DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SECUNDERABAD, NACHARAM

CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION

CO-ORDINATION:
The working together of various organs of an organism so that different activities occur in a
systematic manner is called co-ordination.

STIMULUS:
Any change in the external or internal environmental of an organism which brings a
response from it.

RESPONSE:
Reaction shown by the organism to a stimulus.

CO-ORDINATION IN ANIMALS
 In animals belonging to Coelenterata to Mammalia, control and co-ordination
is brought about by specialized cells called NEURON.
 Besides nervous system in animals belonging to Arthropoda till Mammalia, there is
another system called ENDOCRINE SYSTEM which helps in control and co-ordination.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Made up of organized network of cells called NERVE CELLS or NEURONS.
 They conduct information via electrical impulses called NERVE IMPULSES.

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STRUCTURE OF NEURON
Made up of three main parts –

 DENDRITES
 CYTON
 AXON WHCIH ENDS AS NERVE - TERMINALS

DIRECTION OF TRANSMISSION OF NERVE

IMPULSE
 The information about stimulus is directed by receptors cells present in the
sense organs.

Eg: GUSTATORY RECEPTORS FOR TASTE.

OLFACTORY RECEPTORS FOR SMELL.
PHONO RECEPTORS FOR SOUND.
PHOTO RECEPTORS FOR SIGHT.
THIGMO RECEPTORS FOR TOUCH

 The information about the stimulus is acquired at the dendritic tip which
sets off a chemical reaction which creates a nerve impulse.
 The nerve impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body and
then along the length of axon till the nerve endings.
 At the end of axon, the electrical impulse release certain chemicals
which cross the synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in the
dendritic tip of the next neuron.

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SYNAPSE:
The point where nerve endings of one neuron comes in contact with the
dendritic tip of the next neuron.

NEURO MUSCULAR JUNCTION:

The point of contact where nerve endings of neuron communicate with
the muscle cells.

REFLEX ACTION
It is a quick, spontaneous, involuntary response to a particular stimulus.

Eg- a) withdrawal of our hand when we touch a hot object.

b) Closing of eyes when flashed with strong light.

c) Increased saliva secretion on seeing delicious food.

d) Coughing, sneezing, yawning etc.….

REFLEX ARC

The path that is followed by nerve impulse during reflex action.

COMPONENTS OF REFLEX ARC

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 COMPONENT FUNCTION

Sensory nerve Receives information from receptors of sense organs

and takes it to the spinal cord.

Inter / Relay neuron Analyses information and generates proper responses.

Motor nerve Carries messages to effector muscles from relay

neuron of spinal cord.

Effector muscle Contracts and responds to stimulus.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Includes Brain and Spinal Cord

HUMAN BRAIN
 This is the main coordination center of the body present inside a bony box called
cranium.
 Covered by three membranes called meninges and a fluid filled balloon which act as
shock absorber.

PARTS OF BRAIN FUNCTION

FORE BRAIN CEREBRUM  Main thinking part of the brain.
 Has sites for learning, reasoning,
intelligence, memory etc….
 Has sensory areas for receiving
information from sense organs and motor
areas to give instructions to the effector
muscles.
 Controls all voluntary actions.

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 MID BRAIN  Controls reflex movements of head, neck,
trunk, eye muscles, pupil size etc….

HIND BRAIN PONS  Regulates respiration.

CEREBELLUM  Helps in maintaining posture and balance

of the body.
 Coordinates walking, dancing, riding
bicycle etc…..

MEDULLA  Coordinates involuntary actions like

breathing, blood pressure, heart beat,
peristaltic movements, vomiting, sneezing
etc….

Peripheral Nervous system: Includes

I. Cranial Nerves(12 pairs): the nerves arising from the brain
II. Spinal Nerves(31 pairs): the nerves arising from the spinal
cord.
Communication between the central nervous system and the
other body parts is done by the peripheral nervous system

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 CHEMICAL CO-ORDINATION IN ANIMALS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GLAND LOCATION HORMONE FUNCTIONS DISEASE
Pituitary Under the Growth → Growth of limbs and →
Gland brain hormone bones. Hypersecretion
→ Controls all other Gigantism
endocrine glands of the body → Hypo
and thus called ‘MASTER secretion
GLAND’ of the body. Dwarfism

Thyroid Close to Thyroxin → Regulates rate of → Hypo

Gland trachea in the metabolism of secretion
neck carbohydrates, proteins and Goitre –in
fats. adults
→ Production of heat → Cretinism in
→ Promotes growth and children (mental
differentiation of tissues and physical
growth
retardation)

Adrenal On the top of Adrenaline Helps the body to face any _

Gland each kidney emergency situation.

Pancreatic Under the Insulin Converts extra glucose in Diabetes

Gland stomach blood to glycogen
Insulin
Glucose Glycogen

Testis In the scrotum Testosterone • Production of sperms _

outside the • Development of secondary
abdomen sexual characters in male.

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 • Production of egg
Ovaries In the Oestrogen and •Development of secondary _
abdomen progesterone sexual characters in female.

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 Coordination in plants
Plants show two different types of movements –

→ GROWTH DEPENDENT MOVEMENTS (Tropic movements)

Eg- Growth of stem, root etc….

Movements due to growth (tropism)

→The directional movements shown by plants due to growth are called tropism.

→Movements of a plant or its parts due to growth in response to –

LIGHT - PHOTOTROPISM

GRAVITY – GEOTROPISM

TOUCH – THIGMOTROPISM

CHEMICALS – CHEMOTROPISM

WATER – HYDROTROPISM

→ GROWTH INDEPENDENT MOVEMENTS (Nastic movements)

Eg- touch me not, sunflower

→The movement shown by the touch me not plant with response to stimulus and
happens at a point different from the point of touch.

→The cells that are present at the base of each leaflet loose water on its inner side and
therefore they limp and close their leaflet.

→ Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them.

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 PLANT GROWTH HORMONES:
HORMONE FUNCTION

Auxins • Promotes growth, elongation of cells

Gibberellin • Promotes growth of stem

Intermodal elongation and used to obtain seedless fruits

Cytokinin • Stimulates cell division and growth of fruits and seeds

Abscisic acid • Inhibits plant growth

• Induces dormancy in seeds
• Promotes ageing and wilting of leaves by causing abscission.

Ethylene •Promotes ripening of fruits.

Q) How does phototropism occur in plants?

Ans: Phototropism is the response of plants due to growth towards the stimulus of light . This
is the directional movement which can by either towards the light or away from light.

Eg- Shoot always grows towards light and exhibits positive phototropism while roots grow
away from light and exhibit negative phototropism. This is under the control of auxins which can
be shown by simple experiments.

→ If a plant is kept in dark and illuminated from one side, the shoot of the plant bends towards
the light. This is because the auxins diffuse in the parts which are away from light.

→As a result, the part on the shady side elongates while the part exposed to light does not
elongate. This causes differentiated growth on the darker side and as a result, the shoot bends
towards light.

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Q) Give an example of chemotropism.
Ans: The directional growth shown by a part of the plant in response to chemicals is called
chemotropism.

Eg- Growth of pollen tube towards the ovules.

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