To Study Details

About Linux Utilities

Linux provides a powerful command-line interface compared to other operating
systems such as Windows and MacOS. We can do basic work and advanced
work through its terminal. We can do some basic tasks such as creating a file,
deleting a file, moving a file, and more. In addition, we can also perform
advanced tasks such as administrative tasks (including package installation, user
management), networking tasks (ssh connection), security tasks, and many
more. Linux terminal is a user-friendly terminal as it provides various support
options. To open the Linux terminal, press "CTRL + ALT + T" keys together, and
execute a command by pressing the 'ENTER' key.

by Hemant Ingale

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Linux Directory Commands
The pwd command is used to display the location of the current working directory. Syntax: $ pwd. The mkdir command is used to create a new directory under
any directory. Syntax: $ mkdir . The rmdir command is used to delete a directory. Syntax: $ rmdir . The ls command is used to display a list of content of a
directory. Syntax: $ ls. The cd command is used to change the current directory. Syntax: $ cd . The touch command is used to create empty files. We can
create multiple empty files by executing it once. Syntax: 1. $ touch 2. $ touch . The cat command is a multi-purpose utility in the Linux system. It can be used
to create a file, display content of the file, copy the content of one file to another file, and more. Syntax: 1. cat [OPTION]... [FILE]. To create a file, execute it as
follows: 1. cat > 2. // Enter file content Press "CTRL+ D" keys to save the file. To display the content of the file, execute it as follows: 1. $ Cat . The rm
command is used to remove a file. Syntax: $ rm . The cp command is used to copy a file or directory. Syntax: To copy in the same directory: 1. $ cp < existing
file name > . To copy in a different directory: Output: . The mv command is used to move a file or a directory form one location to another location. Syntax: $
mv < file name > < directory path >. The rename command is used to rename files. It is useful for renaming a large group of files. Syntax: rename 's/old-
name/new-name/' files. For example, to convert all the text files into pdf files, execute the below command: $ rename 's/\.txt$/\.pdf/' *.txt.

pwd mkdir
Displays the current working directory. Creates a new directory.

rmdir ls
Deletes a directory. Lists the contents of a directory.

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Linux File Content Commands
The head command is used to display the content of a file. It displays the first 10 lines of a file. Syntax: $ Head < File Na me >. The tail
command is similar to the head command. The difference between both commands is that it displays the last ten lines of the fi le
content. It is useful for reading the error message. Syntax: $ tail < file name >. The tac command is the reverse of cat command, as its
name specified. It displays the file content in reverse order (from the last line). Syntax: $ tac < file name >. The more com mand is quite
similar to the cat command, as it is used to display the file content in the same way that the cat command does. The only dif ference
between both commands is that, in case of larger files, the more command displays screenful output at a time. In more command , the
following keys are used to scroll the page: ENTER key: To scroll down page by line. Space bar: To move to the next page. b ke y: To
move to the previous page. / key: To search the string. Syntax: $ more < file name >. The less command is similar to the more
command. It also includes some extra features such as 'adjustment in width and height of the terminal.' Comparatively, the mo re
command cuts the output in the width of the terminal. Syntax: $ less < file name >.

head tail tac

Displays the first 10 lines of a file. Displays the last 10 lines of a file. Displays the file content in reverse order.

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Linux User Commands
The su command provides administrative access to another user. In other words, it allows access of the Linux shell to
another user. Syntax: $ su < user name >. The id command is used to display the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID). Syntax:
$ id. The useradd command is used to add or remove a user on a Linux server. Syntax: $ useradd username. The passwd
command is used to create and change the password for a user. Syntax: $ passwd < username >. The groupadd command
is used to create a user group. Syntax: $ groupadd < group name >.

1 su 2 id
Provides administrative access to another user. Displays the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID).

3 useradd 4 passwd
Adds or removes a user on a Linux server. Creates and changes the password for a user.

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Linux Filter Commands
The cat command is also used as a filter. To filter a file, it is used inside pipes. Syntax: Output: . The cut command is used to select a specific column of a file. The '-d' option is used as a delimiter, and it can be a space (' '), a slash (/), a hyphen (-), or anything
else. And, the '-f' option is used to specify a column number. Syntax: $ cut -d (delimiter) -f (columnNumber) . The grep is the most powerful and used filter in a Linux system. The 'grep' stands for "global regular expression print." It is useful for searching the
content from a file. Generally, it is used with the pipe. Syntax: $ command | grep < searchWord >. The 'comm' command is used to compare two files or streams. By default, it displays three columns, first displays non-matching items of the first file, second
indicates the non-matching item of the second file, and the third column displays the matching items of both files. Syntax: $ comm < file1 >< file2 >. The sed command is also known as stream editor. It is used to edit files using a regular expression. It does
not permanently edit files; instead, the edited content remains only on display. It does not affect the actual file. Syntax: $ Command | Sed 'S/ / / '. The tee command is quite similar to the cat command. The only difference between both filters is that it puts
standard input on standard output and also write them into a file. Syntax: $ cat < file name > | tee < new File > | cat or tac |. The tr command is used to translate the file content like from lower case to upper case. Syntax: $ command | tr < 'old' > < 'new' >.
The uniq command is used to form a sorted list in which every word will occur only once. Syntax: $ command < file name > | uniq. The wc command is used to count the lines, words, and characters in a file. Syntax: $ wc < file name >. The od command is
used to display the content of a file in different s, such as hexadecimal, octal, and ASCII characters. Syntax: 1. $ od -b < file Name > // Octal format 2. $ od -t x1 < file Name > // Hexa decimal format 3. $ od -c < file Name > // ASCII character format. The
sort command is used to sort files in alphabetical order. Syntax: $ sort < file name >.

cat
Concatenates and displays files.

cut
Extracts specific columns from a file.

grep
Searches for patterns in files.

comm
Compares two files.

sed
Edits files using regular expressions.

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tee
Linux Utility Commands
The find command is used to find a particular file within a directory. It also supports various options to find a file such a s byname, by type, by date, and more. The following symbols are used after the find
command: ( . ): For current directory name ( / ): For root Syntax: $ find . -name "*.pdf ". The locate command is used to search a file by file name. It is quite similar to find command; the difference is that it is a
background process. It searches the file in the database, whereas the find command searches in the file system. It is faster than the find command. To find the file with the locates command, keep your database
updated. Syntax: $ locate < file Name >. The date command is used to display date, time, time zone, and more. Syntax: $ date. The cal command is used to display the current month's calendar with the current
date highlighted. Syntax: $ cal. The time command is used to display the time to execute a command. Syntax: $ time. The sleep command is used to hold the terminal by the specified amount of time. By default,
it takes time in seconds. Syntax: $ sleep < time >. Linux clear command is used to clear the terminal screen. Syntax: $ clear . After pressing the ENTER key, it will clear the terminal screen. The mount command is
used to connect an external device file system to the system's file system. Syntax: $ mount -t type < device >. Linux exit command is used to exit from the current shell. It takes a parameter as a number and
exits the shell with a return of status number. Syntax: $ exit.

Command Description

find Searches for files within a directory.

locate Searches for files by name in a database.

date Displays the current date and time.

cal Displays the current month's calendar.

time Measures the time taken to execute a command.

sleep Pauses the terminal for a specified time.

clear Clears the terminal screen.

mount Connects an external device to the system's file system.

exit Exits the current shell.

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Linux networking commands
Linux ip command is an updated version of the ipconfig command. It is used to assign an IP address, initialize an interface,
disable an interface. Syntax: $ ip a or ip add. The ping command is used to check the connectivity between two nodes,
that is whether the server is connected. It is a short form of "Packet Internet Groper". Syntax: $ ping < destination >. The
host command is used to display the IP address for a given domain name and vice versa. It performs the DNS lookups for
the DNS Query. Syntax: $ host < domain name > Or < ip address >. Linux ssh command is used to create a remote
connection through the ssh protocol. Syntax: $ ssh user_name@host(IP/Domain_name). The mail command is used to
send emails from the command line. Syntax: $ mail -s "Subject" < recipient address >.

ip ping host ssh

Manages network Tests network connectivity. Performs DNS lookups. Creates secure remote
interfaces and IP addresses. connections.

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