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Physics Lecture 3

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4 views

Physics Lecture 3

Uploaded by

my01120239383
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics

By: Dr. Engy Ragaei Abdelmaksoud


E-mail: era00@fayoum.edu.eg
Contents
Mechanics Electricity & Magnetism
1. Physics and measurements 1. Electric Force
2. Motion in one dimension 2. Electric Field
3. Vectors 3. Capacitance
4. Motion in two dimensions 4. Voltage, Current, Resistance
5. Laws of motion 5. Magnetic Fields, Induction
6. Work and Energy

Oscillations & Waves


1. Oscillatory Motion
2. Wave Motion
Lecture 3
Objectives
3. Vectors [Chapter 3]
 Coordinate Systems
 Vector and Scalar Quantities
 Some properties of vectors
 Components of a Vector
 Unit Vectors
Coordinate Systems
Used to describe the position of a point in space
Common coordinate systems are:
Cartesian (rectangular) coordinate Polar coordinate
The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the Point is distance r from the origin in the
plane are written as (x,y). direction of angle , ccw (counter clockwise)
from reference line
The first number x is called the x-
component, as it is the signed distance from  The reference line is often the x-axis.
the origin in the direction along the x-axis.
 Points are labeled
The second number
y is called the y- (r,)
component, as it is the
signed distance from 𝒓 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
the origin in the
direction along the
y-axis,
𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝒙
Coordinate Systems
Polar to Cartesian Coordinates
Based on forming a right triangle from r and θ

𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Cartesian to Polar Coordinates

𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝒙
Coordinate Systems
Example 5:
The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy plane are (x,y) = (-3.50, -2.50) m,
as shown in the figure. Find the polar coordinates of this point.
Coordinate Systems
Solution :
Cartesian to Polar Coordinates

𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝒙

𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟑. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝟐 + −𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟎 𝒎

𝒚 −𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒
𝒙 −𝟑. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝛉 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔° not 35.5° (in the third quadrant)
Vector and Scalar Quantities
Scalar quantity
Is completely specified by a single value with an appropriate unit and has no
direction.
e.g. volume, mass, speed, and time intervals.

May be positive or negative (charge and temperature).


Vector quantity
Is completely described by a number and appropriate units plus a direction.
e.g. force, acceleration, velocity and displacement.
Some properties of vectors
Vector Notation
Text uses bold with arrow to denote a vector: A
Also used for printing is simple bold print: A
When dealing with just the magnitude of a vector in print, an italic letter will be
used: A or | A|

The magnitude of the vector has physical units.


The magnitude of a vector is always a positive number.
Some properties of vectors
Equality of Two Vectors
Two vectors are equal if they have the same
magnitude and the same direction.

if A = B and they point along parallel lines

All of the vectors shown are equal.


Allows a vector to be moved to a position parallel to
itself
Some properties of vectors
Adding Vectors
When adding vectors, their directions must be taken into account.
 Units must be the same

Adding Vectors

Graphical Algebraic
Methods Methods

• All of the vectors must be of the same type of quantity. For example, you cannot add a
displacement to a velocity.
Some properties of vectors
Adding Vectors
Some properties of vectors
Adding Vectors
Commutative Law of Addition

A B  B A
Some properties of vectors
Adding Vectors
Associative Property of Addition

  
A  BC  A B C 
Some properties of vectors
Negative of a Vector

 The negative of the vector 𝐀 is defined as the vector that when added to 𝐀
gives zero for the vector sum. That is, 𝐀 + −𝐀 = 𝟎.
 The vectors 𝐀 and −𝐀 have the same magnitude but point in opposite
directions.
Some properties of vectors
Subtracting Vectors
Special case of vector addition:
If A B , then use  
A  B
Some properties of vectors
Multiplying a vector by a scalar
If vector 𝐀 is multiplied by a positive scalar quantity 𝑚, the product m𝐀 is a
vector that has the same direction as 𝐀 and magnitude mA.
Components of a Vector
A component is a projection of a vector along an axis.
Any vector can be completely described by its
components.
 A x and A y are the component vectors of A .
 Ax and Ay are scalars.

𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝑨= 𝑨𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚 𝟐

𝑨𝒚
𝜽= tan−𝟏
𝑨𝒙
Components of a Vector
Unit Vectors
 A unit vector is a dimensionless vector with a
magnitude of exactly 1.
 Unit vectors are used to specify a direction and have
no other physical significance.
 They are used in describing a direction in space.
 We shall use the symbols 𝑖, 𝑗, and 𝑘 to represent
unit vectors pointing in the positive x, y, and z.
 The magnitude of each unit vector is 1
ˆi  ˆj  kˆ  1
Unit Vectors

Ax is the same as Axi


Ay is the same as Ay j
The complete vector can be expressed as:

A  Ax ˆi  Ay ˆj
Unit Vectors
Example:
Find the sum of two displacement vectors 𝐀 and 𝐁 lying in the 𝑥𝑦-plane and
given by
𝐀 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐢 + 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐣 𝐦
𝐁 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐢 − 𝟒. 𝟎 𝐣 𝐦
Unit Vectors
Solution:
𝐑 = 𝐀 + 𝐁 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐢 + 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐣 𝒎 + 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒊 − 𝟒. 𝟎 𝒋 𝒎
𝐑 = 𝟒. 𝟎 𝐢 − 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐣 𝐦

The components of 𝐑 𝐑 𝐱 = 𝟒. 𝟎 𝐦 𝐑 𝐲 = −𝟐. 𝟎 𝐦

The magnitude of 𝐑 𝐑= 𝐑 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐑 𝐲𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟎 𝐦 𝟐 + −𝟐. 𝟎 𝐦 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝐦

−𝟐.𝟎 𝐦
The direction of 𝐑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 =
𝟒.𝟎 𝐦
= −𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝛉 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑° Not −𝟐𝟕°

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