Linux Directory Commands

1. pwd Command

The pwd command is used to display the location of the current working
directory.

Syntax:

1. pwd

Output:

2. mkdir Command

The mkdir command is used to create a new directory under any

directory.

Syntax:

1. mkdir <directory name>

Output:

3. rmdir Command

The rmdir command is used to delete a directory.

Syntax:

1. rmdir <directory name>

Output:
4. ls Command

The ls command is used to display a list of content of a directory.

Syntax:

1. ls

Output:

5. cd Command

The cd command is used to change the current directory.

Syntax:

1. cd <directory name>

Output:

6. touch Command

The touch command is used to create empty files. We can create multiple
empty files by executing it once.

Syntax:

1. touch <file name>

2. touch <file1> <file2> ....

Output:

7. cat Command
The cat command is a multi-purpose utility in the Linux system. It can be
used to create a file, display content of the file, copy the content of one
file to another file, and more.

Syntax:

1. cat [OPTION]... [FILE]..

To create a file, execute it as follows:

1. cat > <file name>

2. // Enter file content

Press "CTRL+ D" keys to save the file. To display the content of the file,
execute it as follows:

1. cat <file name>

Output:

8. rm Command

The rm command is used to remove a file.

Syntax:

rm <file name>

Output:

9. cp Command

The cp command is used to copy a file or directory.

Syntax:

To copy in the same directory:

1. cp <existing file name> <new file name>

To copy in a different directory:

Output:

10. mv Command

The mv command is used to move a file or a directory form one location

to another location.

Syntax:

1. mv <file name> <directory path>

Output:

11. rename Command

The rename command is used to rename files. It is useful for renaming a

large group of files.

Syntax:

1. rename 's/old-name/new-name/' files

For example, to convert all the text files into pdf files, execute the below
command:

1. rename 's/\.txt$/\.pdf/' *.txt

Output:
 Linux File Content Commands
12. head Command

The head command is used to display the content of a file. It displays the
first 10 lines of a file.

Syntax:

1. head <file name>

Output:

13. tail Command

The tail command is similar to the head command. The difference

between both commands is that it displays the last ten lines of the file
content. It is useful for reading the error message.

Syntax:

1. tail <file name>

Output:

14. tac Command

The tac command is the reverse of cat command, as its name specified. It
displays the file content in reverse order (from the last line).

Syntax:

1. tac <file name>

Output:

15. more command

The more command is quite similar to the cat command, as it is used to

display the file content in the same way that the cat command does. The
only difference between both commands is that, in case of larger files, the
more command displays screenful output at a time.

In more command, the following keys are used to scroll the page:

ENTER key: To scroll down page by line.

Space bar: To move to the next page.

b key: To move to the previous page.

/ key: To search the string.

Syntax:

1. more <file name>

Output:

16. less Command

The less command is similar to the more command. It also includes some
extra features such as 'adjustment in width and height of the terminal.'
Comparatively, the more command cuts the output in the width of the
terminal.

Syntax:

1. less <file name>

Output:
 Linux Filter Commands
22. cat Command

The cat command is also used as a filter. To filter a file, it is used inside
pipes.

Syntax:

1. cat <fileName> | cat or tac | cat or tac |. . .

Output:

23. cut Command

The cut command is used to select a specific column of a file. The '-d'
option is used as a delimiter, and it can be a space (' '), a slash (/), a
hyphen (-), or anything else. And, the '-f' option is used to specify a
column number.

Syntax:

1. cut -d(delimiter) -f(columnNumber) <fileName>

Output:

24. grep Command

The grep is the most powerful and used filter in a Linux system. The 'grep'
stands for "global regular expression print." It is useful for searching
the content from a file. Generally, it is used with the pipe.

Syntax:

1. command | grep <searchWord>

Output:
25. comm Command

The 'comm' command is used to compare two files or streams. By default,

it displays three columns, first displays non-matching items of the first file,
second indicates the non-matching item of the second file, and the third
column displays the matching items of both files.

Syntax:

1. comm <file1> <file2>

Output:

Linux Utility Commands

35. find Command

The find command is used to find a particular file within a directory. It also
supports various options to find a file such as byname, by type, by date,
and more.

The following symbols are used after the find command:

(.) : For current directory name

(/) : For root

Syntax:

1. find . -name "*.pdf"

Output:

36. locate Command

The locate command is used to search a file by file name. It is quite
similar to find command; the difference is that it is a background process.
It searches the file in the database, whereas the find command searches
in the file system. It is faster than the find command. To find the file with
the locates command, keep your database updated.

Syntax:

1. locate <file name>

Output:

37. date Command

The date command is used to display date, time, time zone, and more.

Syntax:

1. date

Output:

38. cal Command

The cal command is used to display the current month's calendar with the
current date highlighted.

Syntax:

1. cal<

Output:
42. df Command

The df command is used to display the disk space used in the file system.
It displays the output as in the number of used blocks, available blocks,
and the mounted directory.

Syntax:

1. df

Output:

45. clear Command

Linux clear command is used to clear the terminal screen.

Syntax:

1. clear

Output: