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1 A gas jar of bromine vapour and a gas jar of air are set up as shown in diagram 1.

The glass slide is removed. Diagram 2 shows the appearance of the gas jars after one hour.

air

mixture of air
glass slide and bromine

bromine
vapour

diagram 1 diagram 2

Which statement explains why the bromine and air mix together?

A Bromine is denser than air.


B Bromine is lighter than air.
C Bromine molecules moved upwards and molecules in air moved downwards.
D Molecules in bromine and air moved randomly.
[1]

[Total: 1]
2

2 A crystal of purple potassium manganate(VII) was added to each of the beakers shown in the
diagram.

hot water cold water

crystal of potassium
manganate(VII)

One beaker contained hot water and the other beaker contained cold water.

In both beakers the purple colour of the potassium manganate(VII) spreads out.

Which result and explanation are correct?

result explanation

A colour spreads faster in cold water particles move faster at a higher temperature
B colour spreads faster in cold water particles move slower at a higher temperature
C colour spreads faster in hot water particles move faster at a higher temperature
D colour spreads faster in hot water particles move slower at a higher temperature

[1]

[Total: 1]
3

3 The changes that occur when a substance changes state are shown below.

Which process, W, X, Y or Z, is occurring in the following four situations?

1 Butter melts on a warm day.

2 Water condenses on a cold surface.

3 The volume of liquid ethanol in an open beaker reduces.

4 Ice forms inside a freezer.

1 2 3 4

A W X Y Z
B W Y X Z
C X Y Z W
D X Z Y W

[1]

[Total: 1]
4

4 P, Q, R and S are pieces of apparatus.

P Q R S

50 cm3 25 cm3
3 3
100 cm 50 cm

Which row describes the correct apparatus for the measurement made?

apparatus measurement made

A P the volume of acid added to alkali in a titration


3
B Q 1 cm of acid to add to calcium carbonate in a rate-determining experiment
3
C R 75 cm of a gas given off in a rate-determining experiment
3
D S 20 cm of alkali for use in a titration

[1]

[Total: 1]
5

5 The diagram shows a method for separating a substance that contains X and Y.

filter paper
X

Which types of substance can be separated as shown?

A compounds
B elements
C mixtures
D molecules
[1]

[Total: 1]
3
6 A student takes 2 g samples of calcium carbonate and adds them to 20 cm samples of dilute
hydrochloric acid at different temperatures. She measures how long it takes for the effervescence
to stop.

Which apparatus does she use?

filter measuring
balance clock thermometer
funnel cylinder

A ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗

B ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓

C ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓

D ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓

[1]

[Total: 1]
6

7 Which stages occur in distillation?

A condensation then evaporation


B condensation then filtration
C evaporation then condensation
D filtration then evaporation
[1]

[Total: 1]

8 The diagram shows the structure of three particles, R, S and T.

e e key
e e e e e e
e = electron
3p 3p 3p n = neutron
3n 3n 4n
p = proton
= nucleus

R S T

Which row describes these particles?

ions isotopes

A R S and T
B R and S T
C S R and T
D T R and S

[1]

[Total: 1]
7

9 Which statements are properties of an acid?

1 reacts with ammonium sulfate to form ammonia

2 turns red litmus blue

1 2

A ✓ ✓

B ✓ ✗

C ✗ ✓

D ✗ ✗

[1]

[Total: 1]

10 Barium sulfate is an insoluble salt.

It can be made by reacting copper(II) sulfate solution with barium nitrate solution.

CuSO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + BaSO4(s)

What is the correct order of steps to obtain a pure, dry sample of barium sulfate from the reaction
mixture?

step 1 step 2 step 3

evaporate the filtrate leave the solid formed


A filter
to dryness to cool

evaporate the filtrate to the


B filter leave the filtrate to cool
point of crystallisation

leave the residue in a wash the residue


C filter
warm place to dry with water

wash the residue leave the residue in a


D filter
with water warm place to dry

[1]

[Total: 1]
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11 Four different solutions, W, X, Y and Z, are tested with universal indicator.

solution W X Y Z

colour with
green red purple orange
universal indicator

Which solutions are acidic?

A W and Z B X and Z C X only D Y only


[1]

[Total: 1]

12 A salt is made by adding an excess of an insoluble metal oxide to an acid.

How is the excess metal oxide removed from the mixture?

A chromatography
B crystallisation
C distillation
D filtration
[1]

[Total: 1]

13 Which oxide is amphoteric?

A aluminium oxide
B calcium oxide
C carbon monoxide
D sodium oxide
[1]

[Total: 1]
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14 The equations below all show redox reactions.

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

2ZnO + C 2Zn + CO2

Fe2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2Fe

2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2

Which oxide is oxidised in these reactions?

A Fe2O3 B CO C ZnO D NO
[1]

[Total: 1]

15 Magnesium nitride is formed when magnesium burns in air. Magnesium nitride is an ionic
compound.

What is the formula of magnesium nitride?

A MgN2 B Mg2N2 C Mg2N3 D Mg3N2


[1]

[Total: 1]

16 Give the name of the process that is used:

(a) to obtain water from aqueous sodium chloride

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) to separate the components of petroleum

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) to separate a mixture of coloured dyes.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

17 When chlorine gas, Cl2, is put into a gas jar, it spreads out to fill the gas jar.

When bromine gas, Br2, is put into a gas jar, it also spreads out to fill the gas jar.
10

The process takes longer for bromine gas than for chlorine gas.

gas jar

gas

start later

(a) What term describes the way that the gas particles spread out?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Use data from the Periodic Table to explain why bromine gas takes longer to fill a gas jar than
chlorine gas.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate at which the gas particles spread
out.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

18 Copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O, are hydrated.

Copper(II) sulfate crystals are made by reacting copper(II) carbonate with dilute sulfuric acid.

The equation for the overall process is shown.

CuCO3 + H2SO4 + 4H2O → CuSO4.5H2O + CO2


3 3
step 1 Powdered solid copper(II) carbonate is added to 50.0 cm of 0.05 mol / dm sulfuric acid until
the copper(II) carbonate is in excess.

step 2 The excess of copper(II) carbonate is separated from the aqueous copper(II) sulfate.

step 3 The aqueous copper(II) sulfate is heated until the solution is saturated.

step 4 The solution is allowed to cool and crystallise.

step 5 The crystals are removed and dried.


11

(a) Name a different substance, other than copper(II) carbonate, that could be added to dilute
sulfuric acid to produce copper(II) sulfate in step 1.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Name the process used to separate the aqueous copper(II) sulfate from the excess of
copper(II) carbonate in step 2.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The solution of aqueous copper(II) sulfate was heated until it was saturated in step 3.

(i) Suggest what is meant by the term saturated solution.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) What evidence would show that the solution was saturated in step 3?

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Why should the aqueous copper(II) sulfate not be heated to dryness in step 3?

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]

19 The gas hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is produced when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid
potassium iodide.

The reaction involves oxidation.

(a) Define the term oxidation in terms of electron transfer.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
hydrogen sulfide. Show outer shell electrons only.

H S H

[2]
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(c) Hydrogen sulfide has a simple molecular structure.

Explain why hydrogen sulfide has a low boiling point.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

20 Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of coloured dyes.

Three different dye mixtures, A, B and C, were spotted onto a piece of chromatography paper.
Two pure dyes, X and Y, were also spotted onto the same piece of paper.
The diagram below shows the results of the chromatography.

solvent front

base line

A B C X Y

(a) State the name of a piece of apparatus that could be used to spot the dyes onto the paper.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest why the base line was drawn in pencil and not in ink.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Which dye mixture contains both dye X and dye Y?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Which dye mixture does not contain dye X or dye Y?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) In which mixture, A, B or C, has the greatest number of dyes been separated?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
13

[Total: 5]

21 The boiling points of four different alcohols, A, B, C and D, are shown.

alcohol A B C D

boiling point / °C 56 78 122 160

A student suggested that the apparatus shown could be used to separate the mixture of alcohols.

fractionating column X

mixture of
hot water alcohols
A, B, C and D
electric heater

(a) Suggest why a Bunsen burner is not used to heat the flask.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A hot water bath cannot be used to separate alcohols C and D.

Explain why.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

22 The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.


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A B C D E

Answer the following questions about these structures.

Each structure may be used once, more than once or not at all.

State which structure, A, B, C, D or E, represents:

(a) an atom with a total of eight electrons .............................................................................. [1]

(b) an atom in Group V of the Periodic Table ......................................................................... [1]

(c) an atom with a complete outer shell of electrons ............................................................. [1]

(d) an atom of a metallic element .......................................................................................... [1]

(e) an atom which forms a stable ion with a single positive charge....................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

23 Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form the ionic compound magnesium oxide.

(a) Complete the dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic structures of the ions in
magnesium oxide. Show the charges on the ions.

........ ........

Mg O

[3]

(b) Magnesium oxide melts at 2853 °C.

Why does magnesium oxide have a high melting point?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
15

(c) Explain why molten magnesium oxide can conduct electricity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

24 Aqueous potassium iodide reacts with aqueous copper(II) sulfate to produce iodine.

(a) Balance the chemical equation for this reaction.

KI + CuSO4 → CuI + I2 + K2SO4 [2]

(b) Deduce the charge on the copper ion in CuI.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) In terms of electron transfer, explain why copper is reduced in this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Identify the reducing agent.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

25 This question is about the structures of atoms and ions.

(a) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons present in atoms
24 26
of 12Mg and 12Mg .

number of number of number of


protons neutrons electrons

24
12Mg

26
12Mg

[2]

(b) 24 26
What term is used to describe atoms of the same element, such as 12Mg and 12Mg ?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
16

(c) 24 26
Explain why the chemical properties of 12Mg and 12Mg are the same.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

26 Iron is a transition element. Potassium is a Group I element.

Iron and potassium have the same type of bonding.

Name and describe the type of bonding in these two elements.

name ........................................................................................................................................

description ................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

27 Complete the table to show the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the sulfur atom and
zinc ion shown.

number of number of number of


electrons neutrons protons

36
16S

67 2+
30Zn 30

[4]

[Total: 4]
17

28 Potassium is a Group I element.

Potassium combines with sulfur to form an ionic compound, potassium sulfide, K2S.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the ions in
potassium sulfide.

....... .......

K S

.......

[3]

[Total: 3]

29 Titanium is extracted from an ore called rutile. Rutile is an impure form of titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2.

Rutile is mixed with coke and heated in a furnace through which chlorine gas is passed. The product
is gaseous titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4.

Titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4, is heated with an excess of magnesium, in an atmosphere of argon.

After titanium(IV) chloride is heated with magnesium, the unreacted magnesium is removed by
adding an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid to the mixture.

The dilute hydrochloric acid also dissolves the magnesium chloride.


The dilute hydrochloric acid does not react with the titanium or dissolve it.

(a) Give two observations and write a chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when dilute
hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

chemical equation ............................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Name the process that is used to separate the titanium from the mixture after all the magnesium
has been removed.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(c) Titanium does not react with the dilute hydrochloric acid or dissolve in it.

Suggest why titanium does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

30 Aluminium reacts with oxygen to form an amphoteric oxide.

(a) State what is meant by the term amphoteric.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The reaction between aluminium oxide and aqueous sodium hydroxide forms a salt containing
the negative ion AlO2 . The only other product is water.

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between aluminium oxide and aqueous sodium
hydroxide.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

31 Aqueous potassium hydroxide reacts with a dilute acid to produce aqueous


potassium chloride, KCl(aq), which is a salt.

(a) Name the dilute acid used.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State the type of reaction taking place.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Name the experimental technique used when salts are made by reacting a dilute acid with an
aqueous alkali.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

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