by a distance 5 cm,
m= = (just a time-saving formula) then the image become triple its size. Find the nature
f -u f
and ROC of the mirror.
Solution: Object Moving at an Angle with the
Since the images formed on screen is real. Real object Principal Axis
and real image implies concave mirror.
Resolve the velocity of object along and perpendicular to
f the principal axis and find the velocities of image in these
Applying m=
f -u directions separately and then find the resultant.
f 1
or –2=
f - (u)
(1) Optical Power of a Mirror (in Diopters) =
f
f f = focal length with sign and in meters.
After shifting –3 = (2) If object lying along the principal axis is not of very
f - (u + 5) v -v
small size, the longitudinal magnification = 2 1 (it will
[Why u + 5 ?, why not u – 5: In a concave mirror, size u2 - u1
always be inverted)
of real image will increase, only when the real object
If the size object is very small as compared to its
is brought closer to the mirror. In doing so, its x-coor-
distance from pole then,
dinate will increase] dv v2
From (1) and (2) we get, On differentiating the mirror formula, we get = - 2 :
du u
f = – 30 cm or R = 60 cm Mathematically, du implies small change in position of
object and dv implies corresponding small change in posi-
tion of image. If a small object lies along principal axis, du
VELOCITY OF IMAGE
may indicate the size of object and dv the size of its image
Object Moving Perpendicular to along principal axis (Note that the focus should not lie in
between the initial and final points of object). In this case,
Principal Axis
dv
is called longitudinal magnification. Negative sign
From the relation in 5.3.2, we have du
h2 v v indicates inversion of image irrespective of nature of image
=- or h2 = - . h1 and nature of mirror.
h1 u u
If a point object moves perpendicular to the principal axis,
x coordinate of both the object and the image become
constant. On differentiating the above relation with respect
to time, we get, A B B′ A′
dh2 v dh1
= -
dt u dt
dh
Here, 1 denotes velocity of object perpendicular to the
dt SOLVED EXAMPLE
dh
principal axis and 2 denotes velocity of image perpen-
dt 19. A pointed object is placed 60 cm from pole of a con-
dicular to the principal axis. cave mirror of focal length 10 cm on the principal axis.
Find
Object Moving along Principal Axis (A) The position of image
On differentiating the mirror formula with respect to time, (B) If object is shifted 1 mm towards the mirror along
dv v 2 du dv principal axis, find the shift in image. Explain the
we get =- 2 , where is the velocity of image result.
dt u dt dt
du Solution:
along principal axis and is the velocity of object along
dt (A) u = –60 cm
principal axis. Negative sign implies that the image, in case
f = –10 cm
of mirror, always moves in the direction opposite to that of
object. This discussion is for velocity with respect to mirror fu -10 ( -60) 600
v= = = = –12 cm.
and along the x-axis. u- f -60 - ( -10) -50
18.14 Chapter 18
N
1 1 1
(B) + = Incident ray
v u f
i
Medium 1(n1)
Differentiating, we get
2 Medium 2(n2)
v2 ⎛ -12 ⎞ 1 r
dv = – du = – ⎜ [1 mm ] = – mm
u 2 ⎝ -60 ⎟⎠ 25 Refracted ray
N′
[Q du = 1 mm; sign of du is + because it is shifted
in +ve direction defined by sign convention.] sin i n v l
(A) –ve sign of dv indicates that the image will Also, = 2 = 1 = 1
sin r n1 v2 l2
shift towards negative direction.
(B) The sign of v is negative. Which implies the For applying in problems remember,
image is formed on negative side of pole. (A) n1sin i = n2sin r
and (B) together imply that the image will n2
shift away from pole. = 1n2 = Refractive index of the second medium
n1
Note that differentials dv and du denote small
with respect to the first medium.
changes only.
C = speed of light in air (or vacuum) = 3 × 108 m/s.
Newton’s formula: XY = f 2
X and Y are the distances (along the principal axis) of the Special Cases
object and image, respectively, from the principal focus. • Normal incidence: i = 0 from Snell’s law: r = 0
This formula can be used when the distances are mentioned
N
or asked from the focus.
Incident ray
Refraction of Light Medium 1
When the light changes its medium some changes occurs

Medium 2
in its properties; the phenomenon is known as refraction. Refracted ray
• If the light is incident at an angle (0 < i < 90) then N′
it deviates from its actual path. It is due to change
in speed of light as light passes from one medium to • When light moves from denser to rarer medium, it
another medium. bends away from normal.
• If the light is incident normally then it goes to the N
second medium without bending, but still it is called A
refraction. i
Denser
• Refractive index of a medium is defined as the factor by B
which speed of light reduces as compared to the speed I Rarer I′
c speed of light in vacuum r

of light in vacuum m = = . δ =r–i
v speed of light in medium N′ C
More (less) refractive index implies less (more) speed of r>i

light in that medium, which, therefore, is called denser • When light moves from rarer to denser medium, it
(rarer) medium. bends towards the normal.
Laws of Refraction N
1. The incident ray, the normal to any refracting surface A
at the point of incidence, and the refracted ray all lie in i Rarer
B
the same plane called the plane of incidence or plane
I I′
of refraction. r Denser
sin i
2. = Constant for any pair of media and for light of
sin r N′ C
a given wave length. This is known as Snell’s law. r>i
21. Find the angle qa made by the light ray when it gets
NOTE refracted from water to air, as shown in Fig. 8.16.
■ Higher the value of RI, denser (optically) is the medium. Air
θa μ=1
■ Frequency of light does not change during refraction.
■ Refractive index of the medium relative to vacuum
μ = 4/3
= m r ∈r water
nvacuum = 1; nair = ~
> 1; nwater (average value) = 4/3; nglass
sin–13/5
(average value)= 3/2
Fig. 18.16
Solution:
Deviation of a Ray Due to Refraction
Snell’s law
Deviation (d ) of ray incident at ∠i and refracted at ∠r is
mWsin qW = ma sin qa
given by d = |i - r|.
4 3
× = 1 sin qa
N 3 5
4
i sin qa =
5
qa = sin–1 4 .
N′
r 5
δ=i–r
22. Find the speed of light in medium a if speed of light
c
in medium b is , where c = speed of light in vacuum
3
SOLVED EXAMPLES and light refracts from medium a to medium b making
45° and 60°, respectively, with the normal.
20. A light ray is incident on a glass sphere at an angle of
Solution:
incidence 60° as shown. Find the angles r, r, e, and the
total deviation after two refractions. Snell’s law
ma sin qa = mb sin qb.
e c c
sin qa = sin qb.
va vb
r′
c c
r sin 45° = sin 60°.
60° n = √3 va c/3
2c
⇒ va =
n=1 3 3
Solution:
Applying Snell’s law, Principle of Reversibility of Light Rays
1 sin 60° = 3 sin r 1. A ray travelling along the path of the reflected ray is
⇒ r = 30° reflected along the path of the incident ray.
2. A refracted ray reversed to travel back along its path
From symmetry r ′ = r = 30°. will get refracted along the path of the incident ray.
Again applying Snell’s law at second surface, 1 sin Thus, the incident and refracted rays are mutually
e= 3 sin r reversible.
⇒ e = 60°
Refraction through a Parallel Slab
Deviation at first surface = i – r = 60° – 30° = 30°
Deviation at second surface = e – r ′ = 60° – 30° = 30° When light passes through a parallel slab, having same
Therefore, total deviation = 60°. medium on both sides, then
18.16 Chapter 18
1. Emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. Apparent Depth and Shift of
Submerged Object
NOTE
At near normal incidence (small angle of incidence i),
Emergent ray will not be parallel to the incident ray if the apparent depth (d ′) is given by:
medium on both the sides of slab are different. d
d′ =
nrelative
2. Light is shifted laterally, given by (Students should be v
able to derive it.) and v′ =
nrelative
N
i ni ( R.I. of medium of incidence)
where nrelative =
nr ( R.I. of medium of refraction )
r d = distance of object from the interface = real depth
N′ d
d ′ = distance of image from the interface = apparent depth
i v = velocity of object perpendicular to interface relative to
surface
v ′ = velocity of image perpendicular to interface relative to
t sin(i - r ) surface
d=
cos r This formula can be easily derived using Snell’s law and
t = thickness of slab applying the condition of nearly normal incidence.... (try it
or see in text book).
SOLVED EXAMPLE Image
23. Find the lateral shift of light ray while it passes through Observer Object d′
a parallel glass slab of thickness 10 cm placed in air. Rarer d
The angle of incidence in air is 60° and the angle of Rarer
I I′
refraction in glass is 45°. Denser
I I′
d′
Denser Image d
Solution:
Object Observer
i = 60°
⎛ 1 ⎞
Apparent shift = d ⎜1 -
⎝ nrelative ⎟⎠
r = 45°
10 cm
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Lateral shift 24. An object lies 100 cm inside water. It is viewed from
air nearly normally. Find the apparent depth of the
object.
t sin (i - r )
d= Solution:
cos r
d 100
10 sin (60° - 45°) d′ = = =75 cm
= nrelative 4/3
cos 45° 1
10 sin 15° 25. A concave mirror is placed inside water with its
=
cos 45° shining surface upwards and principal axis vertical as
shown. Rays are incident parallel to the principal axis
= 10 5 sin 15°. of concave mirror. Find the position of final image.
Solution:
Air
Water 36 36
(A) d ′B = = = 48 cm
4/3 1 3/ 4
30 cm ⎛ 4⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
3
36
R = 40 cm (B) d ′F = = 27 cm
4/3
Solution: (C) For fish: dB = 36 + 48 = 84 cm
The incident rays will pass undeviated through the dB = 36 + 48 = 84 cm
water surface and strike the mirror parallel to its prin- (D) For bird: dF = 27 + 36 = 63 cm
cipal axis. Therefore, for the mirror, object is at ∞. Its
dF = 27 + 36 = 63 cm.
image A (in Fig. 18.17) will be formed at focus which
is 20 cm from the mirror. (E) Velocity of fish with respect to bird
Now for the interface between water and air, ⎛ ⎞
d = 10 cm. 12
= 12 + ⎜ ⎟ = 21 cm/s
⎜⎝ 4 / 3 ⎟⎠
1/1
Velocity of bird with respect to fish
Air ⎛ ⎞
12
10 cm Water B
d′ = 12 + ⎜ ⎟ = 28 cm/s
4/3 ⎜⎝ 3 / 4 ⎟⎠
A 1/1
30 cm
27. See the Fig 18.19. Find the distance of final image
formed by mirror
R = 40 cm R = 20 cm
Fig. 18.17 3/2
d 10 Air
\ d′ = = = 7.5 cm. O
⎛ nw ⎞ ⎛ / 3⎞
4
⎜⎝ n ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟
a
1 ⎠
3 cm
26. See the Fig. 18.18 21 cm
Fig. 18.19
Air
36 cm Solution:
(n = 1) ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Shift = 3 ⎜1 - = 3 ⎜1 -
⎝ 3 / 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 3 / 2 ⎟⎠
Water
36 cm
(n = 4/3)
⎛ 1 ⎞
For mirror object is at a distance = 21 – 3 ⎜1 -
⎝ 3 / 2 ⎟⎠
Fig. 18.18 = 20 cm
(A) Find apparent height of the bird \ object is at the centre of curvature of mirror.
(B) Find apparent depth of fish Hence, the light rays will retrace and image will
(C) At what distance will the bird appear to the fish. formed on the object itself.
(D) At what distance will the fish appear to the bird
(E) If the velocity of bird is 12 cm/s downward and the Refraction through a composite slab (or refraction through
fish is 12 cm/s in upward direction, then find out a number of parallel media, as seen from a medium of
their relative velocities with respect to each other. RI n0)
18.18 Chapter 18
Apparent Depth (Distance of Final Image from Final In the Fig. 18.21
Surface)
N N N
t1 t2 t3 tn
= + + +…+ r r Rarer
n1 relative n2 relative n3 relative nn relative 90°
A
I I′
n0 n3 n2 n1 C
i B
i>C r=i Denser
N′ N′ N′
Observer Object
Fig. 18.21
t3 t2 t1
O = Object
NN ′ = normal to the interface
Apparent Shift II ′ = interface
⎡ ⎤ C = critical angle
1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
= t1 ⎢ 1 - ⎥ + t2 ⎢1 - ⎥+…+ AB = reflected ray due to TIR
⎢⎣ n1 relative ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ n2 relative ⎥⎦ When i = C then r = 90o
nr
⎡ n ⎤ \ C = sin–1 n
⎢1- ⎥ tn d
⎢⎣ nn relative ⎥⎦
Where t represents thickness and n represents the RI of the
Conditions of TIR
respective media, relative to the medium of observer. (i.e., 1. Light is incident on the interface from denser medium.
n1relative = n1/n0, n2 relative = n2/n0, etc.) 2. Angle of incidence should be greater than the criti-
cal angle (i > c). Fig. 18.22 shows a luminous object
SOLVED EXAMPLE placed in denser medium at a distance h from an inter-
face separating two media of refractive indices mr
28. See Fig. 18.20. Find the apparent depth of object seen and md. Subscript r and d stand for rarer and denser
below surface AB. medium, respectively.
Observer Circle of illuminance 1

A μ = 1.8 μr 90°
B
15 cm μ = 1.5 μd c 3
h 2
C D
20 cm μ=2
Fig. 18.22
Object
Fig. 18.20 In the Fig. 18.22, ray 1 strikes the surface at an angle
less than critical angle C and gets refracted in rarer
Solution:
medium. Ray 2 strikes the surface at a critical angle
d 20 15
Dapp = ∑m =
⎛ 2⎞
+
⎛ 1.5 ⎞
= 18 + 18 = 36 cm. and grazes the interface. Ray 3 strikes the surface mak-
ing an angle more than critical angle and gets inter-
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
1.8 1.8 nally reflected. The locus of points where ray strikes at
Critical Angle and Total Internal critical angle is a circle, called circle of illuminance.
All light rays striking inside the circle of illuminance
Reflection (TIR) get refracted in rarer medium. If an observer is in rarer
Critical angle is the angle made in denser medium for medium, he/she will see light coming out only from
which the angle of refraction in rarer medium is 90°. within the circle of illuminance. If a circular opaque
When angle in denser medium is more, then critical angle plate covers the circle of illuminance, no light will get
the light ray reflects back in denser medium following the refracted in rarer medium and then the object cannot
laws of reflection and the interface behaves like a perfectly be seen from the rarer medium. Radius of COI can be
reflecting mirror. easily found.
A
SOLVED EXAMPLES
29. Find the max. angle that can be made in glass medium
i
(m = 1.5) if a light ray is refracted from glass to vacuum.
n = 3/2
θ
Solution: C B
1.5 sin C = 1 sin 90°,
where C = critical angle. or sin (90° - q) > sin C
sin C = 2/3 1 2
–1 or cosq > sin C = =
C = sin 2/3. 3/ 2 3
30. Find the angle of refraction in a medium (m = 2) if 2
light is incident in vacuum, making angle equal to or q < cos–1 .
3
twice the critical angle.
Solution: 32. What should be the value of refractive index n of a

Since the incident light is in rarer medium. Total glass rod placed in air, so that the light entering
internal reflection cannot take place. through the flat surface of the rod does not cross the
curved surface of the rod?
1
C = sin–1 = 30°
m Solution:
\ i = 2C = 60° It is required that all possible r ′ should be more than
critical angle. This will be automatically fulfilled if
Applying Snell’s law, minimum r ′ is more than critical angle (A)
1 sin 60° = 2 sin r Angle r ′ is minimum when r is maximum, i.e.,
C (why?).Therefore, the minimum value of r ′ is 90° – C.
3 From condition (A):
sin r =
4
⎛ 3⎞ 90° – C > C
⇒ r = sin–1 ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 4 ⎠ or C < 45°
31. What should be the value of angle q so that light sin C < sin 45°;
entering normally through the surface AC of a
prism (n = 3/2) does not cross the second refracting 1 1
<
surface AB. n 2
A
or n> 2.
Air
θ r′
r
C B
i
Solution: Glass
Light ray will pass the surface AC without bending

since it is incident normally. Suppose it strikes the sur-
face AB at an angle of incidence i.
Characteristics of a Prism
i = 90° – q
1. A homogeneous solid transparent and refracting
For the required condition medium bounded by two plane surfaces inclined at an
90° – q > C angle is called a prism
18.20 Chapter 18
3D view
Refraction through a prism i r1 r2 e d
q1 q2 q4 q4 q5
q4 q3 q2 q1 q5
7. There is one and only one angle of incidence for which

View from one side the angle of deviation is minimum.
8. When d = dmin, the angle of minimum deviation, then
P
NN′ and N′N″ are normals i = e and r1 = r2, the ray passes symmetrically with
A respect to the refracting surfaces. We can show by
N N″
δ simple calculation that
i
t ray e
den
r
Inci
r Em
erg dmin = 2imin – A
ent
N′ ray
where imin = angle of incidence for minimum devia-
Q Base R tion, and r = A/2.
A+d
2. PQ and PR are refracting surfaces. sin ⎡⎢ 2 m ⎤⎥
3. ∠QPR = A is called refracting angle or the angle of \ nrel = ⎣ ⎦ ,
prism (also called apex angle). sin ⎣⎡ 2 ⎤⎦
A
4. d = angle of deviation
5. For refraction of a monochromatic (single wave length) nprism
where nrel =
ray of light through a prism nsurroundings
d = (i + e) - (r1 + r2)
Also
and r1 + r2 = A
dmin = (n - 1) A (for small values of ∠A)
\ d = i + e - A.
6. Variation of d versus i (shown in diagram). 9. For a thin prism (A ≤ 10°) and for small value of i, all
values of
δ
d = (nrel - 1) A,
δ max nprism
δ where nrel =
δ min nsurrounding
i
imin i=e i = 90°
(e = 90°) e = imin
SOLVED EXAMPLES
i=x i=y
e=y e=x 33. Refracting angle of a prism A = 60° and its refractive
For one d (except d min) there are two values of angle index is, n = 3/2, what is the angle of incidence i to get
of incidence. If i and e are interchanged, then we get the minimum deviation. Also find the minimum deviation.
same value of d because of reversibility principle of light. Assume the surrounding medium to be air (n = 1).
Solution:
NOTE For minimum deviation,
A
■ For application of above result, medium on both sides of r1 = r2 = = 30°.
prism must be same. 2
■ Based on above graph, we can also derive following result, applying Snell’s law at I surface
which says that i and e can be interchanged for a particu-
lar deviation, in other words, there are two angles of inci- 3
1 × sin i = sin 30°
dence for a given deviation (except minimum deviation). 2
⎛ 3⎞ 36. Show that if A > Amax (=2 C), then total internal reflec-
⇒ i = sin -1 ⎜ ⎟ tion occurs at second refracting surface PR for any
⎝ 4⎠
value of i.
⎛ 3⎞ p
⇒ dmin = 2sin–1 ⎜ ⎟ – . Solution:
⎝ 4⎠ 3
For TIR at second surface,
34. See the Fig. 18.23, Find the deviation caused by a prism r′ > C
3 ⇒ (A – r) > C
having refracting angle 4° and refractive index .
2
or A > (C + r)
4° The above relation will be fulfilled if
or A > C + rmax
3/2 or A>C+C
Fig. 18.23 or A > 2C
Solution: 1. On the basis of above example and similar reasoning,
⎛3 ⎞ it can be shown that (you should try the following
d = ⎜⎝ - 1⎟⎠ × 4° = 2°. cases (ii) and (iii) yourself.)
2
(a) If A > 2C, all rays are reflected back from the
7 second surface.
35. For a prism, A = 60°, n = . Find the minimum (b) If A ≤ C , no rays are reflected back from the sec-
3
possible angle of incidence, so that the light ray is ond surface, i.e., all rays are refracted from second
refracted from the second surface. Also find dmax. surface.
(c) If 2C ≥ A > C , some rays are reflected back from
Solution: the second surface and some rays are refracted
In minimum incidence case, the angles will be as from second surface, depending on the angle of
shown in Fig. 18.24. incidence.
A 2. d is maximum for two values of i
⇒ imin (corresponding to e = 90°) and i = 90°
imin (corresponding to emin).
A C
–C
For imin: nssin i min = npsin(A – C)
If i < imin, then T.I.R takes place at second refracting
Fig. 18.24 surface PR.
Applying Snell’s law:

Dispersion
7
1 × sin imin = sin (A – C)
3 You see a rainbow when you are facing falling rain with
the sun behind you. The arc is formed by rays of sun-
7 light that change direction three times: the rays refract, or
= (sin A cos C – cos A sin C)
3 bend, when they enter a raindrop; then reflect off the back
of the raindrop and finally refract again as they exit the
7 ⎛ 3 3⎞ 1 raindrop. You see colours because different wavelengths
= sin 60 1 - - cos 60 ⎟ =
3 ⎜⎝ 7 7⎠ 2 refract through different angles, a phenomenon called
dispersion.
\ imin = 30°
\ dmax = imin + 90° – A Dispersion of Light

The angular splitting of a ray of white light into a num-
= 30° + 90° – 60° = 60°. ber of components and spreading in different directions is
18.22 Chapter 18
called dispersion of light. [It is for whole electromagnetic
wave in totality.] This phenomenon is because waves of
SOLVED EXAMPLES
different wavelength move with same speed in vacuum but 37. The refractive indices of flint glass for red and violet
with different speeds in a medium. light are 1.613 and 1.632, respectively. Find the angu-
Therefore, the refractive index of a medium depends lar dispersion produced by a thin prism of flint glass
slightly on wavelength also. This variation of refractive having refracting angle 5°.
index with wavelength is given by Cauchy’s formula.
b Solution:
Cauchy’s formula n (l) = a + 2 , where a and b are
l Deviation of the red light is dr = (mr – 1)A and devia-
positive constants of a medium. tion of the violet light is dv = (mv – 1)A.
The dispersion = dv – dr = (mv – mr)A
NOTE
= (1.632 – 1.613) × 5° = 0.095°.
■ Such phenomenon is not exhibited by sound waves. Deviation of beam (also called mean deviation)
Angle between the rays of the extreme colours in the
refracted (dispersed) light is called angle of dispersion. d = dy = (ny – 1)A
q = d v - dr (Fig. 18.25 (a)) nv, nr, and ny are RI of material for violet, red, and
yellow colours, respectively.
Fig. 18.25(a) and (c) represents dispersion, whereas in
Fig. 18.25(b), there is no dispersion.
White light
NOTE
■ Numerical data reveals that if the average value of m is
Air small, mv – mr is also small and if the average value of m
medium δr is large, mv – mr is also large. Thus, larger the mean devi-
δv ation, larger will be the angular dispersion.
Dispersive power (ω) of the medium of the material of
Re
θ
δ y = mean deviation
d
Violet or deviation prism is given by:

Yellow in the beam n - nr
ω= v
(a) ny - 1
■ ω is the property of a medium.
All parallel to For small angled prism (A ≤ 10o) with light incident at
Red one another
Air Yellow small angle i:
∴θ=0
Violet nv - nr d v - d r q Angular dispersion
= = =
ny - 1 dy d y Deviation of mean ray (yellow)
n + nr
White ray [ny = v if ny is not given in the problem.]
2
Medium
■ n - 1 = refractivity of the medium for the corresponding
(b) colour.
A δ v δ y δr 38. Refractive index of glass for red and violet colours are
White ray R 1.50 and 1.60, respectively. Find
θ Y
V (A) The refractive index for yellow colour
approximately
(c)
(B) Dispersive power of the medium
Fig. 18.25
Solution:
m + mR 1.50 + 1.60
For prism of small A with small i: (A) mr  v = = 1.55
2 2
q = dv – dr = (nv – nr)A
m - mR 1.60 - 1.50
(B) ω = v = = 0.18.
mr -1 1.55 - 1
Dispersion without Deviation
(Direct Vision Combination)
The condition for direct vision combination is:
⎡ ny - 1⎤ A = ⎡ ny - 1⎤ A ′
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ nv + nr ⎤ ⎡ nv′ + nr′ ⎤ SOLVED EXAMPLES
⇔ ⎢ - 1⎥ A = ⎢ - 1⎥ A ′
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
39. If two prisms are combined, as shown in Fig. 18.26,
Two or more prisms can be combined in various ways to get
find the total angular dispersion and angle of devia-
different combination of angular dispersion and deviation.
tion suffered by a white ray of light incident on the
combination.
4° 2°
White ray
or μ v = 1.5, μR = 1.4 μ ′v = 1.7, μ ′R = 1.5
Fig. 18.26
Solution:
Both prisms will turn the light rays towards their bases
and also in same direction. Therefore, turnings caused
by both prisms are additive.
or Total angular dispersion
= q + q ′ = (mV – mR)A + (m ′V – m ′R) A ′
= (1.5 – 1.4) 4° + (1.7 – 1.5)2° = 0.8°
Total deviation
=d+d′
Deviation without Dispersion ⎛ m + mR ⎞ ⎛ m ′ + m R′ ⎞
= ⎜ V - 1⎟ A + ⎜ V - 1⎟ A ′
(Achromatic Combination) ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Condition for achromatic combination is: (nv - nr) A = ⎛ 1.5 + 1.4 ⎞ ⎛ 1.7 + 1.5 ⎞
(n ′v - n ′r) A ′ = ⎜ - 1⎟ 0.4° + ⎜ - 1⎟ 0.2°
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= (1.45 – 1) 0.4° + (1.6 – 1) 0.2°
= 0.45 × 0.4° + 0.6 × 0.2°
= 1.80 + 1.2 = 3.0°
40. Two thin prisms are combined to form an achro-
or matic combination. For I prism, A = 4°, mR = 1.35,
mY = 1.40, mv = 1.42. For II prism, m ′R= 1.7, m ′Y = 1.8
and m ′R = 1.9, find the prism angle of II prism and the
net mean deviation.
Solution:
Condition for achromatic combination.
or q=q′
18.24 Chapter 18
(mV – mR)A = (m ′V – m ′R)A ′ Spectrum (Only for your knowledge and
(1.42 - 1.35)4° not of much use for JEE)
\ A′ = = 1.4°
1.9 - 1.7 Types of Spectra
dNet = d ~ d ′ = (mY – 1)A ~ (m′Y – 1)A′ In general, a spectrum is defined as orderly arrangement of
something. The something may be momentum, energy, wave-
= (1.40 – 1) 4° ~ (1.8 – 1) 1.4° length, mass, etc., and the corresponding spectra are known as
momentum spectrum, energy spectrum, wavelength spectrum,
= 0.48°. mass spectrum, etc. Here we are concerned with the light
41. A crown glass prism of angle 5° is to be combined spectrum. When a beam of composite light, say white light
with a flint prism in such a way that the mean ray is passed through a prism, the light splits into its component
passes undeviated. Find colours. The regular arrangement of colours is known as spec-
(A) the angle of the flint glass prism needed and trum. The spectra may be divided into two principal classes.
(B) the angular dispersion produced by the combina- 1. Emission spectra and
tion when white light goes through it. Refractive 2. Absorption spectra.
indices for red, yellow, and violet light are 1.5,
1.6, and 1.7, respectively, for crown glass and 1.8, The emission spectra are obtained when light coming
2.0, and 2.2 for flint glass. directly from the source is examined with a spectroscope
while the absorption spectra are obtained when the light
Solution: from the source which gives continuous spectrum is passed
The deviation produced by the crown prism is through an absorbing material, and the transmitted light is
examined with a spectroscope.
d = (m – 1)A
and by the flint prism is Emission
spectra
d ′ = (m′ – 1)A′.
Red
The prisms are placed with their angles inverted with Viol
et
respect to each other. The deviations are also in oppo- Source Lens Slit Prism Lens
site directions. Thus, the net deviation is
In absorption spectrum, the absorbing material absorbs all
D = d – d ′ = (m – 1)A – (m′ – 1)A′. (1) those wavelengths which it emits in emission spectra. The
dark lines in the absorption spectra correspond to the lines
(A) If the net deviation for the mean ray is zero,
which absorbing medium would have emitted on excitation.
(m – 1)A = (m′ – 1)A′. The question is that what is the utility of considering the
absorption spectra? The answer is that the substances which
( m - 1) 1.6 - 1 0
or, A′ = A= × 5 =3° cannot be conveniently excited to give emission spectra are
( m ′ - 1) 2.0 - 1 easily studied with the help of absorption spectra.
(B) The angular dispersion produced by the crown Absorbing

prism is material
dv – dr = (mv – mr)A
White
and that by the flint prism is,
Source light
d ′v – d ′r = (m′v – m′r)A Prism
Absorption
The net angular dispersion is, spectrum
(mv – mr)A – (m′v – m′r)A Both, the emission and absorption spectra are subdivided
into three classes:
= (1.7 – 1.5) × 5° – (2.2 – 1.8) × 3°
1. Continuous spectra
= – 0.2°.
2. Band spectra
The angular dispersion has magnitude 0.2°. 3. Line spectra
The classification is shown below
V R
Spectra
Continuous- Band-spectrum Line-spectrum

spectrum
Emission Absorption (a) (b) (c)
Fig. 18.27
Continuous Discontinuous Continuous Discontinuous

Absorption Spectra
1. Continuous Absorption Spectrum: Continuous
Line Band Line Band absorption spectrum is produced when the absorbing
material absorbs a continuous range of wavelengths
We shall consider these spectra one by one. without any gap. For example, when light from a fila-
ment of electric lamp is passed through a violet piece
Emission Spectra of glass, it absorbs all visible light except violet, and
1. Continuous Emission Spectrum: A continuous the spectrum thus obtained will be continuous absorp-
emission spectrum is one which contains all the wave- tion type. Continuous absorption spectrum is a charac-
lengths from one end to the other of the spectrum. teristic of the absorbing medium.
Spectrum of this type appears to be unbroken and 2. Band Absorption Spectrum: Band absorption
luminous. In visible region, it appears in the form of spectrum is produced when light from a source of
multicoloured strips in which no line of demarcation continuous wavelength passes through a medium
can be drawn between two colours. In the spectrum in molecular state. At certain places, the dark bands
of this type, the intensity depends upon temperature appear with coloured strips on their two sides. For
and the body itself. This spectrum is obtained when a example, when the absorbing material is an aque-
matter in bulk is heated. When light from a hot solid ous solution of KMnO4, it gives five bands depend-
such as tungsten filament of an electric lamp, hot iron, ing upon absorbing medium while the widths of the
charcoal, etc., is sent through prism, spectrum of this dark bands depend upon the thickness of absorbing
type is produced. Since the continuous spectra pro- material.
duced by different substances have all possible wave- 3. Line Absorption Spectrum: Line absorption spec-
lengths, such spectra are not the characteristic of a trum is produced when light passes through the
substance. absorbing medium in atomic state. The characteristic
2. Band Emission Spectrum: If the emission spectrum dark line appears in absorption at the places where
has coloured bands separated by dark spaces on the the coloured lines would have been present when the
two sides, the spectrum is known as band emission absorbent is excited in atomic state, for example, when
spectrum. These bands are sharply defined at one end light is passed through sodium vapour in atomic state,
and shade off gradually at the other end. The sharply two dark lines appear exactly at the places of D1 and
defined edge is called the head of the band and the D2 lines in emission spectra. Similarly, solar spec-
other tail. This spectrum is produced when matter in trum is an example of line absorption spectrum which
molecular state is excited. Due to this fact, it is also consists of Fraunhofer absorption lines which corre-
known as molecular spectra. Band spectra are different spond to vapours of different elements present in solar
for different types of molecules. atmosphere. The band and line absorption spectra are
3. Line Emission Spectrum: When the emission spec- shown in the Fig. 18.28.
trum contains a series of fine sharp lines having dark
spaces in between, it is called line emission spectrum.
In visible region, these lines are coloured. Such a spec-
trum is produced when the matter in atomic state is
excited; therefore, it is also called as atomic spectra. It
Band-spectrum Line-spectrum
is different for different types of atoms.
The continuous, band and line spectra are shown in (a) (b)
Fig. 18.27. Fig. 18.28
18.26 Chapter 18
Few Definitions
μ=1
1. Visible and Invisible Spectrum: The spectrum A C 1 mm
beyond violet end of visible region known as Observer 30 cm
ultraviolet spectrum. It ranges from 4000 Å to 100 Å.
The spectrum beyond red end of visible region is μ=2
known as infra-red spectrum. It range from 8000 Å to ROC = 20 cm
one mm. Ultraviolet and infrared constitute the invisi-
Fig. 18.29
ble spectrum.
2. Fraunhofer Lines: When sun’s light is allowed to Solution:
fall on the slit of a spectrometer, its spectrum is found
to consist of many dark lines. These lines are called Image
Fraunhofer lines. The number of these lines is approx-
imately 700. These lines are due to the absorption of μ=1
certain wavelengths in sunlight by the gases in the N
sun’s outer sphere. It is an example of line absorption A C
spectrum. Observer
3. Fluorescence: The phenomenon of absorption of light μ=2
of one wavelength by a substance and then re-emis-
ROC = 20 cm
sion of light of greater wavelength is known as flu-
orescence. Such substances are fluorspar (calcium For refraction near point A,
fluoride), paraffin oil, Quinine sulphate, uranium
oxide, etc. u = – 30; R = – 20; n1 = 2; n2 = 1.
4. Phosphorescence: The phenomenon of re-emission Applying refraction formula,
of visible light, even after the incident light is cut off,
n2 n n - n1
is known as phosphorescence. Examples are cadmium - 1 = 2
sulphide, barium sulphide, strontium sulphide, zinc v u R
sulphide, etc. 1 2 1- 2
– =
v -30 -20
REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL v = –60 cm
SURFACES h n v 2( -60)
m= 2 = 1 = =4
h1 n2 u 1( -30)
For paraxial rays incident on a spherical surface separating
two media \ h2 = 4 mm.
n2 n n - n1
- 1 = 2 . (1) Special Case
v u R
Refraction at Plane Surfaces
where light moves from the medium of refractive index n1
to the medium of refractive index n2. n n n - n1
Putting R = ∞ in the formula 2 - 1 = 2 , we get
Transverse magnification (m) (of dimension per- v u R
pendicular to principal axis) due to refraction at spherical n2 u
v=
v - R ⎛ v / n2 ⎞ n1
surface is given by m = =
u - R ⎜⎝ u / n ⎟⎠
1 The same sign of v and u implies that the object and the
image are always on the same side of the interface separat-
ing the two media. If we write the above formula as
SOLVED EXAMPLE u
v= ,
nrel
42. Find the position, size, and nature of image, for the it gives the relation between the apparent depth and real
situation shown in Fig. 18.29. Draw ray diagram. depth, as we have seen before.
2. Plano convex if the other surface is plane and
SOLVED EXAMPLE 3. Concavo convex if the other surface is concave.
Similarly, concave lens is categorized as
43. Using formula of spherical surface or otherwise, find concavo-concave or biconcave, plano-concave and
the apparent depth of an object placed 10 cm below the convexo-concave.
water surface, if seen near normally from air.
Solution:
Put R = ∞ in the formula of the refraction at spherical
surfaces to get,
un
v= 2
n1 Bi convex Plano convex Concavo convex
u = –10 cm
+ Direction
[Direction of incident light]
Air
water
4 Bi convex Plano convex Concavo convex

n1 =
3 For a spherical, thin lens having the same medium on both
n2 = 1 sides
1 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞
10 × 1 - = (nrel - 1) ⎜ - (1),
v=– = –7.5 cm v u ⎝R 1 R ⎟⎠2
4/3
nlens
negative sign implies that the image is formed in water. where nrel = and R1 and R2 are x coordinates of
Aliter: nmedium
the centre of curvature of the 1st surface and 2nd surface,
Observer
respectively.
Air (1) 1 1 1
Water
- = → Lens Maker’s Formula (2)
v u f
(4/3)
10 cm
Lens has Two Focii
If u = ∞,
Object
1 1 1
d then - =
dapp = real v ∞ f
m rel
⇒ v=f
10 30
= = = 7.5 cm.
4/3 4 If incident rays are parallel to principal axis, then its
refracted ray will cut the principal axis at ‘f ’.
Thin Lens It is called 2nd focus.
A thin lens is called convex if it is thicker at the middle and In case of converging lens, it is positive and in case of
it is called concave if it is thicker at the ends. diverging lens, it is negative.
One surface of a convex lens is always convex.
Depending on the other surface, a convex lens is catego-
rized as
+x +x
1. Biconvex or convexo convex, if the other surface is f f
also convex,
18.28 Chapter 18
If v = ∞ that means Solution:
1 1 1 Factor (A) is negative, because the lens is concave.
- =
∞ u f Factor (B) is positive, because the lens is placed in
⇒ u=–f a rarer medium.
Therefore, the focal length of the lens, which
If incident rays cuts principal axis at – f, then its refracted ray depends on the product of these factors, is negative
will become parallel to the principal axis. It is called 1st focus. and hence the lens will behave as diverging lens.
In case of converging lens, it is negative (Q f is positive) and
in the case of diverging lens, it is positive (Q f is negative) ⎛ 1 1⎞
45. Show that the factor ⎜ - ⎟ (and therefore focal
use of – f and + f is in drawing the ray diagrams. ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
length) does not depend on which surface of the lens
light strike first.
+x +x
–f f f –f Solution:
Consider a convex lens of radii of curvature p and q
Notice that the point B, its image B′, and the pole P of the as shown.
lens are collinear. It is due to parallel slab nature of the lens
R.O.C = p
at the middle. This ray goes straight. (Remember this.)
B
P f A′
+x
A –f
f –f R.O.C = q
B′
Case I: Suppose light is incident from left side and
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ strikes the surface with radius of curvature
From the relation =(nrel - 1) ⎜ - ⎟ it can be seen
f ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ p, first.
that the second focal length depends on two factors. ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
Then R1 = +p; R2 = –q and ⎜ - ⎟ = ⎜ - ⎟
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ ⎝ p -q ⎠
1. The factor ⎜ - ⎟ is
⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ Case II: Suppose light is incident from right side and
(a) Positive for all types of convex lenses strikes the surface with radius of curvature
(b) Negative for all types of concave lenses q, first.
2. The factor (nrel - 1) is ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
Then R1 = +q; R2 = –p and ⎜ - ⎟ = ⎜ -
(a) Positive when surrounding medium is rarer than ⎝R R ⎠ 1 ⎝ q - p ⎟⎠
2
the medium of lens.
(b) Negative when surrounding medium is denser Though we have shown the result for biconvex lens, it
than the medium of lens. is true for every lens.
3. So a lens is converging if f is positive which happens
when both the factors (A) and (B) are of same sign.
4. And a lens is diverging if f is negative which happens
when the factors (A) and (B) are of opposite signs. SOLVED EXAMPLES
5. Focal length of the lens depends on medium of lens as
well as surrounding. 46. Find the focal length of the lens shown in the Fig. 18.30.
6. It also depends on wavelength of incident light.
Incapability of lens to focus light rays of various wave- R.O.C = 10 cm
lengths at single point is known as chromatic aberration.
x
μ=1 μ=1
SOLVED EXAMPLES μ = 3/2
44. Find the behaviour of a concave lens placed in a rarer Converging lens
medium. Fig. 18.30
Solution: Solution:
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞
Q = (nrel – 1) ⎜ - ⎟ = (nrel - 1) ⎜ - ⎟ = 0 [Q R1 = R2]
f ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ f ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 1
⇒ = (3/2 – 1) ⎜ - - =0 or v = u,
f ⎝ 10 ( -10) ⎟⎠ v u
i.e., rays pass without appreciable bending.
1 1 2
= ×
f 2 10 50. Focal length of a thin lens in air is 10 cm. Now medium
on one side of the lens is replaced by a medium of
⇒ f = +10 cm. refractive index m = 2. The radius of curvature of sur-
face of lens, in contact with the medium, is 20 cm.
47. Find the focal length of the lens shown in Fig. 18.31 Find the new focal length.
R.O.C = 10 cm R.O.C = 20 cm
μ=2
x
μ =1 μ =1
μ = 3/2
fair = 10 cm
Fig. 18.31
Solution:
Solution: Let radius of I surface be R1 and refractive index of
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ lens be m. Let parallel rays be incident on the lens.
= (nrel – 1) ⎜ - ⎟ = ⎜ - 1⎟ ⎜ - ⎟ Applying refraction formula at first surface,
f ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ -10 10 ⎠
m 1 m -1
f = –10 cm. - = (1)
V1 ∞ R1
48. Find the focal length of the lens shown in Fig. 18.32 At IInd surface,
2 m 2-m
R.O.C = 60 cm – = (2)
V V1 -20
R.O.C = 20 cm Adding (1) and (2),
x
μ =1 μ =1 m 1 2 m m -1 2 - m
μ = 3/2 - + – = +
V1 ∞ V V1 R1 -20
Fig. 18.32 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ m -1 2 - m
= (m – 1) ⎜ - ⎟ – –
(A) If the light is incident from left side. ⎝ R1 -20 ⎠ 20 20
(B) If the light is incident from right side. 1 1 2
= (in air) + –
Solution: f 20 20
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
(A) = (nrel – 1) ⎜ - ⎟ = ⎜ - 1⎟ ⎜ - ⎟ ⇒ v = 40 cm
f ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ -60 -20 ⎠
⇒ f = 40 cm.
f = 60 cm
⎛ 1 51. Figure 18.33 shown a point object and a converging
1 1 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
(B) = (nrel – 1) ⎜ - ⎟ = ⎜ - 1⎟ ⎜ - ⎟ lens. Find the final image formed.
f ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 20 60 ⎠
f = 60 cm. f = 10 cm
49. Point object is placed on the principal axis of a thin

Principal
lens with parallel curved boundaries, i.e., having same axis
radii of curvature. Discuss about the position of the 15 cm
image formed. Fig. 18.33
18.30 Chapter 18
Solution: Solution:
Final rays should be parallel. For this the IInd focus of
L1 must coincide with I focus of L2.
O Q d = 10 + 20
Real image
= 30 cm.
15 cm
30 cm 20 cm
1 1 1 10 cm
– = 2r
v u f r2
1 1 1
– =
v -15 10
1 1 1 1
= – = Here the diameter of ray beam becomes wider.
v 10 15 30
v = +30 cm. 54. See the Fig. 18.36. Find the position of final image
formed.
52. See the Fig. 18.34. Find the position of final image
formed. f = 10 cm f = –10 cm
f = 10 cm f = – 10 cm
O O
x
15 cm
15 cm
25 cm
45 cm
Fig. 18.34
Fig. 18.36
Solution: Solution:
For converging lens For lens,
u = –15 cm, 1 1 1
– =
f = 10 cm v u f
fu 1 1 1
v= = 30 cm – =
f +u v -15 10
For diverging lens ⇒ v = + 30 cm.
u = 5 cm Hence, it is object for mirror
f = –10 cm u = – 15 cm
fu 1 1 1
v= = 10 cm. + =
f +u v -15 -10
53. Figure 18.35 shows two converging lenses. Incident ⇒ v = – 30 cm.
rays are parallel to principal axis. What should be the
Now for second time, it again passes through lens
value of d so that final rays are also parallel.
u = –15 cm
f = 10 cm f = 20 cm
v = ?; f = 10 cm
1 1 1
– =
v -15 10
⇒ v = + 30.
L1 L2
d
Hence, final image will form at a distance 30 cm from
Fig. 18.35 the lens towards left.
55. What should be the value of d so that image is formed
on the object itself.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
f = 10 cm f = 10 cm 56. An extended real object of size 2 cm is placed perpen-

dicular to the principal axis of a converging lens of
focal length 20 cm. The distance between the object
O and the lens is 30 cm.
15 cm (A) Find the lateral magnification produced by the
lens.
45 cm (B) Find the height of the image.
Solution: (C) Find the change in lateral magnification, if the
object is brought closer to the lens by 1 mm along
For lens:
the principal axis.
1 1 1
– =
v -15 10 Solution:
1 1 1
v = +30 cm. (A) Using – =
v u f
Case I: If d = 30, the object for mirror will be at pole v
and m=
and its image will be formed there itself. u
f
we get m= (1)
f +u
+20
θ \ m=
θ +20 + ( -30)
+20
= =–2
-10
v
–ve sign implies that the image is inverted.
Case II: If the rays strike the mirror normally, they h2
will retrace and the image will be formed on the object (B) =m
h1
itself
\ h2 = mh1 = (–2) (2) = – 4 cm
(C) Differentiating (1) we get
-f -( 20) -2
dm = 2
du = 2
(0.1) =
( f + u) ( -10) 100
= – 02
Note that the method of differential is valid only
20 cm
when changes are small.
30 cm
Aliter: u (after displacing the object)
\ d = 30 – 20 = 10 cm. = –(30 + 0.1) = – 29.9 cm
Applying the formula,
Transverse Magnification (m) f
m=
Transverse magnification (m) of (of dimension perpendicu- f +u
lar to principal axis) is given by 20
m= = – 2.02
v 20 + ( -29.9)
m=
u \ change in m = –0.02.
If the lens is thick or/and the medium on both sides is dif- Since in this method differential is not used, this
ferent, then we have to apply the formula given for refrac- method can be used for any changes, small or
tion at spherical surfaces step by step. large.
18.32 Chapter 18
Displacement Method to find Focal Length SOLVED EXAMPLES
of Converging Lens
Fix an object of small height H and a screen at a distance 57. Find the lateral magnification produced by the combi-
D from object (as shown in Fig. 18.37). Move a converging nation of lenses as shown in the Fig. 18.38.
lens from the object towards the screen. Let a sharp image
10 cm –20 cm
form on the screen when the distance between the object
and the lens is a. From lens formula, we have
L
H 10 cm
a Screen
Fig. 18.38
D
Fig. 18.37
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
– = = + = – =
D - a -a f f f1 f2 10 20 20
or a2 – D a + f D = 0 (1) ⇒ f = + 20
This is quadratic equation and hence two values of a are 1 1 1
\ – =
possible. Call them a1 and a2. Thus, a, and a2 are the roots v -10 20
of the equation. From the properties of roots of a quadratic 1 1 1
equation, ⇒ = –
v 20 10
\ a1 + a2 = D
-1
⇒ a1a2 = f D = – 20 cm
20
Also (a1 – a2) = ( a1 + a2 ) 2 - 4 a1a2 -20
\ m= = 2.
-10
= D 2 - 4 fD = d (suppose).
58. Find the focal length of equivalent system.
d physically means the separation between the two position
10 cm
of lens.
20 cm
COMBINATION OF LENSES
3/2 8/5
The equivalent focal length of thin lenses in contact is 6/5
given by
f1 f2 f3
1 1 1 1
= + + ...
F f1 f 2 f3
Solution:
where f1, f2, f3 are focal lengths of individual lenses. 1 ⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
If two converging lenses are separated by a distance = ⎜ - 1⎟ ⎜ + ⎟
f1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 10 10 ⎠
d and the incident light rays are parallel to the common
principal axis, then the combination behaves like a single 1 2 1
= × =
lens of focal length given by the relation 2 10 10
1 1 1 d 1 ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ -1 1 ⎞
= + - = ⎜ - 1⎟ ⎜ - ⎟
F f1 f 2 f1 f 2 f 2 ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 10 20 ⎠
-d F 1 ⎛ -30 ⎞ -3
and the position of equivalent lens is with respect = × ⎜ ⎟=
to IInd lens f1 5 ⎝ 10 × 20 ⎠ 100
1 ⎛8 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ 3 f = 10 cm f = 10 cm
= ⎜ - 1⎟ ⎜ + ⎟ =
f3 ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 20 20 ⎠ 50
1 1 1 1
= + +
f f1 f2 f3 20 cm
1 -3 3
= + +
10 100 50
Fig. 18.40
100
⇒ f=
13 Solution:
Combination of Lens and Mirror 1 1 2 -1
= – =
f eq 10 10 10
The combination of lens and mirror behaves like a mirror
of focal length f given by ⇒ feq = – 10 cm
1 1 1
+ =
v -20 -10
⇒ v = –20 cm.
Hence, image will be formed on the object itself
60. Two mirrors are inclined by an angle 30°. An object is

1 1 2
= – . placed making 10° with the mirror M1. Find the posi-
f Fm F tions of first two images formed by each mirror. Find
If lenses are more then one, f is given by the total number of images using
(A) Direct formula and
1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ (B) Counting the images
= – 2⎜∑ ⎟
f Fm ⎝ f ⎠
Solution:
For the following Fig. 18.39,
Figure 18.41 is self-explanatory.
50°
10°
M1
10°
Object
20°
M2
f1 f2 fm 20°
Fig. 18.39
40°
f is given by
Fig. 18.41
1 1 ⎛1 1⎞
= – 2⎜ + ⎟ Number of images
f Fm ⎝ f1 f 2 ⎠
(A) Using direct formula
360 º
SOLVED EXAMPLES = 12 (even number)
30 º
59. Find the position of final image formed. (The gap \ number of images = 12 – 1 = 11
shown in Fig. 18.40 is of negligible width.) (B) By counting, see the following table
18.34 Chapter 18
Image formed by mirror M1 Image formed by mirror M2
(angles are measured from the mirror M1) (angles are measured from the mirror M2)
10° +30° 20°
50° 40°
+30°
70° +30° 80°
110° +30° 100°
130° +30° 140°
170° 160°
Stop because next angle will be more than 180° Stop because next angle will be more than 180°
To check whether the final images made by the two mirrors coincide or not : add the last angles and the angle
between the mirrors. If it comes out to be exactly 360°, it implies that the final images fromed by the two mirrors
coincide. Here last angles made by the mirrors + the angle between the mirrors = 160° + 170° + 30° = 360°.
Therefore in this case the last images coincide. Therfore the number of images = number of images formed by
mirror M1 + number of images formed by mirror M2 – 1 (as the last images coincide) = 6 + 6 – 1 = 11.
SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT LIGHT The Stars Twinkle but not the Planets
The refractive index of atmosphere fluctuates by a small
The Sun Rises before it Actually Rises and Sets After
amount due to various reasons. This causes slight variation
it Actually Sets
in bending of light due to which the apparent position of
The atmosphere is less and less dense as its height increase, star also changes, producing the effect of twinkling.
and it is also known that the index of refraction decrease
with a decrease in density. So, there is a decrease of the Glass is Transparent, but its Powder is White
index of refraction with height. As a result, the light rays When powdered, light is reflected from the surface of innu-
bend as they move in the earth’s atmosphere. merable small pieces of glass and so the powder appears
white. Glass transmits most of the incident light and reflects
very little hence it appears transparent.
Apparent
position of sun
Greased or Oiled Paper is Transparent, but Paper
O is White
Horizon The rough surface of paper diffusely reflects incident light
and so it appears white. When oiled or greased, very little
O
reflection takes place and most of the light is allowed to
Real position
of sun
pass and hence it appears transparent.
An Extended Water Tank Appears

Shallow at the Far End
The Sun is Oval Shaped at the
Time of its Rise and Set
The rays diverging from the lower edge of the sun have to
2
cover a greater thickness of air than the rays from the upper
edge. Hence, the former are refracted more than the lat-
1
ter and so the vertical diameter of the sun appears to be a
little shorter than the horizontal diameter which remains 2
unchanged. 1
A Test Tube or a Smoked Ball Immersed in Water 1. the medium is isotropic, i.e., its behaviour is same in
Appears Silvery white when Viewed from the Top all directions and
This is due to total internal reflection. 2. the obstacle past which the light moves or the opening
through which the light moves is not very small.
Consider a slit of width a through which monochromatic
light rays pass and strike a screen, placed at a distance D
as shown.
θ
a b
Ships Hang Inverted in the Air in Cold Countries and
Trees Hang Inverted Underground in Deserts
D
This is due to total internal reflection.
It is found that the light strikes in a band of width b
more than a. This bending is called diffraction.
Light bends by (b–a)/2 on each side of the central
Hot air line. It can be shown by wave theory of light that
O
l
Warm air sinq = (1),
a
Cool air
where q is shown in figure.
This formula indicates that the bending is consider-
able only when a ~ l. Diffraction is more pronounced in
sound because its wavelength is much more than that of
A light and it is of the order of the size of obstacles or aper-
b-a l
T1 tures. Formula (A) gives ≈ .
2D a
Dl
It is clear that the bending is negligible if << a
O a
T2 > T1
or a >> D l .If this condition is fulfilled, light is said
to move rectilinearly. In most of the situations including
geometrical optics, the conditions are such that we can
safely assume that light moves in straight line and bends
only when it gets reflected or refracted.
Thus, geometrical optics is an approximate treatment
in which the light waves can be represented by straight lines
which are called rays. A ray of light is the straight line path
of transfer of light energy. Arrow represents the direction of
Condition for Rectilinear Propagation of Light (Only propagation of light.
for information not in JEE syllabus) Figure 18.42 shows a ray which indicates light is
Some part of the optics can be understood if we assume that moving from A to B.
light travels in a straight line and it bends abruptly when it
suffers reflection or refraction. A B
Ray
The assumption that the light travels in a straight line
is correct if Fig. 18.42
18.36 Chapter 18
Formation of Rainbow
11
10
Light rays 9
8
from sun 7
6
5 Down-sun
4
3 point
2
1
2
3
5
Raindrop
11
∆ = maximum angle
of light from raindrop
7
8 (a) Paths of rays entering

upper half of raindrop
(for clarity, rays entering
lower half are not shown)
9
10
Light from sun

Light from sun
∆ = 40.8º (violet) Δ = 50.1º (red)
to 42.5º (red) to 53.2º (violet)
(c) Secondary rainbow

(b) Primary rainbow
Rainbows are formed by refraction, reflection, and disper- within an angle D from the down-sun point. The angle
sion in water drops. D is the angular radius of the rainbow.
2. The colours of the rainbow are due to dispersion. Red
1. The paths of light rays entering the upper half of rain- appears on the outside of the primary rainbow.
bow. (The pattern of rays entering the lower half is the 3. Red appears on the inside of the fainter secondary
same, but flipped upside down.) All of the rays emerge rainbow.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENT Thus, the magnifying power of the compound
microscope is
Compound Microscope v⎛ D⎞
m = ⎜ ⎟ for normal adjustment and
When a greater magnification than is obtained from a simple u ⎝ fe ⎠
magnifier is needed, we usually use compound microscope.
v⎛ D⎞
m= 1 + ⎟ for the adjustment when the final image is
Construction u ⎜⎝ fe ⎠
A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses formed at the least distance of clear vision. Since the object
co-axially separated by some distance. The one facing the is placed very close to the principal focus of the objective,
object is called the objective and the one close to the eye is therefore u0 is nearly equal to f0. Moreover, the focal length
called the eye piece or ocular. The objective has a smaller of the eyepiece is small. So, the image A′ B′ is formed very
aperture and smaller focal length than those of the eye close to the eye piece. So v0 is nearly equal to the length L
piece. of the microscope tube (separation between the two lenses)
L ⎛ D⎞
Formation of Image m=- ⎜⎝1 + f ⎟⎠ for image at D and
f0 e
The object AB to be viewed is placed slightly beyond the
principal focus F0 of the objective. The objective forms an L D
m=- × for normal adjustment
enlarged, real inverted image A′ B ′ . This image works as f0 fe
the object for the eyepiece. A very much enlarged virtual
image A′′ B ′′ is formed by the eyepiece. Telescope
To look at distant objects such as a star, a planet or a distant
v0 ue
tree etc. we use another instrument called a telescope.
u0 f0 A
A Astronomical Refracting Telescope
B′′ B′ β
B A′ It consists of an objective lens system and an eyepiece. The
α
B
one facing the distant object is called the objective and has a
A′′ D large aperture and a large focal length. The other is called the
Image
eyepiece, as the eye is placed close to it. It has a smaller aper-
ture and a smaller focal length. The lenses are fixed in tube.
Angular Magnification or Magnifying Power Light from the distant object enters the objective and
Angular magnification of a compound microscope is a real image is formed within the tube. The eye piece used
defined as the ratio of the angle b subtended by the final again as a simple magnifier, leaves the final image inverted.
image at the eye to the angle a subtended by the object seen
directly, when it is placed at the least distance of distinct 1. When the final image is formed at infinity (normal
vision (D) adjustment)
From the figure, we see that the objective forms image
b A′B ′ D
Angular magnification m = = × A′ B′ of an object AB placed at a distant place. If the
a ue AB point P is on the principal axis, the image point P is at
⎛ A′B ′ ⎞ ⎛ D ⎞ the second focus of the objective. For normal adjust-
=⎜ ⎟×⎜ ⎟ ment image is formed at infinity.
⎝ AB ⎠ ⎝ ue ⎠
Hence ue = fe
Also from figure
Angular magnification
A′ B ′ - v0
= b A′B ′ / ue f f
AB u0 m= =- =- 0 =- 0
D a ′ ′
A B / f0 ue fe
Now is the magnifying power of the eye piece treated
ue Where f0 = focal length of objective
D fe = focal length of eye piece
as a simple microscope. This is equal to in normal
fe 2. When the final image is formed at the least distance
D of distinct vision. (near point)
adjustment (image at infinity) and 1+ for the adjust-
fe If the telescope is adjusted, so that the final image
ment when the image is formed at the least distance for is formed at the near point of the eye, the angular
clear vision i.e. at D. magnification is further increased.
18.38 Chapter 18
f0 The erecting lens of focal length f is introduced in such a
Angular magnification ⇒ - =m
ve manner that the focal plane of the objective is a distance 2f
away from this lens. An erect image A′ B′ of same size is
But, for near point adjustment ve = –D
made by the new lens introduced. The length of the tube for
So by lens formula normal adjustment is
1 1 1 L = f0 + 4 f + fe
- - =
D -ue fe
f0
Magnifying power m = for normal adjustment
1 1 1 f +D fe
= + = e
ue fe D fe D f 0 ⎛ ve ⎞
= 1+ ⎟
f0 ( fe + D ) f e ⎜⎝ D⎠
f0 ⎛ fe ⎞
m=- =- ⎜⎝1 + D ⎟⎠
fe D fe Reflecting Telescope (Cassegrain)
Length of Telescope Telescope with mirror objectives are called reflecting
telescopes. The objective O of the telescope is a large par-
From the given Fig. 18.43, we see that the length of the
abolic mirror with a hole (small circular aperture) in the
telescope is L = f 0 + ue
centre. A small convex parabolic mirror is placed in front
For normal adjustment L = f 0 + f e of the objective. A convex lens acts as the eye piece. The
f D
For near point adjustment L = f 0 + ue = f 0 + e eyepiece has a large focal length in a short telescope.
fe + D
ue
f0
A′ β Image F
α F0
α
E
B′
ve A beam of light parallel to the axis of the telescope from

some distant light source is incident on the objective. The
Fig. 18.43
objective converges this light towards its principle focus F0.
Terrestrial Telescope The reflected beam is intercepted by the convex mirror. The
convex mirror forms an inverted image at F. This inverted
The astronomical telescope produces an inverted image image is seen through the eye piece E.
of an object viewed through it. So it is unsuitable for ter- f
restrial use. The astronomical telescope can be converted Magnification of reflecting telescope = 0
fe
into terrestrial telescope by introducing a converging lens
between the objective and the eye piece. This additional Where f0 = focal length of objective mirrors
lens is called an erecting lens. fe = focal length of objective eye lens.
Advantages of Reflecting Telescope

f0 fe
1. There is no chromatic aberration, because it is based
on reflection.
2f A′ 2. Spherical aberration can be removed by choosing
parabolic reflector.
B 3. Mechanical support required is much less of a prob-
B′
lem since the mirror weighs much less than a lens of
A
equivalent optical quality and can be supported over its
entire back surface.
SOLVED EXAMPLES WAVE OPTICS
Huygen’s Wave Theory
61. An astronomical telescope consists of two thin lenses
set 36 cm. apart and has a magnifying power of 8 in According to this theory light is a wave. This theory is capa-
normal adjustment. Calculate the focal lengths of ble of explaining rectilinear propagation of light, reflection,
lenses. refraction, interference, diffraction and polarisation.
Solution: Wave Front

In the normal adjustment, the final image is formed at It is the locus of all the particles of the medium which vibrate
infinity. in same phase and where disturbances reach at the same instant
\ f 0 + f e = 36 (1) of time. A point source gives rise to a spherical wave-front
while along line source produces a cylindrical wave-front.
f0
and - = -8
fe Huygen’s Principle
\ f0 = 8 fe (2) It has following two basic postulates:
\ From equation (1) and (2), we have 1. Consider all the points on a primary wave-front to be
the sources of light, which emit disturbances known as
8 f 0 + f e = 36 secondary disturbances.
\ 9 f e = 36 2. Tangent envelope to all secondary wavelets gives the
position of new wave-front.
\ fe = 4 cm
and f0 = 8 × 4 = 32 cm INTERFERENCE
62. A compound microscope has a magnification of 30.
Interference of light is due to the superposition of two or
The focal length of its eye piece is 5 cm. Assuming
more wave trains act simultaneously at the same position in
the final image is to be formed at the least distance
a medium. In this phenomenon, there is a modification of
of distinct vision 25 cm, calculate the magnification
the distribution of intensity of light due to superposition of
produced by the objective.
more than one wave from coherent sources.
Solution:
Coherent Sources
Given, M = 30, fe = 5 cm, D = 25 cm
Two sources are said to be coherent if their frequencies are
⎛D ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞ equal and they have a constant phase difference. Two inde-
From M = M 0 × me × ⎜ + 1⎟ = m0 ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ fe ⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ pendent sources of light cannot be coherent. Therefore, to
\ 30 = 60 m0 obtain steady interference pattern, two interfering waves
30 are derived from same source. For example, two sources are
\ m0 = =5 obtained from a single source by reflection in Lloyd’s single
6
mirror, by refraction in Fresnel’s biprism, by diffraction in
63. A reflecting type telescope has a large mirror with a Young’s double slit experiment etc.
radius of curvature equal to 80 cm. What is the mag-
nifying power of telescope if the eye piece used has a Constructive and Destructive Interference
focal length of 1.6 cm? If two wave trains interfere in the same phase, then the
Solution: interference is called constructive, while if they interfere in
the opposite phases then the interference is called destruc-
Given, R = 80 cm tive. The constructive interference occurs when
80 • The phase difference between the two interfering
\ f0 = = 40 cm waves at any point is 2np where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..........
2
fe = 1.6 cm • The path difference between the two interfering
waves at any point is nl where n = 0, 1, 2, 3.
f 0 40 The amplitude of the resultant is the sum of the indi-
\ M= = = 25
f e 1.6 vidual amplitudes and thus intensity is maximum.
18.40 Chapter 18
Amax = A1 + A2
SOLVED EXAMPLE
( )
2
I max = I1 + I 2
64. Light from two sources, each of same frequency and
The destructive interference occurs when travelling in same direction, but with intensity in the
■ The phase difference of the two interfering waves
ratio 4 : 1 interfere. Find ratio of maximum to mini-
at any point is (2n – 1) p where n = 1, 2, 3, .... mum intensity.
■ The path difference between two interfering waves
l Solution:
at any point is ( 2n - 1) where n = 1, 2, 3.
2 ⎛ ⎞
2
The amplitude of the resultant is the difference of I1
+1⎟
⎛ I1 + I 2 ⎞ ⎜
2
the individual amplitudes and thus intensity is the I2
⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
I max
= ⎜
minimum. I min ⎜ I - I ⎟ ⎜ I1 ⎟
⎝ 1 2 ⎠ ⎜ - 1 ⎟⎟
Amin = A1 - A2 ⎜ I2
⎝ ⎠
( )
2
I min = I1 - I 2 ⎛ 2 + 1⎞
2
= ⎜ = 9 : 1.
Thus in the interference pattern of the light we get ⎝ 2 - 1⎟⎠
bright and dark bands called fringe.
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Intensity Variation in Interference
The Fig. 18.44 shows a schematic representation of the
When two coherent waves of intensities I1 and I2 are super- original experiment performed by Young. In the experi-
imposed with a constant phase difference ϕ , then intensity ment, sunlight is first allowed to pass through a pinhole S
of the resultant wave obtained is given by and then, at a considerable distance away, through two pin-
holes S1 and S2. The two set of spherical waves emerging
I = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1 I 2 cos ϕ
from the two holes interfere with each other in such a way
At the position of maxima or bright fringe, as to form a symmetrical pattern (circular shape) of varying
ϕ = 2np n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ................. intensity on the screen.
A
I max = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1 I 2
( )
2
or I max = I1 + I 2 S1
S B
At the position of minima or dark fringe,
S2
ϕ = ( 2n - 1)p n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..............
I min = I1 + I 2 - 2 I1 I 2
C
( )
2
or I min = I1 - I 2 Fig. 18.44
NOTE Location of Fringes on the Screen

The Fig. 18.45 shows the method of determining the nth
The phenomenon of interference is not in violation of energy
maxima and minima on the screen. Let P be a point on
conservation. The initial average total energy of the waves is
the screen located at a distance yn from the origin O. The
Uinitial = I1 + I2
optical path difference between the two waves S2P and S1P
and the final average total energy on the screen after the reaching the point P is given by
interference is
I +I p = S2P – S1P = d sin q
Ufinal = max min
2 since D >> d and D >> yn, therefore,
or Ufinal = I1 + I2
Ufinal = Uinitial yn
i.e. sin q = tan q =
D
dyn and that at the dark fringe or minima is
or p=
D Imin = 0
If a maxima is to be formed at the point P, then
The variation of light intensity on the screen is
P I = I 0 + I 0 + 2 I 0 I 0 cos ϕ
S1 yn or I = 2 I 0 (1 + cos ϕ )
θ′
θ
S d O ϕ
D or I = 4 I 0 cos 2
A 2
S2 The figure shows the variation of light intensity on the
screen as a function of phase difference ϕ .
Fig. 18.45
NOTE
p=n l According to the principle of energy conservation, energy
dyn is not destroyed at the positions of minima as it appears to
\ = nl be destroyed; nor is it created at the positions of minima
D as it appears to be created. The average intensity on the
nl D screen is exactly that which would exist in the absence of
or yn = interference.
d
I
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..............
If a minima is to be formed at the point P, then 4I0
⎛ 1⎞
p = ⎜n- ⎟ l
⎝ 2⎠
dyn ⎛ 1⎞
\ = n- ⎟ l
D ⎜⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1⎞ lD
or yn = ⎜ n - ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ d –7π –6π –5π –4π –3π –2π –π 0 π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π 7π
where n = 1, 2, 3, ............
Fringe Width Important Points about Young’s Experiment

The distance between the two successive maxima or min- 1. If one of the slits S1 or S2, is covered up, the fringes
ima is called the fringe width () disappear.
l D nl D 2. If the distance between the slits d is diminished, the
Thus, b = yn +1 - yn = ( n + 1) -
d d separation of the fringes (i.e. fringe width) increases;
and if d is increased, the separation of the fringes
lD
or b= decreases.
d
3. If the screen is moved away from the slits, the sep-
Intensity Distribution on the Screen aration of fringes increases, and if the screen is
moved towards the slits, the separation of the fringes
If the two slits are identical in size, then they act as two decreases.
coherent sources of equal intensities, 4. If white light is used the central fringe is white and the
i.e. I1 = I2 = I0 fringes on either side are coloured. The coloured fringe
nearest to the central is blue and the farthest fringe is red.
By using equation, the intensity at the bright fringe or max-
5. If the source slit S is moved nearer to the double slits
ima is
S1 and S2, the separation of the fringes is unaffected but
Imax = 4I0 their intensity increases.
18.42 Chapter 18
6. If the source slit S is widened the fringes gradually Displacement of Fringe
disappear. The slit S is then equivalent to a large num-
ber of narrow slits, each producing its own fringe An introduction of a glass slab in the path of the light com-
system at different places. The bright and dark fringes ing out of the slits.
of different systems overlap, therefore, giving rise to On introduction of the thin glass-slab of thickness
uniform illumination. t and refractive index m, the optical path of the ray S1P
l D′ increases by t (m - 1). Now the path difference between
7. If the slit width of S is more than , where D ′ waves coming from S1 and S2 at any point P is
d
is the distance between the source slit and the double P = S2P – (S1P + t (m - 1)) = (S2P - S1P) – t(m – 1)
slits, then the fringe pattern disappears.
⇒ P = d sin q – t (m – 1)
SOLVED EXAMPLE
if d << D
65. In a YDSE, D = 1 m, d = 1 mm and l = 1/2 mm and P=
yd
– t(m – 1)
(i) Find the distance between the first and central max- D
ima on the screen. If y << D as well.
(ii) Find the no of maxima and minima obtained on the
For central bright fringe,
screen.
P=0
Solution:
yd
(i) D >> d ⇒ = t(m – 1).
Hence P = d sin q D
d D b
= 2, ⇒ y = OO ′ = (m – 1) t = (m – 1) t .
l d l
d
Clearly, n << = 2 is not possible for any value of n. P
l
dy
Hence P = cannot be used for first maxima,
D S1 O′
P = d sin q = l
d
l 1 O
⇒ sin q = = S2
d 2
⇒ q = 30º
D
S1 y The whole fringe pattern gets shifted by the same distance

θ
d D B
S2
D = (m – 1) ⋅ = (m – 1) t .
d l
Notice that this shift is in the direction of the slit before
1 which the glass slab is placed. If the glass slab is placed
Hence, y = D tan q = meter
3 before the upper slit, the fringe pattern gets shifted upwards
(ii) Maximum path difference and if the glass slab is placed before the lower slit the fringe
DPmax = d = 1 mm pattern gets shifted downwards.
⎡d ⎤
⇒ Highest order maxima, nmax = ⎢ ⎥ = 2 SOLVED EXAMPLE
⎣l ⎦
⎡d 1⎤ 66. In YDSE with d = 1 mm and D = 1 m, slabs of
and highest order minima, nmin = ⎢ + ⎥ = 2
⎣l 2⎦ (t = 1 mm, m = 3) and (t = 0.5 mm, m = 2) are introduced
Total number of maxima = 2nmax + 1 = 5 in front of upper and lower slit respectively. Find the
Total number of minima = 2nmin = 4 shift in the fringe pattern.
Solution: Consequently condition for constructive and destruc-
Optical path for light coming from upper slit S1 is tive interference in the reflected light is given by,
S1P + 1 mm (2 – 1) = S2P + 0.5 mm 2md = nl for destructive interference
Similarly optical path for light coming from S2 is and

1
S2P + 0.5 mm (2 – 1) = S2P + 0.5 mm 2md = (n + )l for constructive interference (1)
2
Path difference
where n = 0, 1, 2 .............. and l = wavelength in free space.
P = (S2P + 0.5 mm) – (S1P + 2mm) Interference will also occur in the transmitted light
and here condition of constructive and destructive interfer-
= (S2P – S1P) – 1.5 mm.
ence will be the reverse of (1)
yd
= – 1.5 mm ⎧nl for constructive interference
D ⎪
for central bright fringe P = 0 i.e. 2md = ⎨ 1 (2)
⎪⎩( n + 2 l ) for destructive interference
1.5 m m
⇒ y= × 1m = 1.5 mm.
1 mm This can be easily explained by energy conservation (when
The whole pattern is shifted by 1.5 mm upwards. intensity is maximum in reflected light it has to be mini-
mum in transmitted light) however, the amplitude of the
directly transmitted wave and the wave transmitted after
THIN-FILM INTERFERENCE one reflection differ substantially and hence the fringe con-
In YDSE we obtained two coherent sources from a sin- trast in transmitted light is poor. It is for this reason that thin
gle (incoherent) source by division of wavefront. Here we film interference is generally viewed only in the reflected
do the same by division of amplitude (into reflected and light.
refracted wave).
When a plane wave (parallel rays) is incident nor- SOLVED EXAMPLE
mally on a thin film of uniform thickness d then waves
reflected from the upper surface interfere with waves 67. White light, with a uniform intensity across the visible
reflected from the lower surface. wavelength range 430–690 nm is perpendicularly inci-
Incident and dent on a water film, of index of refraction m = 1.33
reflected light and thickness d = 320 nm, that is suspended in air. At
what wavelength l is the light reflected by the film is
Air brighter to an observer?
Solution:
d μ For the interference maxima,
2m d
l=
m +1/ 2
Air ( 2)(1.33)(320 nm) 851 nm
= =
m +1/ 2 m +1/ 2
Transmitted light
for m = 0, this gives us l = 1700 nm, which is in the
Clearly the wave reflected from the lower surface infrared region. For m = 1, we find l = 567 nm, which
travel an extra optical path of 2md, where m is refractive is yellow-green light, near the middle of the visible
index of the film. spectrum. For m = 2, l = 340 nm, which is in the ultra-
Further if the film is placed in air the wave reflected violet region. So the wavelength at which the light
from the upper surface (from a denser medium) suffers a seen by the observer is brightest is
sudden phase change of p, while the wave reflected from
l = 567 nm.
the lower surface (from a rarer medium) suffers no such
phase change. ⇒ y = – 1 cm.
18.44 Chapter 18
(ii) for point 0, q = 0 monochromatic light be incident normally on this slit. As
Hence, Dp = d sin q0 ; dq0 = 1 mm × (10–2 rad) the width d of the slit is comparable to the wavelength l
= 10,000 nm = 20 × (500 nm) of the light, the light gets diffracted on passing through the
slit. The converging lens L2 helps in focusing the diffrac-
⇒ Dp = 20 l tion pattern on the screen. The diffraction pattern consists
Hence point O corresponds to 20th maxima of a bright band at its centre (O) with alternate dark and
⇒ intensity at O = I0 bright bands on both sides. The intensity of the bright bands
(iii) 19 maxima lie between central maxima and O, decreases very sharply as one move away from O on both
excluding maxima at O and central maxima. sides.
W1 L2 P
A t
DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT d θ
θ
S O
M
The phenomenon of bending of light around the corners B N Screen
Slit
of an obstacle or aperture is called the diffraction of light. L1 W2 D
On account of diffraction, light deviates from is linear path Plane wave front
and enters into the regions of geometrical shadow of the
obstacle.
Explanation
In fact, diffraction is a characteristic of wave motion
and all types of wave motions exhibit this effect. As the plane wavefront W1 W2 is incident normally on
A person sitting in a room can hear the sound of the slit, the entire slit AB gets, illuminated. According to
another person sitting outside the room, even though the Huygen’s principle, each point on the portion AB of the
speaker may not be visible. This is due to the bending of wavefront becomes the source of secondary disturbance.
sound waves around the corners of the open door or win- The secondary wavelets start spreading from AB in all
dow i.e. diffraction of sound. Similarly, radio waves too directions.
exhibit diffraction easily.
Experimental studies have revealed that diffraction Position of Central Maxima
occurs more prominently when the wavelength of the waves The secondary wavelets travelling parallel to MO are
is comparable with the size of the obstacle or aperture. Since focussed at O by the converging lens I2. Actually, the sec-
the wavelength of visible light is very small (l = 10–6m) and ondary wavelets originating from any two points equidis-
the size of the common obstacles or aperture is very large, tant from the centre of the slit M (one each in MA and MB)
the diffraction of visible light is not very common. However, cover equal distances before converging at O. Hence, the
when the size of the obstacle or aperture (slit) is made very path difference between them is zero. As a result, they pro-
small (comparable with the wavelength) even visible light duce the brightest band at O on the screen. This is called the
shows this phenomenon. Diffraction is common in case of central maximum.
sound wave and radio waves because their wavelength is
large and comparable to the size of common obstacle. Position of Secondary Maxima and Minima
According to Fresnel, diffraction occurs on account
of mutual interference of secondary wavelets starting Consider the secondary wave travelling in a direction mak-
from portions of the wavefront which are not blocked by ing an angle q with MO. All these waves are focussed by
the obstacle or from portions of the wavefront which are lens L1 at point P. Such waves start from all the points of
allowed to pass through the aperture. slit AB in the same phase but travel different distances in
reaching the point P. The intensity at point P will, there-
fore, depend on the path difference between the secondary
waves emitted from the corresponding points (equidistant
from M) of the wavefront AB.
Let us calculate the path difference between two sec-
ondary waves emitting from points A and B of the wave-
front. Draw AN perpendicular to the wave coming from B.
Diffraction at a Single Slit Path difference between the secondary wavelets
Consider a narrow slit AB of width d kept perpendic- which originate from A and B and reach point P on the
ular to the plane of the paper. Let a plane wavefront of screen, BN = AB sin q = d sin q.
Secondary Minima The direction of nth secondary maxima is
Let this path difference be equal to 1 l i.e. ( 2n + 1) l
sin q = q n =
\ d sin q = l 2d
Hence the path difference between the wavelets originat- Thus, the diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of
ing from points A and M and reaching point P will be l/2. central maxima flanked by alternate minima and second-
Similarly, the path difference between the wavelets origi- ary maxima. The intensity distribution in the pattern on the
nating from M and B and reaching P will also be l/2. Thus screen in shown in Fig. 18.46.
for each point in the upper half of the slit AM, there exists
a corresponding point in its lower half MB such that the Intensity
wavelets originating from such points reach point P out
of phase i.e. having a phase difference of p. Therefore,
destructive interference takes place at point P and it repre- 1st minima
sents the first secondary minima. 1st maxima
IInd minima
Similarly, if d sin q = 2l. IInd maxima
The slit AB can be imagined to be divided into four equal
parts. The path difference between the wavelets originat- – 3λ – 2λ –λ 0 λ 2λ 3λ
ing from corresponding points in two adjacent parts will be Path difference (d sinθ)
2l/4 = l/2. Hence, the wavelets cause destructive interfer-
Fig. 18.46
ence and point P again represents the second minima.
In general, for nth minima, we have The graph shows that as we go away from the central max-
ima O on both sides, the intensity of secondary maxima
d sin q = nl decreases very rapidly.
Where n = 1, 2, 3,……
Hence, the direction of nth secondary minima Width of Central Maxima
l It is the distance between the first secondary minimum an
sin q = n
d either side of the central maxima
l Let y be the distance of a first minimum from the
\ For small values q, sin q n = q n = n centre (O) of the central maxima.
d
Secondary Maxima l
\ d sin q = l and sin q = q = D
Let the path difference between the wavelets originating d
from A and B and reaching an off –point P1 (not shown in Let f be the focal length of the converging lens L2 (placed
the figure) be 3l/2. very close to slit AB) and D is the distance of the screen
\ d sin q = 3l / 2 from AB.
\ D=f
We assume that the slit AB is divided into three equal parts
so that the difference between the wavelets originating from y y
Hence, q= =
the corresponding points in the first two parts is l/2. Such f D
wavelets cause destructive interference at P1. However, the
y l l
wavelets originating from different point of the third part Comparing equation, we get = , y=
reinforce each other (not completely as for them, 0 > d sin D d d
q < l/2) and give rise to the first secondary maxima at P1. 2l D 2l f
The intensity at the first secondary maxima is much smaller \ width of central maxima = 2y = =
d d
than that of the central maxima.
Similarly, d sin q = 5l/2 give the second secondary Figure shows the widths of the central maxima (CD) and
maxima with much lower intensity than the first maxima. the first secondary maximum (DE or CF)
In general, for nth secondary maxima the have Let y1 and y2 respectively be the distance of the first
minima and the second minima from O. Then width of the
d sin q = ( 2n + 1) l / 2
2l D l D l D
first secondary maximum = y2 – y1 = - = .
Where n = 1, 2, 3 …. d d d
18.46 Chapter 18
The width of the central maxima is twice the width of Resolving Power of Microscope or
the first secondary maximum. Telescope
Diffraction Pattern at Single Slit due to Due to diffraction of light a point source can never give a
Monochromatic Light and White Light point image. It gives an image in the from of a circular disc.
When a parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident This fact puts a limit on resolving two neighbouring points
normally on the slit, the diffraction pattern obtained on imaged by a lens, when two point objects are close to each
the screen consists of alternate bright and dark bands of other, their images i,e, diffraction patterns as seen through
equal width. The intensity is maximum at the central bright optical instruments, will also be close and overlap each
band and it decreases very rapidly for successive secondary other. If the overlapping is small both the point objects are
bright bands i.e. maximum. seen separate in the optical instrument. However if the over-
When the beam of white light is incident on the slit, lapping is large, the two points objects will not be seen as
the diffraction pattern is coloured. The central maxima is separate i.e. optical instrument is not able to resolve them.
white but the other bands are coloured. As the band width ∝ Hence resolving power of an optical instrument is the
l the red band will be wider than the violet band (as lR > lV). power or ability of the instrument to produce distinct sepa-
rate image of two close objects.
Fresnel Distance (ZF) The minimum distance between the two objects
which can just be seen as separate by the optical instrument
It is defined as the distance of the screen from the slit at is called the limit of resolution of the instrument. Smaller
which the spreading of light due to diffraction at single slit the limit of resolution of the optical instrument, greater is
becomes equal to the width of the slit. its resolving power and vice-versa.
y d l
From the figure q = = and for 1st minima q =
D D d Resolving Power of a Microscope
l d The resolving power of microscope is its ability to form
\ = separate images of two point objects lying close together.
d D
It is determined by the least distance between the two
d2 points which can be distinguished. This distance is given
\ D = ZF =
l l
by d = , where l is the wavelength of light used
2 m sin q
Diffraction between Interference and
to illuminate the object and m is the refractive index of the
Diffraction of Light medium between the object and the objective. The angle q
Inspite of the fact that interference and diffraction both is the half angle of the cone of light from the point object.
are the consequence of the superposition of wave and also
1 2 m sin q
that mostly both occur simultaneously, they are different. Resolving power = =
Following are the main points of the difference between them. d l
INTERFERENCE DIFFRACTION Resolving Power of a Telescope

1. It occurs due to the 1. It occurs due to the The resolving power of a telescope is the reciprocal of the
superposition of the superposition of the smallest angular separation between two distant objects
secondary wavelets secondary wavelets whose images are separated in the telescope. This is given
originating from two originating from different
coherent sources. points of the same
1.22l
by q = , where q is the angle subtended by the point
wavefront. a
2. The width of all fringes is 2. The width of all fringes is object at the objective, l is the wavelength of light used and
equal. not equal. a is the diameter of the telescope objective. A telescope with
3. All maxima are of the 3. Intensity of secondary a larger aperture objective gives a high resolving power.
same intensity. maxima fall off rapidly
as we go away from the
central maxima. POLARISATION AND PLANE
4. Interference pattern 4. In diffraction pattern there POLARISED LIGHT
consists of a large are only a few bands.
number of bands.
In writing equation for light wave, we assumed that the
direction of electric field is fixed and the magnitude varies
sinusoidally with space and time. The electric field in a The reflected light therefore, contains vibrations of
light wave propagating in free space is perpendicular to the electric vector perpendicular to the plane of incidence.
direction of propagation. However, there are infinite num- Hence the reflected light is completely plane polarised in a
bers of directions perpendicular to the direction of prop- direction perpendicular to the plane of incidence.
agation and the electric field may be along any of these
directions. For example, if the light propagates along the
BREWSTER’S LAW
X-axis, the electric field may be along the Y-axis, or along
the Z-axis or along any direction in the Y-Z plane. If the According to this law, when unpolarised light is incident
electric field at a point always remains parallel to a fixed at polarising angle ip on an interface separating air from a
direction as the time passes, the light is called linearly medium of refractive index m, then the reflected light is fully
polarized along the direction. For example, if the electric polarized (perpendicular to the plane of incidence), provided.
field at a point is always parallel to the Y-axis, we say that
the light is linearly polarized along the Y-axis. The same is m = tan i p
also called plane polarized light. The plane containing the This relation represents Brewster’s Law
electric field and the direction of propagation is called the
N
plane of polarization.
The phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of light A Rarer
B
in a particular direction perpendicular to direction of wave
motion is called polarisation of light. ip r′ = ip
Polarisation of Light by Reflection X Y

O
When unpolarised light is reflected from a surface, the
reflected light may be completely polarised, partially polar- Denser μ
ised or non-polarised. This would depend on the angle of
incidence.
If angle of incidences is 0° or 90°, the reflected beam C
remains unpolarised. For angles of incidence between 0° N′
and 90°, the reflected beam is polarized to varying degree.
The angle of incidence at which the reflected light ∠BOY + ∠YOC = 90°
is completely plane polarized is called polarising angle
(90° - i p ) + (90° - r ) = 90°
or Brewster’s angle. It is represented by ip. The value of ip
depends on the wavelength of light used. Therefore, com- where r is the angle of refraction
plete polarisation is possible only for monochromatic light.
or 90° - i p = r (1)
If non-polarised light is incident along AO at angle ip on
the interface XY separating air from a medium of refractive According to Snell’s law,
index m, the light reflected along OB is completely plane sin i
polarised. The light refracted along OC continues to be m=
sin r
unpolarised.
Infact, the non-polarised light has two electric field When i = i p , i = (90° - i p )
components, one perpendicular to the plane of incidence sin i p sin i p
(represented by dots) and the other in the plane of incidence \ m= = = tan i p
(represented by arrows). sin(90° - i p ) cos i p
The vibrations of electric vector perpendicular to the This proves Brewster’s law.
plane of incidence remain always parallel to the reflecting
surface, whatever be the angle of incidence. Therefore,
condition of their reflection is not changed with the change SOLVED EXAMPLES
in the angle of incidence. However, the other set of oscil-
lations of electric vector in the plane of incidence make 68. A slit of width 3 mm is illuminated by light of
different angles with the reflecting surface, as angle of l = 600 nm at normal incidence. If the distance of the
incidence of unpolarised light is changed. At the polaris- screen from the slit is 60 cm, the distance between the
ing angle (ip), most of these vibration of electric vector get first order minimum on both sides of central maximum
transmitted and are not reflected. is y × 10–2 mm. The value of y is
18.48 Chapter 18
Solution: SCATTERING OF LIGHT
Given d = 3 mm = 3 × 10–3 m
When light passes though a medium, a part of it appears
l = 600 nm = 6 × 10–7 m, D = 60 cm = 0.60 cm in directions other than the incident direction. The phe-
Distance of first order minima from central maximum nomenon is called scattering of light. The basic process
in scattering is absorption of light by the molecules of
lD
x1 = 1 × gas and other particles of the medium followed by re-ra-
d diation in different directions. The strength of scattering
\ distance between first order minimum on both can be measured by the loss of energy in the light beam
sides of the central maximum as it passes through the medium. In absorption, the light
2l D 2 × 6 × 10 -7 × 0.6 energy is converted into internal energy of the medium
= 2 x1 = = whereas in scattering, the light energy is radiated in other
d 3 × 10 -3
directions.
= 0.24 × 10–3 m or y = 24 There are two types of scattering. If these parti-
cles are smaller than the wavelength of incident light,
69. A beam of wavelength 6000 Å is incident on a slit 1
of width 0.2 mm. The angular spread of the central then scattering is proportional to 4 . This is known as
maximum is x × 10–3 radius. The value of x is l
Rayleigh’s law of scattering. Thus, red light is scattered
Solution: the least and violet is scattered the most law of scattering.
This is the reason why danger signals are made of red
Given l = 6000 Å = 6000 Å = 6000 × 10–10 m
colour so that they can be seen from far away. The blue
d = 0.2 mm = 0.2 × 10–3 m appearance of sky is due to scattering of sunlight from
the atmosphere. When we look at the sky, it is the scat-
Angular spread of the central maximum
tered light that enters the eyes. Among the shorter wave-
l 6000 × 10 -10 lengths, the colour blue is present in larger proportion in
q= = = 3 × 10 -3 radian.
d 0.2 × 10 -3 sunlight. Light of shorter wavelengths are scattered by
air molecules which because of there smaller size follow
\ x=3
Rayleigh’s scattering. Blue light is strongly scattered by
70. (A) A ray of light is incident on a glass surface at an the air molecules and reach the observer. This explains
angle of 45°. If the reflected and refracted rays the blue colour of sky.
are perpendicular to each other, find the refractive The appearance of red colour of sun at the sunset and
index of glass. at the sunrise is also because of scattering of sunlight due
to air molecules. The blue and neighbouring colours are
(B) what is the value of the refractive index of a
scattered away in the path and light reaching the observer
medium of polarising angle 45°.
is predominantly red.
Solution: The sky would appear black and stars could be seen
(A) and (B) we know that if the reflected and refracted during day hours, if the earth had no atmosphere and hence
rays are perpendicular, the angle of incidence is equal no scattering.
to polarising angle. Clouds contain a high concentration of water droplets
\ ip = 45° or ice crystals which due to their comparatively larger size
scatter light uniformly of all wavelengths. Since light of all
\ m = tan ip = tan 45° = 1 wavelength is eventually scattered out of the cloud, so the
or m=1 cloud looks white.
BRAIN MAP
1. Reflection of light: 2. Refraction of light at a plane surface:
• In case of reflection at a plane or curved mirror, ∠i = ∠r. • In case of refraction of a ray at plane or spherical surface,
• The image formed by a plane mirror is at the same sin i μ2
distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. It = = 1μ2
sin r μ1
is virtual, erect and of the same size as the object. The
image formed by a plane mirror is laterally inverted. t
• Derivation produced by a plane mirror • Lateral shift produced by a glass slab is d = sin (i – r)
cos r
= 180° – 2i = 2g, where g is the glancing angle.
• Keeping the direction of the incident ray fixed, if the plane • When an object in denser medium is viewed almost
mirror is rotated through angle θ, then reflected ray gets normally by an observer in rarer medium, we have
rotated through 2 θ in the same sense. Real depth
RμD =
• If two plane mirrors are inclined at angle θ, then number Apparent depth
of images formed
• When an object in rarer medium is viewed almost normally
360° 360° by an observer in denser medium, we have
= −1, if is an even integer.
θ θ Apparent depth
RμD =
360° 360° Real depth
= , if is an odd integer, and object is
θ θ • sin c = 1/Rμ D
placed unsymmetrical to the mirrors. • In case of refraction through prism, r1 + r2 = A
Deviation produced by a prismδ = (I + e) – A
360°
= 360° −1, if is an odd integer, and object is • Condition for minimum deviation for a prism i = e and r1 = r2
θ θ
sin(A + δ m /2)
placed symmetrical to the mirrors. • μ=
• In case of a spherical mirror, f = R/2. sin(A/2)
• The images formed by a concave mirror can be real as well • Deviation produced by a prism of small angle = ( μ − 1) A
as virtual. But the images formed by a convex mirror is
always virtual. • Angular dispersion = ( μV − μR ) A; Dispersive power
Mirror formula μ − μR .
= V
• 1/v + 1/u = 1/f μ −1
• A′ μ−1
Magnification produced by a spherical mirror • Condition for dispersion without deviation is
OPTICS
=−
A μ′ − 1
m= I =−v
O u Net angular dispersion produced = ( μ − 1) A [ω − ω ′).
A′ μ − μR
3. Refraction of light at spherical surfaces: • Deviation without dispersion is =− V
A μV′ − μ′R
• Refraction at a single spherical surface
μ2 μ1 μ2 − μ1 ω δ′ ω
− = or, = − . Net deviation = ( μ − 1) A 1− .
v u R ω′ δ ω′
μ1 v
Transverse magnification produced is m =
μ2 u 4. Wave optics:
1 μ 1 1 • In case of superposition of two waves,
• Lens maker’s formula = −1 − .
f μ0 R 1 R2 IR = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos ϕ, or IR α ( A12 + A22 + 2A1A2 cos ϕ ).
1 1 1 • Condition for constructive interference
• Lens formula − = ϕ = ± 2π n, n = 1, 2, 3, …..
v u f
(Δx) = ± nλ , n = 1, 2, 3, ……
I v
• Linear magnification produced by a lens m = = . • Condition for destructive interference
O u ϕ = ± (2n − 1) π, n = 1, 2, 3, …..
• Power of a lens P = 1/f. (Δx) = ± (2n − 1) λ /2, n = 1, 2, 3, ……
1 1 1 • Distance of n th bright fringe from C.B.F. is
• Two thin lenses in contact = + + ....
F f1 f2 D
Two thin lenses separated by a distance d (yn)B = ± nλ , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ………..
d
1 1 1 d Distance of nth dark fringe from C.B.F. is
= + −
F f1 f2 f1f2 λ D , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ………..
( yn)D = ± (2n − 1)
• Lenses with a one surface silvered behaves as a spherical 2d
mirror. The equivalent focal length of the spherical mirror is • Fringe width (ω ) = λ D/d, Angular fringe width = ω /D = λ /d
given by 1 = Σ 1, where fi is to be repeated as many times • Equivalent optical path of a medium of R.I. μ and distance
F fi d is μd.
as reflection or refraction is taking place. • Displacement of fringe pattern due to introduction of a
• Displacement method: transparent sheet of R.I.μ and thickness t in YDSE
D2 − L2 = Y0 = ( μ − 1) t (D/d), in the same side in which the
f= , O = I1, I2 transparent sheet is introduced.
4D
18.50 Chapter 18
EXERCISES
Single Option Correct Type
1. A thin lens of refractive index 1.5 has a focal length 6. A ray of light passes through four transparent media
of 15 cm in air. When lens is placed in a medium of with refractive indices m1, m2, m3, and m4 as shown in
refractive index (4/3), focal length will be now the Fig. 18.44. The surfaces of all media are parallel. If
(A) 30 cm (B) 60 cm the emergent ray CD is parallel to the incident ray AB,
(C) – 60 cm (D) – 30 cm then
(A) m1 = m2 (B) m2 = m3
2. An object of mass m is moving with velocity u
(C) m3 = m4 (D) m4 = m1
towards a plane mirror kept on a stand as shown in the
Fig. 18.43. The mass of the mirror and stand system
is m. A head-on elastic collision takes place between D
μ1 μ2 μ3
the object and the mirror stand, the velocity of image
B
before and after the collision is C μ4
A
(A) u, 2u (B) – u, –2u
(C) – u , 2u (D) u, –2u Fig. 18.44
7. Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each

other as shown in Fig. 18.45. A light ray is incident
at an angle of 30° at a point just inside one end of
A. The plane of incidence coincides with the plane of
m u
m the Fig. 18.45. The maximum number of times the ray
μ=0
undergoes reflections (including the first one) before it
Fig. 18.43 emerges out is
(A) 28 (B) 30 (C) 32 (D) 34
3. A concave mirror of focal length f produces an image
n times the size of the object. If the image is real then B
the distance of the object from the mirror is 2√3 m
(A) ( n − 1) f (B)
( n − 1) f
n
( n + 1) 0.2 m
(C) f (D) ( n + 1) f 30°
n
4. A spherical surface of radius of curvature R separates A
air (refractive index 1.0) from glass (refractive index
Fig. 18.45
1.5). The centre of curvature is in the glass. A point
object P placed in air is found to have a real image Q
in the glass. The line PQ cuts the surface at a point O, 8. An object 1 cm tall is placed in front of a mirror at a
and PO = OQ. The distance PO is equal to distance of 4 cm. In order to produce an upright image
(A) 5R (B) 3R (C) 2R (D) 1.5R of 3 cm height, one needs a
(A) convex mirror of radius of curvature 12 cm.
5. A ray of light falls normally on a refracting face of (B) concave mirror of radius of curvature 12 cm.
a prism of refractive index 1.5. If the ray just fails to (C) concave mirror of radius of curvature 4 cm.
emerge from the prism. Then the angle of prism is (D) plane mirror of height 12 cm.
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
(A) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ (B) cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ 9. Light travels through a glass plate of thickness t and
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
having refractive index m. If c be the velocity of light
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ in vacuum, the time taken by the light to travel this
(C) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ (D) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ thickness of glass is
t mt tc 16. A ray of light strikes a glass plate at an angle of 60°
(A) (B) t m c (C) (D) with the vertical. If the reflected and refracted rays are
mc c m
perpendicular to each other, the refractive index of
10. The Young’s double slits experiment is performed glass is
with blue and green light of wavelengths 4360 Å and 3 3 1
5460 Å, respectively. If x is the distance of fourth (A) (B) (C) (D) 3
2 2 2
maximum from the central one, then
(A) x (blue) = x (green) 17. An optically active compound
(B) x (blue) > x (green) (A) Rotates the plane polarized light
(C) x (blue) < x (green) (B) Changes the direction of polarized light
(D) x (blue) / x (green) = 5460 / 4360 (C) Do not allow plane polarized light to pass through
11. Monochromatic light from a narrow slit illuminates (D) None of the above
two parallel narrow slits producing an interference 18. The principle of optical fibre is
pattern on a screen. The separation between the two (A) Diffraction
slits is now doubled and the distance between the (B) Polarization
screen and the slits is reduced to half. The fringe width (C) Interference
(A) Is doubled (D) Total internal reflection
(B) Becomes four times
(C) Becomes one-fourth 19. A beam of light starting from point A reflects from
(D) Remains the same a mirror M and forms an image at B as shown in the
same horizontal plane as A. For small angle of inci-
12. A thin sheet of glass (m = 1.5) of thickness 6 microns dence i, AB is equal to
introduced in the path of one of interfering beams of (A) iD (B) 2iD (C) 4iD (D) iD/2
a double slit experiment shifts the central fringes to
a position previously occupied by fifth bright fringe. M
Then the wavelength of the light used is A
(A) 6000 Å (B) 3000 Å D

(C) 4500 Å (D) 7500 Å
B
13. A concave lens of focal length F produces an image
equal to 1/n of size of object, the distance of the image,
20. In Young’s double slit experiment, the width of one slit
from the lens is
is double that of the other. The ratio of intensity of a
(A) ( n +1) F (B) ( n −1) F bright band to that of a dark band in the interference
pattern will be
⎛ n + 1⎞ ⎛ n − 1⎞
(C) ⎜ F (D) ⎜ F
⎝ n ⎟⎠ ⎝ n ⎟⎠ (A) 2 : 1 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 6 : 1 (D) 9 : 1
14. A convex lens A of focal length 20 cm and a concave 21. The critical angle of a medium is sin–1 (3/5). The
lens B of focal length 5 cm are kept along the same polarizing angle of the medium will be
axis with a distance d between them. If a parallel beam (A) sin–1 (4/5) (B) tan–1 (5/3)
–1
of light falling on A leaves B as a parallel beam, then (C) tan (3/4) (D) tan–1 (4/3)
the distance d in cm will be 22. A glass prism of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in
(A) 25 (B) 15 (C) 30 (D) 50 water (m = 4/3). A light beam incident normally on the
15. If e 0 and m0 represent the permittivity and perme- face AB is totally reflected to reach the face BC, if
ability of vacuum, e and m represent the permittivity
and permeability of medium, then refractive index of B A
the medium is given by θ
m0 e 0 me
(A) (B)
me m0 e 0
e m0 e 0
(C) (D) C
m0 e 0 m
18.52 Chapter 18
8 2 27. In a double slit experiment, instead of taking slits of
(A) sin q ≥ (B) sin q ≤ equal widths, one slit is made twice as wide as the
9 3
other. Then in the interference pattern
4 2 8
(C) sin q = (D) < sin q < (A) The intensities of both the maximum and mini-
5 3 9
mum increase
23. An object is placed at a distance of 3f from a convex (B) The intensity of the maximum increases and the
lens of focal length f. A slab of refractive index m is minimum has zero intensity
placed in between lens and object. The image of the (C) The intensity of the maximum decreases and that
object will be formed nearest to the object if thickness of minimum increases
of the slab is (D) The intensity of the maximum decreases and the
f mf minimum has zero intensity
(A) f (B) 2f (C) (D)
m −1 m −1 28. A bulb is placed at a depth of 2 7 m in water and a
floating opaque disc is placed over the bulb so that the
24. A liquid of refractive index 1.33 is placed between two bulb is not visible from the surface. The radius of the
identical plano-convex lenses, with refractive index disc should be at least (mwater = 4/3)
1.50. Two possible arrangements, P and Q, are shown.
(A) 42 m (B) 6 m (C) 2 7 m (D) 12 m
The system is
(A) divergent in P, convergent in Q. 29. A ray of light falls on a prism ABC (AB = BC) and
(B) convergent in P, divergent in Q. travels as shown in Fig. 18.47. The refractive index of
(C) convergent in both. the prism material should be greater than
(D) divergent in both. (A) 4/3 (B) 2
(C) 1.5 (D) 3
A
90°
90°
P Q B C
25. A concave lens of focal length 10 cm and a convex Fig. 18.47
lens of focal length 20 cm are placed certain distance
30. On introducing a thin sheet of mica (thickness 12 ×
apart. If parallel rays incident on one lens become con-
10–5cm) in path of one of the interfering beams in
verging after passing through other lens, then the sepa-
Young’s double slit experiment, the central fringe is
ration between the lenses must be greater than
shifted through a distance equal to the spacing between
(A) Zero (B) 5 cm successive bright fringes. The refractive index of mica
(C) 10 cm (D) 9 cm is (wavelength of light used l = 6 × 10–5 cm)
26. Light is incident normally on face AB of a prism as (A) 1.33 (B) 1.5 (C) 2.5 (D) 1.478
shown in Fig. 18.46. A liquid of refractive index m is 31. A plane glass plate is kept on a paper on which let-
placed on face AC of the prism. The prism is made of ters are printed in various colours; colour of the letters
glass of refractive index 3/2. The limits of m for which which will be more close to upper surface is
total internal reflection cannot takes place on face AC is
(A) yellow (B) red (C) blue (D) green
Liquid
A
30°
C 32. Focal length of an equiconvex lens is 20 cm. If we cut
60°
it once perpendicular to principle axis, and then along
90° principal axis, then focal length of each part will be
B (A) 20 cm (B) 10 cm (C) 40 cm (D) 5 cm
Fig. 18.46 33. Rays are converging towards a convex mirror, final
3 3 3 3 3 image will be
(A) >m> (B) m <
4 2 4 (A) Real
(B) Virtual
3
(C) m > 3 (D) m < (C) May be real or virtual
2 (D) Image will not form
34. In YDSE distance between the slits plane and screen (D) R
is 1 m and distance between two slits is 5 mm. If slabs
of thickness 2 mm and 1.5 mm having refractive index
1.5 and 1.4 are placed in front of two slits, the shift of
O
central maximum will be 2R
(A) 2 m (B) 8 cm
(C) 20 cm (D) 80 cm 38. Interference fringes were produced in Young’s dou-
35. We have two equilateral prisms A and B. They are ble slit experiment using light of wavelength 5000 Å.
made of materials having refractive index 1.5 and 1.6. When a film of thickness 2.5 × 10–3 cm was placed
For minimum deviation, incident angle will be in front of one of the slits, the fringe pattern shifted
(A) Small for prism A by a distance equal to 20 fringe-widths. The refractive
(B) Small for prism B index of the material of the film is
(C) Equal for both the prisms (A) 1.25 (B) 1.35
(D) Can’t be predicted (C) 1.4 (D) 1.5
36. A light ray falls on a square slab at an angle 45°. What 39. A thin convergent glass lens (mg = 1.5) has a power
must be the minimum index of refraction of glass, if of +5.0 D. When this lens is immersed in a liquid of
total internal reflection takes place at the vertical face? refractive index ml, it acts as a divergent lens of focal
length 100 cm. The value of ml is
3 3 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) 4/3 (B) 5/3
2 2 2 2 (C) 5/4 (D) 6/5
45° 40. Two convex lenses placed in contact form the image of
a distant object at P. If the lens B is moved to the right,
θ
the image will
(A) move to the left.
(B) move to the right.
(C) remain at P.
(D) move either to the left or right, depending upon
focal lengths of the lenses.
37. A thin plano-convex glass lens (m = 1.5) has its plane A B
surface silvered, and R is the radius of curvature of
curved part, then which of the following ray diagram
is true for an object placed at O?
P
(A) R
O
2R
41. A thin film of thickness t and index of refraction 1.33
coats a glass with index of refraction 1.50. Which of
the following thickness t will not reflect normally inci-
(B) R dent light with wavelength 640 nm in air?
(A) 120 nm (B) 240 nm
O (C) 300 nm (D) 480 nm
2R
42. For a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm, if the
object is at a distance of 30 cm from the pole, then the
R nature of the image and its magnification will be
(C)
(A) real and –2 (B) virtual and –2
O (C) real and +2 (D) virtual and +2
3R 43. The relation between lateral magnification m, object
distance u, and focal length f of a spherical mirror is
18.54 Chapter 18
f −u f experiment. What will be the intensity of light in front
(A) m = (B) m = of one of the slits on a screen at a distance D = 10 d?
f f +u
f +u f I0 3I 0 I0
(C) m = (D) m = (A) (B) (C) I0 (D)
f f −u 2 4 4
44. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the fringe width is 51. Light wave enters from medium 1 to medium 2. Its
found to be 0.4 mm. If the whole apparatus is immersed velocity in second medium is double from first. For
in water of refractive index (4/3), without disturbing total internal reflection, the angle of incidence must be
the geometrical arrangement, the new fringe width greater than
will be (A) 30° (B) 60° (C) 45° (D) 90°
(A) 0.30 mm (B) 0.40 mm 52. A light ray is incident upon a prism in minimum devi-
(C) 0.53 mm (D) 450 microns ation position and suffers a deviation of 34°. If the
shaded half of the prism is knocked off, the ray will
45. Light of wavelength 6328 Å is incident normally on a
slit having a width of 0.2 mm. The width of the central (A) suffer a deviation of 34°.
maximum measured from minimum to minimum of (B) suffer a deviation of 68°.
diffraction pattern on a screen 9.0 metres away will be (C) suffer a deviation of 17°.
about (D) not come out of the prism.
(A) 0.36° (B) 0.18°
(C) 0.72° (D) 0.09°
46. Two polaroids are kept crossed to each other. Now one
of them is rotated through an angle of 45°. The per-
centage of unpolarized incident light now transmitted
through the system is 53. The light ray is incident at angle of 60° on a prism of
(A) 15 % (B) 25 % angle 45°. When the light ray falls on the other surface
(C) 50 % (D) 60 % at 90°, the refractive index of the material of prism m
and the angle of deviation d are given by
47. A ray incident at a point at an angle of incidence of 60°
enters a glass sphere of R.1. n = 3 and gets reflected 3
(A) m = , d = 30° (B) m = 1.5, d = 15°
and refracted at the farther surface of the sphere. The 2
angle between the reflected and refracted rays at this
surface is 3 3
(C) m = , d = 30° (D) m = , d = 15°
(A) 50° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 40° 2 2
48. A microscope has an objective of focal length 1.5 cm 54. In a Young’s experiment, two coherent sources are
and an eye-piece of focal length 2.5 cm. If the distance placed 0.90 mm apart and the fringes are observed 1
between objective and eye-piece is 25 cm, what is m away. If it produces the second dark fringe at a dis-
the approximate value of magnification produced for tance of 1 mm from the central fringe, the wavelength
relaxed eye? of monochromatic light used would be
(A) 75 (B) 110 (C) 140 (D) 25 (A) 60 × 10–4 cm (B) 10 × 10–4 cm
–5
49. A circular beam of light of diameter d = 2 cm falls on (C) 10 × 10 cm (D) 6 × 10–5 cm
a plane surface of glass. The angle of incidence is 60° 55. If two lenses of power +5 diopters are mounted at some
and refractive index of glass is m = 3/2. The diameter distance apart, the combination will always behave
of the refracted beam is like a diverging lens if the distance between them is
(A) 4.0 cm (B) 3.0 cm (A) Greater than 40 cm (B) Equal than 40 cm
(C) 3.26 cm (D) 2.52 cm (C) Equal to 10 cm (D) Less than 10 cm
50. The maximum intensity in Young’s double slit experi- 56. When the angle of incidence on a material is 60°, the
ment is I0. Distance between the slits is d = 5l, where reflected light is completely polarized. The velocity of
l is the wavelength of monochromatic light used in the the refracted ray inside the material is (in m/s)
⎛ 3 ⎞ 64. An object is placed in front of a convex mirror at a
(A) 3 × 108 (B) ⎜ × 108
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ distance of 50 cm. A plane mirror is introduced cover-
ing the lower half of the convex mirror. If the distance
(C) 3 × 108 (D) 0.5 × 108 between the object and the plane mirror is 30 cm, there
is no parallax between the images formed by the two
57. An object is placed at 20 cm from a convex mirror of
mirrors. The radius of curvature of the convex mirror
focal length 10 cm. The image formed by the mirror is
(in cm) is
(A) real and at 20 cm from the mirror.
(A) 60 (B) 50
(B) virtual and at 20 cm from the mirror.
(C) 30 (D) 25
(C) virtual and at (20/3) cm from the mirror.
(D) real and at (20/3) cm from the mirror. 65. A plano-convex lens has a thickness of 4 cm. When
placed on a horizontal table with curved surface in
58. A convex lens of focal length 12 cm is made of glass
contact with it, the apparent depth of the bottom-most
3
of m = . What will be its focal length when immersed point of the lens is found to be 3 cm. If the lens is
2 5 inverted such that the plane face is in contact with the
in liquid of m = table, the apparent depth of the centre of plane face is
4
(A) 6 cm (B) 12 cm found to be 25/8 cm. The focal length of the lens is
(C) 24 cm (D) 30 cm (A) 50 cm (B) 75 cm
59. For a material, the refractive indices for red, violet, and (C) 100 cm (D) 150 cm
yellow colour light are, respectively, 1.52, 1.64, and 66. A lens of power +2 diopters is placed in contact with a
1.60. The dispersive power of the material is lens of power –1 diopter. The combination will behave
(A) 2 (B) 0.45 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.045 like
60. The refractive index of water is 4/3 and that of glass is (A) a convergent lens of focal length 50 cm.
5/3. Then the critical angle for a ray of light entering in (B) a divergent lens of focal length 100 cm.
water from glass will be (C) a convergent lens of focal length 100 cm.
(D) a convergent lens of focal length 200 cm.
⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
(A) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ (B) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ 67. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the slit separa-
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
tion is 1 mm and the screen is 1 m from the slit. For a
⎛ 20 ⎞ ⎛ 9⎞ monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm, the dis-
(C) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ (D) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠ tance of third minimum from the central maximum is
(A) 0.50 mm (B) 1.25 mm
61. In Young’s double slit experiment, when sodium light
(C) 1.50 mm (D) 1.75 mm
of wavelength 5893 Å is used, then 62 fringes are seen
in the field of view. Instead of sodium light, if violet 68. An insect of negligible mass is sitting on a block of
light of wavelength 4358 Å is used, then the number of mass M, tied with a spring of force constant k. The
fringes that will be seen in the field of view will be block performs simple harmonic motion with ampli-
(A) 54 (B) 64 (C) 74 (D) 84 tude A in front of a plane mirror placed as shown. The
maximum speed of insect relative to its image will be
62. A prism (m = 1.5) has a refracting angle of 30°. The
deviation of a monochromatic ray incident normally
on its one surface will be (sin48°36′ = 0.75)
(A) 18°36′ (B) 22°38′
(C) 18° (D) 22°1
63. The length of a vertical pole above the surface of a 60°
lake of water (n = 4/3) is 24 cm. To an underwater fish,
just below the water surface, the tip of the pole appears
to be
(A) 18 cm above the surface. k A 3 k
(A) A (B)
(B) 24 cm above the surface. M 2 M
(C) 32 cm above the surface. k A k
(D) 36 cm above the surface. (C) A 3 (D)
M 2 M
18.56 Chapter 18
69. In Young’s double slit experiment, double slit of sepa- the following thickness t will not reflect normally inci-
ration 0.1 cm is illuminated by white light. A coloured dent light with wavelength 640 nm in air?
interference pattern is formed on a screen 100 cm (A) 120 nm (B) 240 nm
away. If a pinhole is located on this screen at a dis- (C) 300 nm (D) 480 nm
tance of 2 mm from the central fringe, the wavelength
in the visible spectrum which will be absent in the 73. When a thin transparent sheet of refractive index
3
light transmitted through the pin hole are m = is placed near one of the slits in Young’s dou-
2
(A) 5714 Å and 4444 Å ble slits experiment, the intensity at the centre of the
(B) 6000 Å and 5000 Å screen reduces to half of the maximum intensity. The
(C) 5500 Å and 4500 Å minimum thickness of the sheet should be
(D) 5200 Å and 4200 Å
l l l l
70. In the diagram shown, the object is performing SHM (A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 2 3
according to the equation y = 2 A sin(w t ) and the plane
mirror is performing SHM according to the equation 74. A thin equiconvex lens of glass has radii of curva-
ture of its surfaces 30 cm each. This lens has different
⎛ p⎞
Y = − A sin ⎜ w t − ⎟ . The diagram shows the state of medium on its two sides as shown in the Fig. 18.48.
⎝ 3⎠ The refractive indices of the mediums on the two sides
the object and the mirror at time t = 0 s. The minimum of the lens are 1.2 and 1.6, and refractive index of the
time from t = 0 s after which the velocity of the image glass is 1.5. The focal length of the lens in the shown
becomes equal to zero is Fig. 18.48 is
(A) 30 cm (B) 60 cm
(C) 120 cm (D) 240 cm
Object Plane mirror
y
μ = 1.5
p 3p p 2p μ = 1.2 μ = 1.6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3w w 6w 3w
71. In a converging lens of focal length f and the dis-

tance between real object and its real image is 4 f. If
the object moves x1 distance towards lens, its image
Fig. 18.48
moves x2 distance away from the lens and when object
moves y1 distance away from the lens its image moves
75. In an usual Young’s double slit experiment with
y2 distance towards the lens, then choose the correct
l = 5000 Å, d = 2 mm, and D = 1 m, the number of
option
maximum obtained on the screen if it is large enough
f to receive any number of fringes
x1 x2
(A) 8001 (B) 6001
(C) 4001 (D) 2001
y1 O y2 I 76. In YDSE, one of the slits is covered by a thin sheet of
variable refractive index, whose variation with time is
4f
represented by graph as shown. The variation of inten-
(A) x1 > x2 and y1 > y2 sity (I) at a point on the screen with time, where first
(B) x1 < x2 and y1 < y2 minimum is obtained at t = 0 will be best represented by
(C) x1 < x2 and y1 > y2 μ
(D) x1 > x2 and y2 > y1
72. A thin film of thickness t and index of refraction 1.33 l
coats a glass with index of refraction 1.50. Which of t
(A) I (B) I (C) convex, f = 10 cm
(D) concave, f = 10 cm
82. The magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in
t t normal adjustment is 8 and the distance between the
(C) I (D) I two lenses is 54 cm. The focal length of eye lens and
objective lens will be, respectively.
(A) 6 cm and 48 cm (B) 48 cm and 6 cm
(C) 8 cm and 64 cm (D) 64 cm and 8 cm
t t
83. An astronomical telescope has magnifying power 10.
( )
77. A ray of light from a liquid m = 3 is incident on a The focal length of the eyepiece is 20 cm. The focal
system of two right-angled prisms of refractive indices length of the objective is
3 and 2 as shown. The ray suffers zero deviation 1 1
when emerges into air from CD. The angle of inci- (A) cm (B) cm
200 2
dence i is
(C) 2 cm (D) 200 cm
Liquid A D
i μ = √2 84. In a displacement method using convex lens, two
Air images are obtained for a separation of d between the
μ = √3 positions of the lens. One image is magnified and the
B C other is diminished. If m is the magnification of one
image, the focal length of the lens is (m > 1)
(A) 45° (B) 35° (C) 20° (D) 10°
(A) d/(m – 1) (B) md/(m2 – 1)
78. A thin isosceles prism with angle 4° and refractive 2
(C) d/(m – m) (D) (m – 1)d
index 1.5 is placed inside a transparent tube with
⎛ 5⎞ 85. If a graph is drawn between the separation of slits
water ⎜ refractive index = ⎟ as shown. The deviation and bandwidth in Young’s double slit experiment, the
⎝ 4⎠
of light due to prism will be graph will be
(A) a straight line having positive slope.
(B) a straight line having negative slope.
(C) a rectangular hyperbola.
(D) a parabola.
(A) 0.8° upward (B) 0.8° downward
86. A point source of light B is placed at a distance L in
(C) 0.67° upward (D) 0.67° downward
front of the centre of a mirror of width d hung verti-
79. A ray of light is incident on the plane mirror at rest. cally on a wall. A man walks in front of the mirror at
The mirror starts turning at a uniform angular acceler- a distance 2L from it as shown. The greatest distance
1 over which he can see the image of the light source in
ation of 2p rad s–2. The reflected ray, at the end of s
must have turned through 4 the mirror is
(A) 90° (B) 45° (C) 22.5° (D) 11.25° (A) d/2 (B) d (C) 2d (D) 3d
80. A thin rod of length f / 3 is placed along the optic axis

of a concave mirror of focal length f such that its
image, which is real and elongated, just touches the d B
rod. The magnification is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 2.4 (D) 1.5
81. The plane face of plano-convex lens of focal length 20 L
cm is silvered. This combination is equivalent to the 2L
type of mirror and its focal length is
(A) convex, f = 20 cm 87. A ray of light falls on the surface of a spherical glass
(B) concave, f = 20 cm paperweight making an angle a with the normal and
18.58 Chapter 18
is refracted in the medium at an angle b. The angle of
x2 − y2 x2 + y2
deviation of the emergent ray from the direction of the (A) (B)
incident ray is 2y 2y
(A) (a – b ) (B) 2(a – b ) x2 + y2
(C) x – y (D)
(C) (a – b )/2 (D) (a + b ) x− y
88. An observer can see through a pinhole the top end of a 91. In the given situation, for what value of i, the incidence
thin rod of height h, placed as shown in the Fig. 18.49. ray will retrace its initial path
The beaker height is 3h and its radius h. When the bea-
ker is filled with a liquid up to a height 2h, he can see
the lower end of the rod. Then the refractive index of Air
the liquid is i μ1 μ2
90° 45°
⎡ ⎛p m ⎞⎤
(A) cos–1 ⎢ m1 sin ⎜ − sin −1 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝4 2 m1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
3h
h ⎡ ⎛p m ⎞⎤
(B) sin–1 ⎢ m1 sin ⎜ − sin −1 2 ⎟ ⎥
2h ⎢⎣ ⎝4 2 m1 ⎠ ⎥⎦
Fig. 18.49 ⎡ ⎛p m ⎞⎤
(C) sin–1 ⎢ m 2 sin ⎜ − sin −1 1 ⎟ ⎥
(A) 5/2 (B) 5 / 2 ⎢⎣ ⎝4 2 m 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
(C) 3 / 2 (D) 3/2
89. A plane mirror is placed at the bottom of a tank con-
⎡ ⎛p m ⎞⎤
(D) cos–1 ⎢ m 2 sin ⎜ − sin −1 1 ⎟ ⎥
taining a liquid of refractive index m, P is a small object ⎢⎣ ⎝4 2 m 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
at a height h above the plane mirror. An observer O,
vertically above P, outside the liquid, observers P and 92. In the given situation, what is the angle of deviation?
its image in the mirror. The apparent distance between
(A) 53° (B) 127° (C) 37° (D) 143°
object and its image will be
O
53° Air
Air
P μ = 5/3
h
37°
Plane mirror 93. One slit in a YDSE set up is covered by a glass plate
(Refractive index = m1) and other by another glass
2h 2h ⎛ 1⎞
(A) 2mh (B) (C) (D) h ⎜ ⎟ plate (Refractive index = m2) of same thickness. If I0
m m −1 ⎝ m⎠ is the intensity of light through each slit and l is the
90. An object O is placed in front of a small plane mir- wavelength of light, then intensity at point P is (P is
ror M1 and a large convex mirror M2 of focal length f. symmetrical with respect to slits S1 and S2)
The distance between O and M1 is x, and the distance p
between M1 and M2 is y. The images of O formed by (A) 4 I 0 cos 2 ( m − m2 ) t
l 1
M1 and M2 coincide. The magnitude of f is
p
M2
(B) 4 I 0 cos 2 ( m + m2 ) t
l 1
M1
p
(C) 4 I 0 sin ( m − m2 ) t
l 1
p
O
x y (D) 4 I 0 sin ( m + m2 ) t
l 1
99. Diameter of a plano-convex lens is 6 cm and thickness
S1 at the centre is 3 mm. The radius of curvature of the
curved part is approximately.
(A) 15 cm (B) 20 cm
P
(C) 30 cm (D) 10 cm
100. h number of identical equilateral prisms are kept in
S2 contact as shown in Fig. 18.50 . If deviation through
a single prism is d then consider the following state-
ments (m is an integer).
94. A plastic hemisphere has a radius of curvature of 8 cm
and an index of refraction of 1.6. On the axis half way 2 4
between the plane surface and the spherical one (4 cm 1 3 5 η
from each) is a small object O. The distance between
Fig. 18.50
the two images when viewed along the axis from the
two sides of the hemisphere is approximately. (i) if (h = 2m) deviation through h prisms is zero
(ii) if (h = 2m + 1) deviation through system of h
prisms is d
μ = 1.6 (iii) if h = 2m deviation through system of h prisms
is d
O (iv) if h = 2m + 1 deviation through system of h
prisms is zero
(A) statements (i) and (iii) are true
(A) 1.0 cm (B) 1.5 cm (B) statements (i) and (ii) are true
(C) 3.75 cm (D) 2.5 cm (C) statements (i) and (iv) are true
(D) statements (iii) and (iv) are true
95. x-axis is normal to the reflecting surface of a plane
101. At a point on the screen in YDSE, third maximum is
mirror. If object is moving with velocityˆj (3iˆ + 4 kˆ ) m/s
observed at t = 0. Now screen is slowly moved with
The relative velocity of image with respect to object
constant speed away from the slits in such a way that
will be along
the centre of slits and centre of screen lie on same
(A) –x axis (B) +x axis line always and at t = 1s, the intensity at that point
(C) –z axis (D) +z axis th
⎛ 3⎞
is observed to be ⎜ ⎟ of maximum intensity in
96. A monochromatic light of wavelength 4500 Å fall on ⎝ 4⎠
a single slit of width 1.5 mm and resulting diffraction between second and third maximum. The speed of
pattern is observed with the help of a lens of focal screen will be (D = 1m)
length 10 m. Angular width of central bright fringe 5 5
will be (A) m/s (B) m/s
13 12
(A) 6 × 10–4° (B) 0.034° 12 13
(C) 0.034 radian (D) 2.4° (C) m/s (D) m/s
5 5
97. A simple telescope, consisting of an objective of focal 102. A thin converging lens of refractive index 1.5 has
length 30 cm and a single eye lens of focal length power of +5D. When this lens is immersed in a liquid,
6 cm. Eye observes final image in relaxed condition. it acts as a diverging lens of focal length 100 cm. The
If the angle subtended on objective is 1.5° then image refractive index of the liquid is
will subtend angle of 15
(A) 2 (B)
(A) 6.5° (B) 7.5° (C) 0.3° (D) 2.5° 11
98. When an object is placed at a distance of 25 cm from 4 5
(C) (D)
a mirror, the magnification is m1. The object is moved 3 3
15 cm away with respect to the earlier position along 103. In an astronomical telescope, the focal length of
principal axis, magnification becomes m2. If m1 × m2 = 4, objective lens and eyepiece are 150 cm and 6 cm,
the focal length of the mirror is respectively. In case when final image is formed at
(A) 10 cm (B) 30 cm least distance of clear vision (D = 25 cm). The mag-
(C) 15 cm (D) 20 cm nifying power is
18.60 Chapter 18
(A) 29 (B) 30 (A) 4 × 10–4 rad
(C) 31 (D) 32 (B) 0.25 × 10–6 rad
(C) 0.31 × 10–6 rad
104. Path difference for the first secondary maximum in
(D) 5.0 × 10–3 rad
the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a single slit is
given by (a is the width of the slit) 106. A microscope is focused on a needle lying in an
empty tank. Now, the tank is filled with benzene to a
l 3l
(A) a sin q = (B) a cos q = height 120 mm. The microscope is moved 40 mm to
2 2 focus the needle again. The refractive index of ben-
3l zene is
(C) a sin q = l (D) a sin q =
2 (A) 1.5 (B) 2.5
105. A telescope of diameter 2 m uses light of wavelength (C) 3.0 (D) 4.5
5000 Å for viewing stars. The minimum angular sepa-
ration between two stars whose image is just resolved
by this telescope is
More than One Option Correct Type
107. For which of the pairs of u and f for a mirror image is 111. Consider the situation shown in the Fig. 18.51. Two
smaller in size than the object slits S1 and S2 are placed symmetrically about the line
(A) u = –10 cm, f = 20 cm OP which is perpendicular to screen and bisector to
(B) u = –20 cm, f = –30 cm line joining the slits. The space between screen and
(C) u = –45 cm, f = –10 cm slits is filled with a liquid of refractive index m3. A
(D) u = –60 cm, f = 30 cm plate of thickness t and refractive index m2 is placed
in front of one of the slit. A source S is placed above
108. A thin, symmetric double-convex lens of power P is OP at a distance d in front of slit.
cut into three parts A, B, and C as shown. The power
Given that D = 1 m, d = 2 mm, t = 6 × 10–6m, m2 = 1.2,
of
m3 = 1.8, Choose the correct alternatives
(A) A is P (B) A is 2P
P P Screen
(C) B is (D) B is
2 4 S Air
μ3
A d S1
d
O μ2 P
Air μ3
B C
S2 t
D 2D
109. A converging lens is used to form an image on a Fig. 18.51

screen. When the upper half of the lens is covered by (A) Position of central maximum from point P is
an opaque screen 2 mm.
(A) half of the image will disappear. (B) Position of central maximum from point P is
(B) complete image will be formed. 1 mm.
(C) intensity of the image will increase. (C) If slab is removed, the central maximum shift by
(D) intensity of the image will decrease. a distance of 2 mm.
110. For a concave mirror (D) If slab is removed, the central maximum shift by
a distance of 1 mm.
(A) virtual image is always larger in size.
(B) real image is always smaller in size. 112. An object of length 1cm is placed on the principal axis
(C) real image is always larger in size. of biconvex lens of radius 5 cm. Distance between the
(D) real image may be smaller or larger in size. lens and object is 20 cm. Space between the lens and
object is filled with medium of two different refractive (B) Another convex lens of focal length 60 cm is
indices 2 and 1 as shown in the Fig. 18.52. Refractive placed at a distance of 30 cm from the first lens.
index is 1 on the left of the object and on the right (C) The whole system is immersed in a liquid of
side of the lens. Boundary of both medium is midway 4
refractive index .
between the object and lens as shown in Fig. 18.52. 3
(D) The whole system is immersed in a liquid of
9
refractive index .
1 cm μ=2 μ=1 μ=1 8
1.5
115. In an interference arrangement, similar to Young’s
10 cm 10 cm
double slit experiment, the slits S1 and S2 are illu-
minated with coherent microwave sources, each of
Fig. 18.52 frequency 106 Hz. The sources are synchronized to
have zero phase difference. The slits are separated by
(A) The image will be formed at distance of 7.5 cm distance d = 150.0 m. The intensity I(q) is measured
from the optical centre. as a function of q, where q is defined as shown in the
(B) The image will be formed at distance of 10 cm Fig. 18.53. If I0 is maximum intensity, then I(q ) for
from the optical centre. 0 ≤ q ≤ 90 is given by
(C) The size of the image is 0.5 cm. S1
(D) The size of the image is 0.4 cm.
d/2
113. The radius of curvature of the left and right surface of θ
the concave lens are 10 cm and 15 cm, respectively.
The radius of curvature of the mirror is 15 cm d/2
(A) Equivalent focal length of the combination is S2

–18 cm
(B) Equivalent focal length of the combination is Fig. 18.53
+36 cm
(A) I (q ) = I 0 for q = 0°
(C) The system behaves like a concave mirror
(D) The system behaves like a convex mirror (B) I (q ) = ( I 0 / 2) for q = 30°
(C) I (q ) = ( I 0 / 4) for q = 90°
Air (D) I(q ) is constant for all values of q
Water
Glass
(n = 4/3) 116. A ray is incident on a spherical body (m = 3 ) mak-
(n = 3/2) ing an angle 60° with the normal drawn at that point.
The ray after passing through sphere gets incident on
the farther surface of sphere and gets reflected and
114. A point object is placed at 30 cm from a convex glass refracted. Then choose the correct alternative
⎛ 3⎞ (A) The angle of refraction at first surface is 60°.
lens ⎜ m g = ⎟ of focal length 20 cm. The final image
⎝ 2⎠ (B) The angle of refraction at first surface is 30°.
of object will be formed at infinity if (C) The angle of incidence at second surface is 30°.
(A) Another concave lens of focal length 60 cm is (D) The angle between reflected ray and refracted ray
placed in contact with the previous lens. at second surface is 90°.
Passage Based Questions

Passage 1
In Young’s double slit experimental arrangement, two slits D = 1 m and S1 S2 subtends an angle a = 10–3 radian at the
S1 and S2 are illuminated by a source of monochromatic centre of central bright fringe (O). Answer the following
light of wavelength l = 5000 Å. Both the slits transmit light questions related to above experiment.
of intensity I0. Distance between plane of slits and screen is
18.62 Chapter 18
122. The separation between the two halves as measured
by Paul is
O
S1 (A) 50 cm (B) 40 cm
α P (C) 60 cm (D) 70 cm
S2
Passage 3
Screen A ray of light travelling in air is incident at incident angle
90° on a long rectangular slab of a transparent medium of
thickness t = 1.0 m as shown in the Fig. 18.54. The point
117. Total numbers of fringes can be seen on the screen
of incidence is the origin A (0, 0). The medium has a varia-
will be 1/ 2
(A) 2001 (B) 4001 ble index of refraction n(y) given by n ( y ) = ⎡⎣ ky 3/ 2 + 1⎤⎦ ,
(C) 6001 (D) 8001 where k = 1.0 (m)–3/2. The refractive index of air is 1.0.
118. Distance between centre of second bright fringe on y
one side to centre of third bright fringe on other side Air
of central bright fringe (O) will be P(x1, y1)
(A) 0.25 mm (B) 0.75 mm B(x, y)
(C) 1.75 mm (D) 2.50 mm
t = 1.0 m
119. At point P, which is y mm above the centre of central
bright fringe (O) intensity is found to be I0. The value
of y can be nearly Medium
x
(A) 0.17 mm (B) 0.5 mm A(0,0) Air
(C) 1.2 mm (D) 1.5 mm Fig. 18.54
Passage 2 123. The relation between q (if slope of the trajectory of the
In physics laboratory, two friends Peter and Paul are try- path of ray at a point B (x, y) in the medium is tan q )
ing to calculate the focal lengths of two thin lenses. One and refractive index n at point B is
is convex lens and the other is plano-convex lens. But only sin q n2 − 1
one optical bench is available. Peter started experiment (A) =
q sin −1 (1 / n)
with convex lens. He measures the distance between a
screen and a light source lined up on the optical bench to be cos q n2 − 1
120 cm. When Peter shifts the convex lens along the axis (B) =
of optical bench, sharp images of the source is obtained
q sin −1 (1 / n)
at two lens positions. He also measures the ratio of these
tan q n2 − 1
two magnifications to be 1 : 9. Meanwhile, Paul splits the (C) =
plano-convex lens into two equal halves along its optical q sin 1 (1 / n)
−
axis. One of the halves is shifted along optical axis. Paul

cot q n2 − 1
measures, the separation between object and image planes (D) =
to be 1.8 m. The magnification of the image formed by one q sin −1 (1 / n)
of the half lens is 2.
124. The equation of the trajectory of the ray in the
120. The focal length of the convex lens measured by Peter medium is
is (A) 4 y1/ 4 = k 1/ 2 x (B) 4 y1/ 2 = k 1/ 2 x
(A) 22.5 cm (B) 30 cm
(C) 45 cm (D) None of these (C) 4 y1/ 4 = k 1/ 2 x1/ 2 (D) 4 y1/ 2 = k 1/ 2 x1/ 2
121. Which image, as seen by Peter, is brighter? 125. The coordinates ( x1 , y1 ) of the point P, where the ray
(A) Smaller intersects upper surface of the slab-air boundary are
(B) Bigger
(A) P ( x1 , y1 ) = P (1, 4 )
(C) Both are equally bright
(D) Cannot be judged (B) P ( x1 , y1 ) = P ( 4,1)
(C) P ( x1 , y1 ) = P (1, 2) 128. Find the position of image if lens is cut into two
symmetrical plano-convex lens and one of the
(D) P ( x1 , y1 ) = P ( 2, 1)
plano-convex lens is removed [Fig. 18.55 (b)].
126. After coming out of medium, ray of light will move (A) 12 m from the lens towards right
(A) Parallel to x-axis (B) 12 m from the lens towards left
(B) Parallel to y-axis (C) 6 m from the lens towards right
(C) At an angle 45° with x-axis (D) 6 m from the lens towards left
(D) On a zig-zag path 129. Find the position of image if plano-convex surfaces
are displaced by 100 cm [Fig. 18.55 (d)].
Passage 4
(A) 2.94 m towards right of second lens
An object is placed at a distance 3 m from an equiconvex
(B) 2.94 m towards right of first lens
lens. Its image is formed at 2 m from the lens as shown in
(C) 3.31 m towards right of second lens
the Fig. 18.55.
(D) 4.31 m towards right of first lens
Object Image Passage 5

1 1 1
In mathematics, equation + = represents a rectangu-
y x c
lar hyperbola, which has the centre at (c, c). If we want to
3m 2m
shift this hyperbola by c units towards negative x-axis and
c units towards negative y-axis, that is to shift its centre
at (0, 0), we have to put y = Y + c and x = X + c. After
substituting these values of x and y, we get a rectangular
Object Object
hyperbola with x- and y-axis as its asymptotes. We can use
1 1 1
same substitution in mirror formula + = to make
v u f
0.3 m 3m
simple formula for solving problems of mirror.
(a) (b)
130. If we put v = V + f and u = U + f , the mirror for-
1 1 1
Object
mula + = becomes
v u f
Object
(A) (V + f ) (U + f ) = f 2 (B) VU = f 2
3m
(C) (V − f ) (U − f ) = f 2 (D) VU = 2 f 2
3m 1m
131. To use the formula, which we get in above question,
(c) (d) we have to shift the origin, from pole at
Fig. 18.55 (A) +f (B) –f (C) 2f (D) –2f
132. Assuming that we have taken the origin at the same
127. Find the position of image if one face of the lens is place as in previous question. A point object is placed
silvered [Fig. 18.55 (a)]. on the principal axis 18 cm from the origin in front of
(A) 12 m from the lens towards right a convex mirror of focal length 6 cm. The distance of
(B) 12 m from the lens towards left image from the pole of mirror is
(C) 6 m from the lens towards right (A) 6 cm (B) 10 cm
(D) At infinity (C) 25 cm (D) 4 cm
18.64 Chapter 18
Assertion-Reason Type
133. Assertion: A lens has two principal focal lengths Reason: The focal length of a lens is independent of
which may differ. the refractive index of the material of the lens.
Reason: Light can fall on either surface of the lens. (A) A (B) B
The two principal focal lengths differ when medium (C) C (D) D
on the two sides have different refractive indices. 138. Assertion: If lower half of a lens is covered with a
(A) A (B) B black paper; the full image of the object is formed.
(C) C (D) D
Reason: Every portion of lens forms the full image
134. Assertion: Image formed by concave lens is not of the object.
always virtual. (A) A (B) B
Reason: Image formed by a lens is real if the image (C) C (D) D
is formed in the direction of ray of light with respect 139. Assertion: The images formed by total internal
to the lens. reflections are much brighter than those formed by
(A) A (B) B mirrors or lenses.
(C) C (D) D
Reason: There is no loss of intensity in total internal
135. Assertion: Different colours of light have same reflection.
velocity in vacuum, but they have different velocities (A) A (B) B
in any other transparent medium. (C) C (D) D
Reason: v = c/m, where symbols have standard mean- 140. Assertion: No interference pattern is detected when
ing. For different colours, refractive index, m of trans- two sources are infinitely close to each other.
parent medium has different values. Therefore, v is
Reason: The fringe width is inversely proportional to
different
the distance between the two slits.
(A) A (B) B
(A) A (B) B
(C) C (D) D
(C) C (D) D
136. Assertion: Light from an object falls on a concave
141. Assertion: The coating of optical fibres of a light pipe
mirror forming a real image of the object. If both the
is of a material having refractive index more than that
object and mirror are immersed in water, there is no
of the fibre, to optically insulate from each other.
change in the position of the image.
Reason: The optical fibre works on the principal of
Reason: The formation of image by reflection does
total internal reflection.
not depend on surrounding medium, so there is
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
no change in position of image, provided it is also
formed in water. 142. Assertion: A plano-convex lens is silvered on plane
(A) A (B) B surface. It can act as a diverging mirror.
(C) C (D) D Reason: Focal length of concave mirror is indepen-
137. Assertion: If a convex lens is placed in water, its dent of medium.
converging power decreases. (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
Match the Column Type
143. Match the following
Column-I Column-II (C) A point on a wave front 3. Superposition

behaves as a light source principle
(A) Young’s double slit exper- 1. Incoherent
iment uses sources (D) Net displacement is the 4. Huygens
vector sum of individual principle
(B) Sources of variable phase 2. Coherent displacement.
difference sources
144. Match the statement given in Column-I with those Column-I Column-II
given in Column-II.
(A) Refractive index of the material 1. 120
Column-I Column-II of prism is
(A) In refraction 1. Speed of wave (B) Angle of incidence in degree of 2. 90
does not change ray (2) is
(B) In reflection 2. Wavelength is (C) Deviation in degree suffered by 3. 2
decreased ray (2) is
(C) In refraction of a ray 3. Frequency (D) Deviation in degree suffered by 4. 60
moving from rarer to a doesn’t change ray (3) is 5. 1.5
denser medium.
(D) In reflection of a ray 4. Phase change of
moving in rarer from a p radians takes 147. We have a thin plano-convex lens of focal length
denser medium. place 40 cm and reflective index m = 1.25. It is used in var-
145. Four rays of light parallel to optic axis and their path ious experiments as given in Column-I and results
after passing through an optical system are shown in obtained are given in Column-II.
Column-I. Match the corresponding optical instru-
ment from Column-II Column-I Column-II
Column-I Column-II (A) If we obtain virtual two times 1. 10
magnified image, then object
1. Convex lens
(A) distance from lens (in cm) is
2. Concave (B) Curved surface of lens is pol- 2. 4
(B)
lens ished, then lens behave like a
3. Convex concave mirror. Focal length of
(C) mirror (in cm) is
mirror
4. Concave (C) If an object is placed at a 3. 1
(D) distance of 8 cm in front of
mirror
polished lens of part (B), then
146. ABC is a right-angled prism kept in air. A ray (1) is inci- distance of image from lens
dent on the face AB along the normal. Refractive index (in cm) is
of the material of prism is the minimum value that will (D) If a slab of thickness 5cm and 4. 20
be required so that ray (1) undergoes total internal reflec- refractive index = 1.25 is placed
tion at the face AC. Another ray (2) is incident on the face between object and pole per-
AB such that it emerges from face AC along the normal pendicular to the principal axis
to AC. A third ray (3) falls on the face BC and emerges in part (C), then distance
from face AC such that its angle of emergence is the (in cm) by which object should
same as that of incidence. Assuming light (1), (2), and be shifted to coincide image
(3) have the same wavelength, then match the following. with object is
A
5. 8
30°
1 1
2
90°
B C
3
18.66 Chapter 18
Integer Type
148. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits act the image formed by refraction at the spherical sur-
as coherent sources of equal amplitude A and wave- face only is
length l. In another experiment with the same set-up,
the two slits are source of equal amplitude A and
wavelength l, but are incoherent. The ratio of the
intensity of light at the midpoint of the screen in the
45°
first case to that of second case is μ = 1.5
149. In the given Fig. 18.56, ABC is a right-angled isos-

celes prism kept in air. A ray of light is incident on it 154. Two coherent sources S1 and S2 emitting light of
normally as shown in Fig. 18.56. Refractive index of wavelength 5000 Å are placed at 0.1 mm apart, as
the prism is varying with time t as m = 1 + 0.4 t, here shown in the Fig. 18.57. A detector is moved along a
t is in seconds. The angular velocity of the emergent line perpendicular to S1S2 and passing through S1.The
ray at time t = 1 s is position of farthest maximum from S1 is approxi-
mately at a distance of (in cm)
A
S2
d
B C
Fig. 18.56
S1 P
D
–2
150. Unpolarized light of intensity 32 Wm passes Fig. 18.57
through three polarizers such that transmission axes
of the first and second polarizer makes an angle 30° 155. A ray of light enters into a transparent liquid from air
with each other and the transmission axis of the last as shown in the Fig. 18.58. The refractive index of the
polarizer is crossed with that of the first. The intensity liquid varies with depth x from the topmost surface
of final emerging light will be 1
as m = 2 − x, where x in metres. The depth of
151. Magnification of a compound microscope is 30. Focal 2
length of eyepiece is 5 cm, and the image is formed at the liquid medium is sufficiently large. The maximum
a distance of distinct vision of 25 cm. The magnifica- depth reached by the ray inside the liquid is
tion of objective lens is
152. A point object is moving along the principal axis of

a concave mirror at rest of focal length 30 cm with 45°
speed 5 m/s towards the mirror. Find the speed of Air
image of object when object is at a distance 60 cm
from mirror.
Fig. 18.58
156. What will be the angular width of central maximum

in Fraunhofer diffraction when light of wavelength
6000 Å is used and slit width is 12 × 10–5 cm?
157. The distance between an object and the screen is

153. A parallel narrow beam of light is incident on the sur- 100 cm. A lens produces an image on the screen
face of a transparent hemisphere of radius R = 1 m when placed at either of the positions 40 cm apart.
and refractive index m = 1.5 as shown. The position of The power of the lens is nearly
Previous Years’ Questions
158. If two mirrors are kept at 60° to each other, then the 164. A plano-convex lens of refractive index 1.5 and radius
number of images formed by them is [2002] of curvature 30 cm is silvered at the curved surface.
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8 Now this lens has been used to form the image of an
object. At what distance from this lens an object be
159. Wavelength of light used in an optical instrument are placed in order to have a real image of size of the
l1 = 400 Å and l 2 = 500 Å, then ratio of their respec- object [2004]
tive resolving powers (corresponding to l1 and l 2 ) (A) 60 cm (B) 30 cm
is [2002] (C) 20 cm (D) 80 cm
(A) 16 : 25 (B) 9 : 1
(C) 4 : 5 (D) 5 : 4 165. The maximum number of possible interference maxi-
mum for slit separation equal to twice the wavelength
160. Which of the following is used in optical fibres? in Young’s double-slit experiment is [2004]
[2002]
(A) Three (B) Five
(A) Total internal reflection (C) Infinite (D) Zero
(B) Scattering
(C) Diffraction 166. A fish looks up through the water sees the outside
(D) Refraction world contained in a circular horizon. If the refractive
index of water is 4/3 and the fish is 12 cm below the
161. To demonstrate the phenomenon of interference, we surface, the radius of this circle in cm is [2005]
require two sources which emit radiation
36
[2003] (A) (B) 36 7
(A) of nearly the same frequency. 7
(B) of the same frequency. (C) 4 5 (D) 36 5
(C) of different wavelengths.
(D) of the same frequency and having a definite 167. Two pointed white dots are 1 mm apart on a block
phase relationship. paper. They are viewed by eye of pupil diameter
3 mm approximately. What is the maximum distance
162. To get three images of single object, one should have at which these dots can be resolved by the eyes? [Take
two plane mirrors at an angle of [2003] wavelength of light = 500 nm] [2005]
(A) 60° (B) 90° (C) 120° (D) 30° (A) 1 m (B) 5 m (C) 3 m (D) 6 m
163. A light ray is incident perpendicularly to one face of 168. A Young’s double slit experiment uses a monochro-
a 90° prism and is totally internally reflected at the matic source. The shape of the interference fringes
glass–air interface. If the angle of reflection is 45°, formed on a screen is [2005]
we conclude that the refractive index [2004] (A) Circle (B) Hyperbola
(C) Parabola (D) Straight line
169. If I 0 is the intensity of the principle maximum in
the single-slit diffraction pattern, then what will be its
intensity when the slit width is doubled?
[2005]
45° I0
45° (A) 4 I 0 (B) 2 I 0 (C) (D) I 0
2
170. When an unpolarized light of intensity I 0 is incident
on a polarizing sheet, the intensity of the light which
45°
does not get transmitted is [2005]
1 1
1 (A) I0 (B) I 0
(A) n > (B) n > 2 4 2
2 (C) I 0 (D) Zero
1 171. The refractive index of a glass is 1.520 for red
(C) n < (D) n > 2
2 light and 1.525 for blue light. Let D1 and D2 be
18.68 Chapter 18
incident at the mid-point of one end of the rod as
angles of minimum deviation for red and blue light, shown in the Fig. 18.59. [2009]
respectively, in a prism of this glass. Then,
The incident angle q for which the light ray grazes
[2006]
along the wall of the rod is
(A) D1 < D2
(B) D1 = D2
θ
(C) D1 can be less than or greater than D2 depending
upon the angle of prism
Fig. 18.59
(D) D1 > D2
172. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the intensity at ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
(A) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ (B) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
l ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
a point where the path difference is ( l being the
6 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
wavelength of light used) is I. If I 0 denotes the max- (C) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ (D) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
I ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
imum intensity, is equal to [2007]
I0 177. In Young’s double slit experiment, one of the slit is
3 1 3 1 wider than other, so that the amplitude of the light
(A) (B) (C) (D) from one slit is double of that from other slit. If Im be
4 2 2 2
the maximum intensity, the resultant intensity I when
173. Two lenses of power –15 D and + 5 D are in contact they interfere at phase difference f is given by
with each other. The focal length of the combination [2012]
is [2007]
Im Im ⎛ 2 f⎞
(A) +10 cm (B) –20 cm (A) ( 4 + 5 cos f ) (B) ⎜⎝1 + 2 cos ⎟⎠
(C) –10 cm (D) + 20 cm 9 3 2
174. A student measures the focal length of a convex lens Im ⎛ 2 f⎞ Im ⎛ 2 f⎞

(C) ⎜⎝1 + 4 cos ⎟⎠ (D) ⎜⎝1 + 8 cos ⎟⎠
by putting an object pin at a distance u from the lens 5 2 9 2
and measuring the distance v of the image pin. The
178. An object 2.4 m in front of a lens forms a sharp image
graph between u and v plotted by the student should
on a film 12 cm behind the lens. A glass plate 1 cm
look like [2008]
thick, of refractive index 1.50 is interposed between
(A) v(cm) (B) v(cm) lens and film with its plane faces parallel to film. At
what distance (from lens) should object be shifted to
be in sharp focus on film? [2012]
O u(cm) O u(cm) (A) 7.2 m (B) 2.4 m
(C) 3.2 m (D) 5.6 m
(C) v(cm) (D) v(cm)
179. A beam of unpolarized light of intensity I0 is passed
through a polaroid A and then through another pola-
roid B which is oriented so that its principal plane
O u(cm) O u(cm) makes an angle of 45° relative to that of A. The inten-
175. A mixture of light, consisting of wavelength 590 nm and sity of the emergent light is [2013]
an unknown wavelength, illuminates Young’s double (A) I0 / 2 (B) I0 / 4
slit and gives rise to two overlapping interference (C) I0 / 8 (D) I0
patterns on the screen. The central maximum of both 180. Two coherent point sources S1 and S2 are separated by
lights coincide. Further, it is observed that the third a small distance d as shown. The fringes obtained on
bright fringe of known light coincides with the 4th the screen will be [2013]
bright fringe of the unknown light. From this data, the
wavelength of the unknown light is [2009] d
(A) 885.0 nm (B) 442.5 nm S1 S2
Screen
(C) 776.8 nm (D) 393.4 nm D
176. A transparent solid cylindrical rod has a refractive (A) Straight lines (B) Semi-circles
2
index of . It is surrounded by air. A light ray is (C) Concentric circles (D) Points
3
181. The graph between angle of deviation (d ) and angle (A) 3 (B) 3/2
of incidence (i) for a triangular prism is represented (C) 1 (D) 1/3
by [2013] 186. Monochromatic light is incident on a glass prism of angle
(A) δ (B) δ A. If the refractive index of the material of the prism is
m, a ray, incident at an angle q , on the face AB would get
transmitted through the face AC of the prism provided
O i O i
(C) (D) A
δ δ
θ
O i O i
B C
182. Diameter of a plano-convex lens is 6 cm and thick-
ness at the centre is 3 mm. If speed of light in material ⎡ ⎛ ⎛ 1⎞⎞⎤
of lens is 2 × 108 m/s , the focal length of the lens is (A) q < sin −1 ⎢ m sin ⎜ A − sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎠ ⎥⎦
[2013]
(A) 20 cm (B) 30 cm ⎡ ⎛ ⎛ 1⎞⎞⎤
(C) 10 cm (D) 15 cm (B) q > cos −1 ⎢ m sin ⎜ A + sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎛ 3⎞ ⎡ ⎛ ⎛ 1⎞⎞⎤
183. A thin convex lens made from crown glass ⎜ m = ⎟ (C) q < cos −1 ⎢ m sin ⎜ A + sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎢⎣
has focal length f. When it is measured in two differ-
4 5 ⎡ ⎛ ⎛ 1⎞⎞⎤
ent liquids having refractive indices and , it has (D) q > sin −1 ⎢ m sin ⎜ A − sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
3 3 ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎠ ⎥⎦
the focal lengths f1 and f2, respectively. The correct
relation between the focal lengths is [2014] 187. Assuming human pupil to have a radius of 0.25 cm
(A) f1 = f2 < f and a comfortable viewing distance of 25 cm, the
(B) f1 > f and f2 becomes negative minimum separation between two objects that human
(C) f2 > f and f1 becomes negative eye can resolve at 500 nm wavelength is [2015]
(D) f1 and f2 both become negative (A) 30 mm (B) 100 mm
(C) 300 mm (D) 1 mm
184. A green light is incident from the water to the
air–water interface at the critical angle (q ). Select the 188. On a hot summer night, the refractive index of air is
correct statement. [2014] smallest near the ground and increases with height
from the ground. When a light beam is directed
(A) The entire spectrum of visible light will come
horizontally, the Huygens’ principle leads us to con-
out of the water at an angle of 90° to the normal.
clude that as it travels, the light beam [2015]
(B) The spectrum of visible light whose frequency is
less than that of green light will come out to the (A) goes horizontally without any deflection
air medium. (B) bends downwards
(C) The spectrum of visible light whose frequency is (C) bends upwards
more than that of green light will come out to the (D) becomes narrower
air medium. 189. An observer looks at a distant tree of height 10 m with
(D) The entire spectrum of visible light will come a telescope of magnifying power of 20. To the observer
out of the water at various angles to the normal. the tree appears [2016]
185. Two beams, A and B, of plane polarized light with (A) 10 times nearer (B) 20 times taller
mutually perpendicular planes of polarization are (C) 20 times nearer (D) 10 times taller
seen through a polaroid. From the position when the 190. The box of a pin hole camera, of length L, has a hole
beam A has maximum intensity (and beam B has zero of radius a. It is assumed that when the hole is illu-
intensity), a rotation of polaroid through 30° makes minated by a parallel beam of light of wavelength the
the two beams appear equally bright. If the initial spread of the spot (obtained on the opposite wall of the
intensities of the two beams are IA and IB, respec- camera) is the sum of its geometrical spread and the
I spread due to diffraction. The spot would then have its
tively, then A equals [2014]
IB minimum size (say bmin) when [2016]
18.70 Chapter 18
⎛ 2l 2 ⎞ 191. In an experiment for determination of refractive
(A) a = l L and bmin = ⎜ ⎟ index of glass of a prism by i – d plot, it was found
⎝ L ⎠ that a ray incident at an angle 35°, suffers a devia-
(B) a = l L and bmin = 4l L tion of 40° and that it emerges at an angle 79°. In
that case which of the following is closest to the
l2 maximum possible value of the refractive index?
(C) a = and bmin = 4l L
L [2016]
l2 ⎛ 2l 2 ⎞ (A) 1.6 (B) 1.7
(D) a = and bmin = ⎜ ⎟
L ⎝ L ⎠ (C) 1.8 (D) 1.5
ANSWER KEYS

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (D) 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (C)
11. (C) 12. (A) 13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (B) 16. (D) 17. (A) 18. (D) 19. (B) 20. (D)
21. (B) 22. (A) 23. (D) 24. (C) 25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (A) 28. (B) 29. (B) 30. (B)
31. (C) 32. (C) 33. (A) 34. (B) 35. (A) 36. (B) 37. (A) 38. (C) 39. (B) 40. (B)
41. (A) 42. (A) 43. (D) 44. (A) 45. (A) 46. (B) 47. (C) 48. (C) 49. (C) 50. (A)
51. (A) 52. (C) 53. (D) 54. (D) 55. (A) 56. (C) 57. (C) 58. (D) 59. (C) 60. (A)
61. (D) 62. (A) 63. (C) 64. (D) 65. (B) 66. (C) 67. (B) 68. (C) 69. (A) 70. (D)
71. (C) 72. (A) 73. (C) 74. (D) 75. (A) 76. (B) 77. (A) 78. (A) 79. (C) 80. (D)
81. (D) 82. (A) 83. (D) 84. (B) 85. (C) 86. (D) 87. (B) 88. (B) 89. (B) 90. (A)
91. (B) 92. (B) 93. (A) 94. (D) 95. (A) 96. (B) 97. (B) 98. (D) 99. (A) 100. (B)
101. (A) 102. (D) 103. (C) 104. (D) 105. (C) 106. (A)

107. (A), (C) and (D) 108. (A) and (C) 109. (B) and (D)
110. (A) and (D) 111. (A) and (C) 112. (A) and (C)
113. (A) and (C) 114. (A) and (D) 115. (A) and (B)
116. (B), (C) and (D)

Passage 1 Passage 4
117. (B) 118. (D) 119. (A) 127. (D) 128. (A) 129. (A)
Passage 2 Passage 5
120. (A) 121. (A) 122. (C) 130. (B) 131. (A) 132. (D)
Passage 3
123. (D) 124. (A) 125. (B)
126. (A)
133. (A) 134. (B) 135. (A) 136. (A) 137. (C) 138. (A) 139. (A) 140. (B) 141. (D) 142. (B)
143. (A) → 2, 3; (B) → 1; (C) → 4; (D) → 3 144. (A) → 3; B → 1, 3; (C) → 2, 3; (D) → 1,3, 4
145. (A) → 3, 4; (B) → 1, 2; (C) → 1, 2; (D) → 3, 4 146. (A) → 3; (B) → 2; (C) → 4; (D) → 1
147. (A) → 4; (B) → 2; (C) → 5; (D) → 3
Integer Type
dv
148. Ratio = 2 149. = 2 rad/sec 150. 3 W/m2 151. m0 = 5 152. = –5 m/s
dt
m
153. v = R = 3 154. D = 1 cm 155. x = 1 m 156. = 1 rad 157. ≈ 5D
m −1

158. (A) 159. (D) 160. (A) 161. (D) 162. (B) 163. (B) 164. (C) 165. (B) 166. (B) 167. (B)
168. (D) 169. (D) 170. (B) 171. (A) 172. (A) 173. (C) 174. (C) 175. (B) 176. (C) 177. (D)
178. (D) 179. (B) 180. (C) 181. (B) 182. (B) 183. (B) 184. (B) 185. (D) 186. (D) 187. (A)
188. (C) 189. (B) 190. (B) 191. (D)
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 2 ⎛ 2⎞
1. In first case, = (1.5 − 1) ⎜ − ⎟ 5. sin A = = , A = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
15 ⎝ 1
R R2⎠ m 3 ⎝ 3⎠
1 ⎛ 1.5 ⎞⎛ 1 1⎞ A
In second case, =⎜ − 1⎟ −
f ⎝ 4 / 3 ⎠ ⎜⎝ R1 R2 ⎟⎠
A
dividing, we get f = 60 cm
The correct option is (B)
2. Before collision, The correct option is (A)
V image = V object = −u 6. Ray inside medium AB is parallel to ray inside medium CD
After collision, The correct option is (D)
V image = 2V object = 2u 7. From the law of refection,
The correct option is (C) BC BC 1
tan30° = = ; BC = 0.2 × = 0.115
AB 0.2 3
1 1 −1 ⎛ n + 1⎞
3. − − = , u=⎜ f Total number of reflection = 30
nu u f ⎝ n ⎟⎠
C B
The correct option is (C)
30°
30°
1.5 1 1.5 − 1 2.5 0.5
4. + = , =
x x R x R
x = 5R A
The correct option is (B).
Air 8. Erect and enlarged image can be produced by concave mirror
P I f +3 f
O Q = ⇒ =
x O f −u +1 f − ( −4)
x Glass
⇒ f = – 6 cm ⇒ R = 12 cm
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (B)
18.72 Chapter 18
Velocity of light in vacuum c c
9. m = = or c′ =
Velocity of light in glass plaate c′ m B A
θ
distance t mt θ
time taken = = = θ
velocity (c / m ) c
10. Fringe width, w ∝ l
C
lD lD / 2 w The correct option is (A)
11. w = , w′ = =
d 2d 4 23. The correct option is (D)
The correct option is (C) 24. For arrangement P,
12. S =
D
( m − 1)t =
5l D
\ l=
( m − 1) t = 6000 Å. 1
=
1
+
1
−
2
=
1
(R = radius of curvature)
d d 5 f eq 2 R 2 R 3R 3R
The correct option is (A)
1 1 1 1 2
For arrangement Q, = + − =
f −v 1 −F + v ⎛ n − 1⎞ f eq 2 R 2 R 3R 3R
13. m = ⇒ = \ v=⎜ F
f n −F ⎝ n ⎟⎠
The correct option is (D)
25. If rays are parallel to principal axis, then rays will converge
14. In the absence of concave lens, the parallel beam will be if equivalent local length is positive.
focused at F2, i.e., at a distance 20 cm from lens A. The focal
length of concave lens is 5 cm, i.e., if this lens is placed at 15 1 1 d 1 1 d
i.e. + − >0, + − >0
cm from A, then beam will become parallel. So, d = 15 cm f1 f 2 f1 f 2 −10 20 ( −10)( 20)
A B ⇒ d > 10 cm
d F2
26. For total internal reflection to take place,
sin 60° > sin C
15 cm 5 cm
2m 3 3
The correct option is (B) sin 60° > ⇒ m<
3 4
cv 1 / m0e 0 me
15. Refractive index = = =
c 1 / me m0 e 0 Liquid
A C
The correct option is (B) 60° 30°
60°
16. m = tan i = tan 60° = 3 90°
The correct option is (D) B
17. The correct option is (A)
18. The correct option is (D)
27. The correct option is (A)
19. The correct option is (B)
2 1 r
I max ⎛ I1 + I 2 ⎞ 9 28. sin qC = =
20. =⎜
I min ⎝ I1 − I 2 ⎠
⎟ =
1
(Q I1 = 4 I 2 ) m 2
r + 28
The correct option is (D) 4

m= ⇒ r = 6m
3
3 5
21. sinC = , Hence n =
5 3
⎛ 5⎞ r
tan i p = n or i p = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 3⎠
θC
2√7
1
22. sin q > sin qC = θC √r 2 + 28
m
1 8
sin q > , sin q > C
3/ 2 9
4/3 The correct option is (B)
1 1 sin i sin i
29. sin qC ≥ ⇒ sin 45 ≥ ⇒ m≥ 2 35. m = = ⇒ sin i a m
m m sin r sin A / 2
The correct option is (B) iA m A 1.5
≈ = <1
( m − 1) t D lD iB m B 1.6
30. S = and w = given, S = w
d d ⇒ i A < iB
⎛l ⎞ The correct option is (A)
⇒ m = ⎜ + 1⎟ = 1.5
⎝t ⎠ 36. Applying Snell’s law at horizontal surface,
The correct option is (B) sin 45° = m sin q (1)
d
31. As dapp = oct Applying Snell’s law at vertical surface,
m
Also, m cosq = 1 (2)
B From (1) and (2),
m = A+
l2 3
for least dapp. m should be large m=
2
The correct option is (C) The correct option is (B)
1 ⎛1 1 ⎞ 37. Focal length of the convex lens
32. = ( m − 1) ⎜ − ⎟
20 ⎝ R −R⎠ 1 ⎛ m − m1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
= ⎜ 2 −
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ f ⎝ m1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ R1 R2 ⎟⎠
= = ( m − 1) ⎜ − ⎟
f ⎝ R ∞⎠
1 ⎛ 1.5 − 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ − = ⇒ f = 2R
f = 40 cm f ⎝ 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ R ∞ ⎟⎠ 2R
Thus, the ray would become parallel to the principal axis
after the refraction and fall ^ to the mirror and hence would
get reflected back along the same path.
R R R ∞
38. Shift in the interference pattern due to insertion of slab is
t ( m − 1) D
= = 20
d
t ( m − 1) D lD
The correct option is (C) or = 20
d d
33. Real image formed,
l 20 × 5000 × 10 −10
m – 1 = 20 × = = 4 × 10–1 = 0.4
t 2.5 × 10 −5
m = 1.4
I 39. Power = 5 ⇒ f = 20 cm
1 ⎛ m g − ma ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟
f ⎝ m a ⎠ ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
1 ⎛ 1.5 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
34. D = 1 m, d = 5 × 10 −3 m ⇒ =⎜ − 1⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ (1)
20 ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
D
shift =
d
[t1( m1 − 1) − t2 ( m2 − 1)] and
1 ⎛ 1.5 − ml ⎞ ⎛ 1
=⎜
r ⎞
− ⎟ (2)
⎟ ⎜
−100 ⎝ ml ⎠ ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
1
= [2(1.5 − 1) − 1.5(1.4 − 1)] × 10 −3
5 × 10 −3 1
0.4 Dividing 1 by 2, we get −5 = 2
= = 0.08 m ⎛ 1.5 ⎞
5 ⎜⎝ m − 1⎟⎠
The correct option is (B) l
18.74 Chapter 18
Therefore, ray is deviated equally from both refracting faces
1.5 1 9 3
⇒ 1− = ⇒ = d
ml 10 10 2 ml If, d = 34°, d ′ = = 17°
2
5 The correct option is (C)
⇒ ml =
3 53. r1 = 45°
sin i sin 60° 3
40. If B is moved to right, focus will also move to the right with \ m= = =
respect to initial focus sin r1 sin 45° 2
The correct option is (B) d = i + e − A = 60° + 0 − 45°
l ⇒ d = 15°
l ( 2n − 1)
41. 2 m1t = ( 2n − 1) , t = 2 ⇒ t = 120 nm, 360 nm, …
2 2 m1
60° r1
1 1 1 1 1 1
42. f = −20 cm, u = –30 cm, = − = − =− ,
v f 4 −20 −30 60
v = –60 cm The correct option is (D)
v ⎛ −60 ⎞ 54. Distance of second dark fringe from central fringe
m=− = −⎜ = −2 3l D
u ⎝ −30 ⎟⎠ ( x2 ) =
2d
The correct option is (A) 3 × l ×1
⇒ 1 × 10 −3 =
2 × 0.9 × 10 −3
1 1 1 1 1 1 u− f v f
43. = + , = − = , m=− = ⇒ l = 6 × 10–7 m = 6 × 10–5 cm
f v u v f u fu u f −u
55. Using P = P1 + P2 − d × P1P2
b 0.4 For equivalent power to be negative
44. b ′ = = = 0.3 mm
m 4/3
d × P1P2 > P1 + P2 ⇒ d × 25 > 10
10
2 D l B 2l ⇒ d> m ⇒ d > 40 cm
45. B = , = radian 25
d D d The correct option is (A)
2 × 6328 × 10 −10180 56. From Brewster’s law, m = tan i p
= × = 0.36°
0.2 × 10 −3 p c
The correct option is (A) ⇒ = tan 60° = 3
v
I0 I I 3 × 108
46. I1 = , I 2 = I1 cos 2 f = 0 × cos 2 45 = 0 = 0.25 I 0 ⇒ v=
c
= = 3 × 108 m/s
2 2 4 3 3
47. The correct option is (C) 1 1 1
57. u = –20 cm, f = +10 cm also = +
48. The correct option is (C) f v u
49. The correct option is (C) 1 1 1
⇒ = +
+10 v ( −20)
2p p I
50. I = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1I 2 cos f , f = Dx = ⇒ I = max 20
l 2 2 ⇒ v= cm; virtual image.
3
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (C)
m 2 v1 1 m
51. = = ⇒ 1 = 2( m1 > m 2 ) 1 ⎛ m2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛3/ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 1⎞ 1
m1 v2 2 m2 58. = −1 − =⎜ − 1⎟ ⎜ + ⎟ =
f ⎜⎝ m1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ R1 R2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 5 / 4 ⎠ ⎝ 12 12 ⎠ 30
For total internal reflection,
f = 30 cm
1
2 m1 = = 2 ⇒ C = 30° The correct option is (D)
sinC
1.64 − 1.52 0.12
The correct option is (A) 59. w = = = 0.2
1.6 − 1 0.6
52. In the case of minimum deviation, ray inside the prism is
parallel to base. The correct option is (C)
4 5 ( 2 × 3 − 1) × 500 × 10 −9 × 1
60. m w = , m g = x3 = = 1.25 × 10 −3 m = 1.25 mm
3 3 2 × 1 × 10 −3
1 m 4 The correct option is (B)
sin c = = w =
m
w g m g 5 k
68. The maximum velocity of the insect is A .
⎛ 4⎞ M
⇒ C = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ k
⎝ 5⎠ Its component perpendicular to the mirror is A sin 60°.
M
k
Dl1 Dl 2 nl Thus maximum relative speed = 3A .
61. n1 = n2 ⇒ n1l1 = n2 l 2 ⇒ n2 = 1 1 ≈ 84 M
d d l2
69. Absent wavelengths correspond to interference minimum
62. 1.5 sin 30° = 1 sin r
3 l y l
⇒ sin r = = 0.75 = sin 48°36′ \ d sin q = ( 2n − 1) ⇒ d = ( 2n − 1)
4 2 D 2
\ r = 48°36′ 2 yd 40000
⇒ l= =
\ d = r – i = 48°36′ – 30° = 18°36′ D ( 2n − 1) 2 ( n − 1)
= 13333Å, 80000 Å, 5714 Å, 4444 Å, 3636 Å
30° The correct option is (A)
r 70. Velocity of image = v0 − 2vm = 0
30°
μ = 1.5
δ ⎛ p⎞
2 Aw cos wt = −2 Aw cos ⎜ wt − ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
The correct option is (A) 2p
⇒ t=
63. Apparent length = m × original length 3w
71. When distance between real object and its real image is 4f
64. For convex mirror, for a converging lens, both object and its image are at a dis-
u = –50 cm, v = 10 cm tance of 2f from the lens.
1 1 1 The correct option is (C)
+ =
v u f
l
f = 12.5 cm l ( 2n − 1)
72. 2 m1t = ( 2n − 1) , t = 2 ⇒ t = 120 nm, 360 nm, …
The correct option is (D) 2 2 m1
4 4 The correct option is (A)
65. 3 = ⇒m=
m 3 f f
73. I = 4 I 0 cos 2 ⇒ 2 I 0 = 4 I 0 cos 2
R = 25cm 2 2
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ f 1
= ( m − 1) ⎜ − ⎟ ⇒ cos =
2 2
f ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
f = 75 cm p p
⇒ f = 2× =
The correct option is (B) 4 2
l l p l
1 1 1 P P Path difference Dx = ×f = =
66. = + = 1 + 2 ⇒ f = 100 cm 2p 2p 2 4
f f1 f 2 100 100
l l l
\ A converging lens of focal length 100 cm. ⇒ ( m − 1) t =
or 0.5t = ⇒ t min =
4 4 2
67. Distance of nth minimum from central bright fringe
( 2n − 1)l D m 2 m1 m0 − m1 m 2 − m0
xn = 74. − = +
2d v u R1 R2
For n = 3, i.e., 3rd minimum When u = ∞ V = f

18.76 Chapter 18
Hence, the combination behaves as a concave mirror of
1.6 1.5 − 1.2 1.6 − 1.5
= + radius of curvature (R) = 20 cm
f +30 −30
R
f = 240 cm \ f= = 10 cm
2
2 × 10 −3
75. Total number of fringes = 2 × + 1 = 8001 O
5 × 10 −7 I
76. The correct option is (B)
20 cm
77. 3 sin (90 − i ) = 2 sin r
1sin i = 2 sin (90° − r ) 82. m = f 0 / f e ; f 0 + f e = 54 cm \ f e = 6 cm and f 0 = 48 cm
on solving we get, i = 45° The correct option is (A)
f0
Liquid A D 83. = 10 ⇒ f 0 = 200
fe
i μ = √2
Air The correct option is (D)
μ = √3 d
84. Q f =
B C m1 − m2
The correct option is (A) 1
If m1 is taken as m, m2 =
m
⎛m ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 ⎞ md
78. d = ⎜ 2 − 1⎟ A = ⎜ − 1⎟ × 4° = 0.8° downward Thus, f becomes
m
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 5 / 4 ⎠ m2 − 1
The correct option is (B) The correct option is (B)
79. As the mirror rotates by an angle q, the reflected ray rotates lD
by 2q. 85. Fringe width (B) =
d
The correct option is (C) 1
⇒ b∝
80. For B d
1 1 1 1 3 1 3−5
+ =− , = − =
V −( 2 f − f ) f V 5f f 5f 86.
d
3
5f 5f f
V=– , |AB′ | = −2 f =
2 2 2 d
d/2
f
Magnification = 2 = 1.5
f d
3
87. Total angle of deviation = 2 (a − b )
B′ A B
f/3
α δ
β β α

C
81. When the object is placed at the focus of the lens, the
refracted rays will be incident normally on the silvered sur-
face. Thus, they will retrace their path.
Hence, the image will be formed at the location of the object. The correct option is (B)
88. m sin q = sin 45°
Air
mh 1
= i μ1 μ2
h 5 2
90° 45°
5
m=
2 The correct option is (B)
92. At point A
45°
m sinq > 1 Hence total internal reflection will take place
45°
h At point B
h msin q1 = 1. Therefore, light ray will graze the surface
3h
θ 2h hence d = 127°
h
2h θ = 53°
A
The correct option is (B) θ = 53°
θ1 = 37°
89. x is distance of object from surface.
x
Apparent depth of object from surface =
m B
δ1 = 127°
x + 2h
Apparent depth of image from surface =
m The correct option is (B)
Distance between the apparent depths of object and image 93. Dx = ( m1 − m 2 ) t
2h
= ⎡ ⎛ 2p ⎞ ⎤
m I P = 2 I 0 ⎢1 + cos ⎜ ⎟ ( m1 − m 2 ) t ⎥
⎣ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎦
p
90. Due to M1, an image is formed at a distance x from M1, i.e., = 4 I 0 cos 2( m − m2 ) t
l 1
at a distance (x –y) behind M2. Thus, for M2
u = − ( x + y), v = x − y
94. Distance of image from the plane surface is
1 1 1 4 ⎛ dactual ⎞
Use + = x1 = = 2.5 cm
v u f 1.6 ⎜⎝ dapp = m ⎟⎠
1.6 1 1 − 1.6
For the curved side + =
91. Since incident ray retraces its path, it must strike the plane 4 x2 −8
mirror perpendicularly. x2 ≈ −3.0 cm
From Snell’s law, sin i = m1sin r1 The minus sign means the image is on the object side
m
and m1 sin r2 = m2 sin 45° ⇒ m1 sin r2 = 2 \ I1I 2 = (8 − 2.5 − 3.0)cm = 2.5 cm
2
⎛ m ⎞
⇒ r2 = sin–1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ 95. v om = (3i + 4 k )
⎝ 2 m1 ⎠
v Im = −3i + 4 k
p
Also, r1 + r2 =  
4 ⇒ vIo = v Im − v om = −6i
⇒ negative x-axis
p ⎛ m ⎞
\ r1 = − sin −1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ The correct option is (A)
4 ⎝ 2 m1 ⎠
2l 2 × 4500 × 10 −10
⎡ 96. Dq = = = 0.0006 radian
⎛p m ⎞⎤ d 1.5 × 10 −3
\ i = sin–1 ⎢ m1 sin ⎜ − sin −1 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 2 m1 ⎠ ⎥⎦ = 0.034°
18.78 Chapter 18
2p ⎛ yd ⎞ p 2p D (3l ) p
101. ⎜ ⎟ = 4p + ; = 4p +
l ⎝ D + v⎠ 3 l D+v 3
θ 5
d Central maximum width ⇒ v= m/s
θ 13
D 1 2
102. P= = ( m − 1)
f R
The correct option is (B) 2
f b P = (1.5 − 1) =5
97. M = 0 = R
fe a R = 20 cm
30 b
= μ = 1.5
6 1.5
b = 7.5° μ′
25 f
98. Case - I: u1 = –25cm, f = f ⇒ v1 =
f + 25
Focal length of this lens in medium (m ′)
40 f
Case - II: u2 = –40cm, f = f ⇒ v2 = 1 ⎛m ⎞ 2 ⎛ 1.5 ⎞ 2
f + 40 = −1 = −1
f ′ ⎜⎝ m ′ ⎟⎠ R ⎜⎝ m ′ ⎟⎠ 20
⎛ 25 f ⎞ ⎛ 40 f ⎞
−⎜ −⎜
⎝ f + 25 ⎟⎠ ⎝ f + 40 ⎟⎠ −1 ⎛ 1.5 ⎞ 1 1.5 1 9
m1 × m2 = 4 ⇒ × =4 = −1 ⇒ = = 1− =
−25 −40 10 ⎜⎝ m ′ ⎟⎠ 1 m′ 10 10
⇒ f = –20 cm
The correct option is (D) 15 5
m′ = =
99. In D OAB, OA = R mm 9 3
\ OB = (R – 3) mm and AB = 30 mm The correct option is (D)
OA2 = OB2 + AB2 f0 ⎛ f ⎞ 150 ⎛ 6⎞
103. m= ⎜ 1+ e ⎟ = ⎜⎝1 + ⎟⎠ = 31
R2 = (R – 3)2 + (30)2 ⇒ R2 = R2 + 9 – 6R + 900 fe ⎝ D ⎠ 6 25
909
⇒R= = 151.5 mm ≈ 15 cm. The correct option is (C)
6
O 104. For nth secondary maximum path difference
l 3l
d sin q = ( 2n + 1) ⇒ asin q =
3 cm 2 2
6 cm
R B 30 mm
1 1.22l
A 105. Minimum angular separation Dq = =
3 mm R.P. d
The correct option is (A) 1.22 × 5000 × 10 −10
= = 0.31 × 10–6 rad
100. Since consecutive prisms are kept in inverted position with 2
respect to each other, they would (a pair of prisms) cancel The correct option is (C)
each others deviations. So if even number of prisms are
Real depth 120
there, deviation would be zero and if odd number of prisms 106. m= = = 1.5
are there, it would be d. Apparent depth 120 − 40
The correct option is (B) The correct option is (A)
⎡ 1 1⎤ 1
107. For convex mirror (positive focal length), image is always Pl = [(1.5 − 1] ⎢ − − ⎥ = − (2)
smaller in size. For concave mirror (negative focal length),
1
⎣ 10 15 ⎦ 12
image is smaller when object lies beyond 2f. 1 ⎡1 1⎤
The correct option is (A) (C) and (D) Pl = = ( m − 1) ⎢ − ⎥
2
f2 R
⎣ 1 R2⎦
108. Let f be the focal length of lens.
Then focal length of part A is f and of part B and C is 2f ⎛4 ⎞ ⎡ 2 ⎤ 2
Pl = ⎜ − 1⎟ ⎢ ⎥ = (3)
each.
2
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣15 ⎦ 45
\ Power of A, B, and C is P, P/2, and P/2, respectively. 1 2
The correct option is (A) and (C) Pm = − =+ (4)
f 15
109. When upper half of the lens is covered, image is formed by
the rays coming from lower half of the lens or image will 1 ⎡ 1 2⎤ 2 1 4 2 1
− = P = 2 ⎢− + ⎥ + =− + + =
be formed by less number of rays. Therefore, intensity of F ⎣ 12 45 ⎦ 15 6 45 15 18
image will decrease. But complete image will be formed.
F = −18cm. If focus is negative, system will behave as
The correct option is (B) and (D) concave mirror.
110. Real image is smaller in size if object lies beyond 2f and it The correct option is (A) and (C)
is larger if object lies between f and 2f
114. Focal length of combination should be fcomb = 30 cm,
The correct option is (A) and (D)
For image formed at ∞
111. Path difference = 0
1 1 1
d2 yd ⎛ m 2 ⎞ = +
= − −1 t 30 20 f
D 2 D ⎜⎝ m3 ⎟⎠
1 1 1 2−3 1
y = 2 mm = − = =−
d 2 y1d f 30 20 60 60
When slab is removed, then path difference = − = 0,
y1 = 2d = 4mm D 2D f = –60 cm
The correct option is (A) and (C) Let the lens be immersed in a liquid having refractive index
112. Apparent position of the object with respect to lens. m to have effective focal length 30 cm
1
⎛ 10 10 ⎞ a ( m − 1)
u = ⎜ + ⎟ = 15cm f
⎝ 1 2⎠
1 1 2(1.5) − 1 1 ⎛3 ⎞
+ = a ⎜ − 1⎟ (1)
15 v R 20 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1 ⎛ 3 ⎞
a⎜ − 1⎟ (2)
30 ⎝ 2 m ⎠
9
Dividing (2) by (1) and solving m =
m = +1 8
The correct option is (A) and (D)
115. For microwaves,
v = 7.5 cm c 3 × 108
7.5 l= = = 300 m.
Image size = × 1 = 0.5 cm f 106
15
Dx = d sin q
The correct option is (A) and (C)
2p 2p
1 f= d sin q = (150 sin q ) = p sin q
113. − = P = 2 Pl + 2 Pl + Pm (1) l 300
F 1 2
⎛ p sin q ⎞
1 ⎡1 1⎤ Iq = I 0 cos 2 ⎜
Pl = = ( m − 1) ⎢ − ⎥ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
1
f1 ⎣ R1 R2 ⎦ The correct option is (A) and (B)
18.80 Chapter 18
116. At P
60° P
sin 60 r1 Q
= 3 r2 i2
sin r1
α
r1 = 30° = r2
sin i2
= 3
sin r2
a = 180 – (30 + 60) = 90°
i2 = 60°
The correct option is (B), (C), and (D)

Passage 1 Passage 3
117. Distance between slits S1 and S2, d = a D = 1 × 10–3 m 123. From Snell’s law
2d n sin q = constant = C
Total number of fringes N = + 1 = 4001
l At A (0, 0), y = 0
The correct option is (B) 1/ 2
n (0) = ⎡ k (0) + 1⎤
3/ 2
\ =1
nl D 2l D 3l D ⎣ ⎦
118. For bright yn = , y2 = , y3 =
d d d Now, n (0 ) sin 90° = C ⇒ C = 1
The distance asked = y2 + y3 (being opposite side) ⎛ 1⎞ cos q
\ q = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ and cot q =
5l D ⎝ n⎠ sin q
= = 2.50 mm
d
1 − (1 / n)
2
The correct option is (D) cot q n2 − 1
or = =
q q (1 / n) sin −1 (1 / n)
⎛ f⎞ 2p
119. I r = 4 I 0 cos 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ f =
⎝ 2⎠ 3
Dx D ⎛ f ⎞
y= = ⎜ ⎟ l = 0.167 = 0.17 mm (approximatelly)
d d ⎝ 2p ⎠
B 90° – θ
Passage 2
m1 1 θ
120. m1 × m2 = 1 , = dy
m2 9
1 v dx
⇒ m1 = = , u + v = 120 cm
3 u
1 1 1 The correct option is (D)
Solving u = 90 cm and v = 30 cm \ = +
f u v n2
⇒ f = 22.5 cm 124. We have, n2 sin 2 q = 1 or =1
The correct option is (A) 1 + cot 2 q
2
n
1 ⇒ 2
=1
121. Smaller image will be brighter as intensity ∝ ⎛ dy ⎞
Area 1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠
122.
v
= 2, v + u = 180 cm ⇒ f = 40 cm (
Also n2 = ky 3/ 2 + 1 )
u 2
Using the formula f =

D 2 − L2
⇒ L = 60 cm ( )
⎛ dy ⎞ dy
Hence, ky 3/ 2 + 1 = 1 + ⎜ ⎟ or 3/ 4 = k 1/ 2 dx
⎝ dx ⎠ y
4D
The correct option is (C) Integrating on both sides, 4 y1/ 4 = k 1/ 2 x + B
At x = 0, y = 0 \ B = 0
1 1 5
Thus, 4 y1/ 4 = k 1/ 2 x 129. Distance of first image from left lens + =
v1 2 12
The correct option is (A) ⇒ v1 = –12 m
125. At y = 1, x = 4 m, hence P (x1, y1) = P (4, 1) Distance of first image from right lens = 12 + 1 = 13 m
126. The correct option is (A) 1 1 5
Distance of final image from right lens = − =
v −13 12
Passage 4 ⇒ v = 2.94 from right lens.
127. The correct option is (D) The correct option is (A)
⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 1 Passage 5
128. For lens, ( m − 1) ⎜ − ⎟ = +
⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ 2 3
1 1 1
12 130. + =
R = ( m − 1) V+ f U+ f f
5
⇒ (U + f + V + f ) f = (V + f ) (U + f ) ⇒ VU = f 2
1 ⎡1 1⎤
For half lens, = ( m − 1) ⎢ − ⎥
f ⎣R ∞⎦ The correct option is (B)
12 1 1 1 131. The correct option is (A)

f = m, − =
5 v u f 132. VU = f 2 ⇒ 18 × V = 36 ⇒ V = 2 cm
⇒ v = 12 m. So distance from pole = (6 –2) = 4 cm
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (D)
133. The correct option is (A) 140. The correct option is (B)
134. The correct option is (B) 141. The coating of optical fibres of a light pipe is of a material
135. The correct option is (A) having refractive index less than that of the fibre, to opti-
136. The correct option is (A) cally insulate from each other. It works on the principle of
137. The correct option is (C) total internal reflection.
138. The correct option is (A) The correct option is (D)
139. The correct option is (A) 142. The correct option is (B)

143. (A) → 2, 3; (B) → 1; (C) → 4; (D) → 3 A
144. (A) → 3; (B) → 1, 3; (C) → 2, 3; (D) → 1, 3, 4
145. (A) → 3, 4; (B) → 1, 2; (C) → 1, 2; (D) → 3, 4 30°
146. (A) Refractive index of the prism is the minimum value
required for ray (1) to undergo total internal reflection 1 1
at face AC. Ray (1) falls on face AC at an angle of inci- 30°
dence 30°
90°
\ 30° > iC
B C
sin 30° > sin iC
\m>2
i = 90°
Minimum value of m can be taken as 2.
(C) Using the relation i1 + i2 = A + d for ray 2.
(B) For ray 2, refractive angle of prism is 30°. Apply Snell’s
law for refraction at face AB. 90° + 0° = 30° +d
1 sin i = m sin r d = 60°
18.82 Chapter 18
⎛ A + dm⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞
sin ⎜ = (1.25 − 1) ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 40 ⎝ R ∞⎠
(D) m = ⇒ dm = 120°
A R = 10 cm
sin
2 P = 2 Pl + Pm
A
2 2 1
P= + =
30°
40 10 4
Feq = – 4 cm
r2 = 30°
i2 = i1
i
90° 60°
B C
i1
(A) → 3; (B) → 2; (C) → 4; (D) → 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(C) + = ⇒ − =
v 1 1 1 v u f v 8 −4
147. (A) m = 2 = ⇒ − =
u 2u u 40 v = –8 cm
⇒ u = –20 cm ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
(D) Shift = ⎜1 − ⎟ t = ⎜1 − ⎟ 5 = 1 cm
⎛ 1 ⎝ m⎠ ⎝ 1.25 ⎠
1 1⎞
(B) = ( m − 1) ⎜ − ⎟
f ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠ (A) → 4; (B) → 2; (C) → 5; (D) → 3
Integer Type
148. For coherent source Imax. = 4I
⎛ 25 ⎞
\ for incoherent source I = I1 + I2 = 2I ⇒ 30 = m0 ⎜1 + ⎟ = m0 × 6
⎝ 5⎠
\ Ratio = 2
⎛ m ⎞ ⇒ m0 = 5
149. m sin 45 = 1 sin q ⇒ q = sin −1 ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
1 1 1
dq 1 1 ⎛ dm ⎞ 152. + = , u = −60 f = −30,
= × ⎜ ⎟ = 2 rad/s v u f
dt m2 2 ⎝ dt ⎠
1− 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 + =− , =− + =−
−60 v 30 v 30 60 60
A 1 dv 1 du du v 2 ⎛ du ⎞
v = –60 cm and + = 0, = − ⎜ ⎟
v 2 dt u 2 dt dt u 2 ⎝ dt ⎠
θ dv
45º = –5 m/s
dt
m 1 m −1
B C 153. For refraction at spherical surface − =
v ∞ R
150. I 0 = 32 Wm-2 m
⇒ v= R=3
I m −1
After passing through first polarizer, I1 = 0 = 16 W/m2
2
154. d 2 + D2 − D = l
After passing through second polarizer, I 2 = I1 cos 2 30°
= 12 W/m2 d 2 + D 2 = D 2 + l 2 + 2 lD
After passing through third polarizer, I 3 = I 2 cos 2 60° d2 10 −8
D= = = 10 −2 m
= 3 W/m2 2l 2 × 5 × 10 −7
v0 ⎛ D⎞ ⎛ D⎞ D = 1 cm
151. m= 1 + ⎟ = m0 ⎜1 + ⎟
u0 ⎜⎝ fe ⎠ ⎝ fe ⎠ 155. At maximum depth, the ray graze the surface (i.e. the angle
made by the ray with normal will become 90°)
⎛ 1 ⎞ D2 − x2
Applying Snell’s law, 1 × sin 45° = ⎜ 2 − x⎟ sin 90° 157. f = (Focal length by displacement method)
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4D
1 1 (100) 2 − ( 40) 2
⇒ 2− x= or x = 1 m ⇒ f = = 21 cm
2 2 4 × 100
2l 2 × 6000 × 10 −10 100 100
156. Angular width = = = 1 rad \ P= = ≈ 5D
d 12 × 10 −5 × 10 −2 f 21

360° 360°
158. n= −1 = −1 = 5 165. For interference maximum, d sin a = nl
q° 60°
n
The correct option is (A) \ 2l sin q = nl or sin q =
2
159. Resolving power is proportional to l −1 This equation is satisfied if n = −2, − 1, 0,1, 2
R.P. for l1 l1 5000 5 sin q is never greater than (+1), less than (–1)
\ = = =
R.P.for l 2 l 2 4000 4 \ maximum number of maximum can be five.
The correct option is (D) The correct option is (B)
160. Total internal reflection is used in optical fibres. 166. For total internal reflection,
The correct option is (A) 1 1 3
161. For interference phenomenon, two sources should emit m= ⇒ sin qC = =
sin qC m 4
radiation of the same frequency and have a definite phase
relationship. sin qC
\ tan qC =
The correct option is (D) 1 − sin 2 qC
360° 3/ 4 3 4 3
162. n= −1 = = × =
q° 9 4 7 7
1−
360° 16
\ 3= − 1 ⇒ 4q ° = 360° ⇒ q ° = 90°
q° R 3 36
The correct option is (B) \ = ⇒R= cm
12 7 7
163. Total internal reflection occurs in a denser medium when The correct option is (B)
light is incident at surface of separation at angle exceeding
critical angle of the medium. 1.22l
167. Resolution limit =
Given: i = 45° in the medium and total internal reflection d
occurs at the glass air interface y
Again resolution limit = sin q = q =
D
1 1
\ n> > > 2 y 1.22l
sin C sin 45° \ =
D d
yd
164. A plano-convex lens behaves like a concave mirror or D=
1.22l
when its curved surface is silvered.
\ F of concave mirror so formed. (10 −3 ) × (3 × 10 −3 ) 30
or D= = ≈5m
(1.22) × (5 × 10 −7 ) 6.1
R 30
= = = 10 cm The correct option is (B)
2 m 2 × 1.5
168. Straight line fringes are formed on screen.
To form an image of object size, the object should be placed
at (2F) of the concave mirror
169. For diffraction pattern,
\ distance of object from lens = 2 × F
2
= 2 × 10 = 20 cm ⎛ sin f ⎞
I = I0 ⎜ , where f denotes path difference
The correct option is (C) ⎝ f ⎟⎠
18.84 Chapter 18
⎛ sin f ⎞ at u = v given 2f. Therefore v is +ve, u is negative, both are
For principal maximum, f = 0 . Hence ⎜ =1 symmetrical and this curve satisfies all the conditions for a
⎝ f ⎟⎠ convex lens.
Hence, intensity remains constant at I 0 The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (D) 175. For interference, by Young’s double slits, the path difference
170. Intensity of polarized light = I 0 / 2 xd xd l
= nl for bright fringes and = ( 2n + 1) for getting
\ Intensity of light not transmitted D D 2
dark fringes
I0 I0
I0 − = The central fringes when x = 0, coincide for all wavelengths.
2 2
The third fringe of l1 = 590 nm coincides with the fourth
bright fringe of unknown wavelength l .
171. Angle of minimum deviation D = A( m − 1)
xd
\ = 3 × 590 nm = 4 × 1 nm
D1 for red m −1 D
= R 3 × 590
D2 for blue m B − 1 \ l= = 442.5 nm
4
Since m B > m R The correct option is (B)
D1 1
\ <1 176. If q c has to be the critical angle, q c = sin −1
D2 m
But q c = 90° − f , qi = q
\ D1 < D2
sin q 2 sin q
The correct option is (A) =m= ⇒ =m
sin f 3 cos qC
172. In Young’s double slits experiment, intensity at a point is
given by. But
⎛ f⎞ m2 − 1 m2 − 1
I = I 0 cos 2 ⎜ ⎟ cos qC = \ sin q = m = m2 − 1
⎝ 2⎠ m m
where f = phase difference, I 0 = maximum intensity
4 ⎛ 1 ⎞
\ q = sin −1 − 1 = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
I ⎛ f⎞ 3 ⎝ 3⎠
or = cos 2 ⎜ ⎟ (1)
I0 ⎝ 2⎠
So that qC is making total internal reflection.
2p The correct option is (C)
Phase difference f = × path difference
l
177. I ∝ A2 , I1 = I 0 , I 2 = 4 I 0
2p l p
\ f= × or f = (2)
l 6 3 I = I 0 + 4 I 0 + 2. I 0 ( 4 I 0 ) cos f
Substitute Equation (2) in Equation (1), we get = ( I m / 9)[1 + 4 cos 2 (f / 2)]
I ⎛p⎞ I 3 The correct option is (D)
= cos 2 ⎜ ⎟ or =
I0 ⎝ 6⎠ I0 4 178. Dt = [(1/15)] × 1 = ( 2 / 3) cm (1/v ) − (1/u ) = (1/f )
The correct option is (A) ⇒ (1/12) − (1/ − 240) = (1/ff )
173. Power of combination = P1 + P2
⇒ f = ( 240 / 21)cm
= −15 D + 5 D = −10 D
1 1 Again
Focal length of combination F = =
F −10 D (1 / v ) − (1 / u ) = (1 / f )
= −0.1 m = −10 cm
The correct option is (C) ⇒ (3 / 35) − (1 / −u ) = ( 21 / 240)
174. According to the new Cartesian, u = [(35 × 240) / (3 × 240 − 21 × 35)]
1 1 1 = [8400 / (720 − 735)] = (8400 / − 15)
System used in schools, − = for a convex lens, u
has to be negative. v u f
= −560 cm = −5.6 m.
If v = ∞, u = f and u = ∞, v = f The correct option is (D)
A parallel beam (u = ∞) is focused at f and if the object is ⎛I ⎞
179. I = ⎜ 0 ⎟ cos 2 q
at f, the rays are parallel. The point which meets the curve ⎝ 2⎠
I0 I0/2
I 1 ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞
θ = ⎜ − 1⎟ ( x ) where x = ⎜ − ⎟
f 2 ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
I I
I = 0 cos 2 q = 0 184. µ = A+
B
+ ...... (1)
2 4 l2
1
Also, µ = (2)
180. Path difference = Dx = d cos q sin C
D ⇒ On using white light in place of green at q , green will
d⋅ = nl2 be along surface.
y2 + z2 + D2
Y, O, R will be above surface VIB below surface.
y The correct option is (B)
185. We know that
(D, y, z) I = I max cos 2 q (Law of Malus)
θ x According to question,
S1
d S2
D ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ I 1
z IA ⎜ ⎟ = IB ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ A =
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ IB 3
d 2D2 The correct option is (D)
y2 + z2 + D2 =
n2 l 2 186. For transmission through face AC r2 < qC
y 2 + z 2 = constant As r1 + r2 = A
The correct option is (C) A
181. d = i + e − A
The correct option is (B) θ
r1 r2
182. R2 = ( R − x )2 + r 2
r R B C
x R–x So r1 > A − qC
From Snell’s law,
sin q = µ sin r1
R 2 = R 2 + x 2 − 2 Rx + r 2
sin q > µ sin( A − qC )
r2 (3) 2
2 Rx = r 2 ( x << R) R= = = 15 cm
2 x 2 × 3 × 10 −1 ⎡ ⎧⎪ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫⎪ ⎤
q > sin −1 ⎢ µ sin ⎨ A − sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ ⎥
1 ⎛ 1⎞ R ⎢⎣ ⎩⎪ ⎝ µ ⎠ ⎭⎪ ⎥⎦
= ( m − 1) ⎜ ⎟ , f = = 30 cm
f ⎝ R⎠ ( m − 1) The correct option is (D)
The correct option is (B) 187. The limit of resolution of a simple microscope is given by
1.22 l
1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ d=
183. = ( m r − 1) ⎜ − ⎟ 2 m sin q
f ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
Here d is the least distance between two objects, which can
be just resolved by eye. q is semi-vertical angle of cone.
1 ⎛ mr ⎞⎛ 1 1⎞
= −1 −
f ⎜⎝ m m ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ R1 R2 ⎟⎠ sin q ≈ tan q =
0.25 cm
≈
1
25 cm 100
1 ⎛3 ⎞
= ⎜ − 1⎟ ( x ) 1.22 × 500 × 10 −9
f ⎝2 ⎠ d=
2 × 10 −2
1 ⎛9 ⎞ d = 30.5 mm
= ⎜ − 1⎟ ( x )
f1 ⎝ 8 ⎠ The correct option is (A)
18.86 Chapter 18
188. Consider the wave front ABC moving towards right side.
The speed of secondary wavelets emitted from this wave \ b = 4l L
front will decrease continuously from A to C. Hence, The correct option is (B)
upper portions of wave front will move slower than lower
portions. So the shape of wave front is likely to bend 191. i = 35°, d = 40°, e = 79°
as it moves forward. Hence, the rays of beam will bend
upward. d=i+e− A
C′′ More denser air ⇒ A = 74°

C′
C
Rays As d given > d min
B′′ Denser air
B′
B ⎛ d given + A ⎞ ⎛ d min + A ⎞
A′′ ⎜ ⎟>⎜ ⎟
A′ Rarer air ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
A
The correct option is (C) ⎛ d given + A ⎞ ⎛ d min + A ⎞

sin ⎜ ⎟ > sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
q h
189. m = a Ι
q0 h0 ⎛ d given + A ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎛d + A⎞
⎟ sin ⎜ min ⎟
hΙ = 20 h0 ⎝ 2 ⎠> ⎝ 2 ⎠
A A
The correct option is (B) sin sin
2 2
lL
190. Total spread (Radius), b = a + ⎛ 40 + 74 ⎞
sin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
a
for maximum value of b >m
sin 37°
db
=0 sin 57°
da m<
sin 37°
lL
1− =0
a2 m < ( ≈ 1.4)
a= lL The correct option is (D)

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AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

18 Ray Optics and Wave Optics

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 4. The formula v = fl is applicable to light.

Introduction 1m 10–3 m 7800 Å 3600 Å 10–9 m 10–11 m

Some Interesting Facts about Light

Reflected light \ d2 = p + 2i.

Incident light Object and Image

NOTE Incident side

Δ OMP and Δ IMP are congruent

4. If an extended horizontal object is placed in front of

Solution: ⇒ for x-axis

8. In the situation shown in Fig. 18.9, find the velocity of

⇒ 7 m/s and direction towards left. SOLVED EXAMPLES

or Dxi – Dxm = Dxm – Dxo. 2 cm

Therefore Dxi = 2Dxm – Dxo = 20 cm. Fig. 18.10

10. Consider two perpendicular mirrors. M1 and M2 and M2

Principal Focus (F)

13. Figure 8.15 shows a spherical concave mirror with its

When the light changes its medium some changes occurs

c speed of light in vacuum r

More (less) refractive index implies less (more) speed of r>i

Observer Circle of illuminance 1

Solution: 32. What should be the value of refractive index n of a

Light ray will pass the surface AC without bending

7. There is one and only one angle of incidence for which

Applying Snell’s law:

\ dmax = imin + 90° – A Dispersion of Light

Violet or deviation prism is given by:

or μ v = 1.5, μR = 1.4 μ ′v = 1.7, μ ′R = 1.5

(B) The angular dispersion produced by the crown Absorbing

Continuous- Band-spectrum Line-spectrum

Continuous Discontinuous Continuous Discontinuous

4 Bi convex Plano convex Concavo convex

49. Point object is placed on the principal axis of a thin

f = 10 cm f = 10 cm 56. An extended real object of size 2 cm is placed perpen-

60. Two mirrors are inclined by an angle 30°. An object is

10° +30° 20°

110° +30° 100°

130° +30° 140°

An Extended Water Tank Appears

8 (a) Paths of rays entering

Light from sun

(c) Secondary rainbow

ve A beam of light parallel to the axis of the telescope from

Advantages of Reflecting Telescope

Solution: Wave Front

NOTE Location of Fringes on the Screen

Fringe Width Important Points about Young’s Experiment

S1 y The whole fringe pattern gets shifted by the same distance

S1P + 1 mm (2 – 1) = S2P + 0.5 mm 2md = nl for destructive interference

Similarly optical path for light coming from S2 is and

INTERFERENCE DIFFRACTION Resolving Power of a Telescope

Polarisation of Light by Reflection X Y

Single Option Correct Type

7. Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each

(A) 6000 Å (B) 3000 Å D

71. In a converging lens of focal length f and the dis-

80. A thin rod of length f / 3 is placed along the optic axis

More than One Option Correct Type