LECTURES ON

ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELD THEORY
Assoc. Prof. Yasser Mahmoud Madany
Senior Member, IEEE
URSI Senior Member
Founder and Chair of the IEEE Egypt AP-S/MTT-S Joint Chapter
Founder and Counselor of the IEEE AL Ryada Student Branch
CHAPTER 1
Vector Analysis
INTRODUCTION

❑ The use of vectors and vector analysis can greatly

simplify the mathematics used in expressing and
manipulating the laws and theorems of electric and
magnetic fields.

❑ This simplification is possible because vector analysis

is a mathematical shorthand that greatly reduces the
number of equations needed by using special vector
operators and operations on scalar and vector
quantities.
SCALARS AND VECTORS

❑ A scalar is a quantity having only magnitude, such

as temperature or energy.

❑ Other examples of scalars are time, spatial volume,

potential difference, distance and coordinate
variables.

❑ A vector is a quantity having magnitude and

direction, such as velocity or force.

❑ A vector is represented graphically and symbolically.

❑ Graphically: a vector is represented by an arrow
whose length represents its magnitude and the arrow
head indicates its direction.

❑ Symbolically: a vector is represented by placing a bar

over the letter symbol used for a given quantity.
𝒛
(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 , 𝒛𝟎 )

𝐹ഥ𝑧 𝑭
ഥ
𝒛𝟎 𝐹ഥ𝑦 ഥ = 𝐹ഥ𝑥 + 𝐹ഥ𝑦 + 𝐹ഥ𝑧
𝐹ഥ𝑥 𝑭
𝒚
𝒙𝟎 ഥ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑥ො + 𝐹𝑦 𝑦ො + 𝐹𝑧 𝑧Ƹ
𝑭
𝒙 𝒚𝟎
❑ where 𝒙 ෝ,𝒚ෝ , 𝒛ො are unit vectors and their magnitudes
equal to unity while the directions parallel to and in
the direction of +𝒙 , +𝒚 , +𝒛 axis, respectively.

❑ But,
ഥ= 𝒂
𝑭 ෝ𝑭 𝑭
❑ And
ഥ =
𝑭= 𝑭 𝑭𝟐𝒙 + 𝑭𝟐𝒚 + 𝑭𝟐𝒛

ഥ
𝑭 𝑭𝒙 𝑭𝒚 𝑭𝒛
ෝ𝑭 =
𝒂 = ෝ+
𝒙 ෝ+
𝒚 𝒛ො
ഥ
𝑭 𝑭 𝑭 𝑭
VECTOR ADDATION AND SUBTRACTION
❑ If we express,
ഥ = 𝑨𝒙 𝒙
𝑨 ෝ + 𝑨𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑨𝒛 𝒛ො
ഥ = 𝑩𝒙 𝒙
𝑩 ෝ + 𝑩𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑩𝒛 𝒛ො
❑ Then,

ഥ+𝑩
𝑨 ഥ = (𝑨𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑨𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑨𝒛 𝒛ො ) + (𝑩𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑩𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑩𝒛 𝒛ො )

ഥ=𝑨
𝑪 ഥ+𝑩
ഥ=𝒙
ෝ (𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 ) + 𝒚
ෝ (𝑨𝒚 + 𝑩𝒚 ) + 𝒛ො (𝑨𝒛 + 𝑩𝒛 )

❑ From the expansion of 𝑪

ഥ , we obtain

𝑪𝒙 = (𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 ) , 𝑪𝒚 = (𝑨𝒚 + 𝑩𝒚 )
𝑪𝒛 = (𝑨𝒛 + 𝑩𝒛 )
❑ The subtraction of two vectors 𝑨
ഥ and 𝑩
ഥ.

ഥ=𝑨
𝑫 ഥ-𝑩
ഥ=𝑨
ഥ + (- 𝑩
ഥ ) = (𝑨𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑨𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑨𝒛 𝒛ො )
- (𝑩𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑩𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑩𝒛 𝒛ො )
ഥ=𝑨
𝑫 ഥ-𝑩
ഥ=𝒙
ෝ (𝑨𝒙 - 𝑩𝒙 ) + 𝒚
ෝ (𝑨𝒚 - 𝑩𝒚 ) + 𝒛ො (𝑨𝒛 - 𝑩𝒛 )

-𝑩
ഥ
ഥ
𝑨 𝒛

ഥ
𝑨

ഥ
𝑩

ഥ
𝑩 ഥ
𝑩

𝒙
POSITION VECTORS, DISTANCE
VECTORS, FIELDS AND FIELD VECTORS
❑ A position vector is defined as the directed distance
from the origin to a coordinate point in space.

❑ A distance vector is defined as the directed distance

between two coordinate points in space.

❑ A field (scalar field) is defined as the mathematical

specification in terms of position variables and time of
physical quantity such as, temperature in a given
region.

❑ A vector field is defined as the mathematical

specification in terms of physical quantity has direction
and magnitude such as, velocity field distribution.
 𝒑𝟏 (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒛𝟏 )
𝒛 𝒛
𝑹𝒑𝟏 𝒑(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)
𝑹𝟏𝟐

𝒑𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒛𝟐 ) 𝑹𝒑
𝑹𝒑𝟐
𝒚 𝒚
(𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎)

𝒙 𝒙 𝑹𝒑 = 𝒙ෝ
𝒙 + 𝒚ෝ
𝒚 + 𝒛ො𝒛
𝑹𝟏𝟐 = 𝑹𝒑𝟐 − 𝑹𝒑𝟏
ෝ + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 ෝ + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒛ො

❑ Uniform field does not vary with distance.

❑ Constant field does not vary with time.

VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
𝒛
❑ Scalar Times a Vector
ഥ
𝑨
ഥ=𝒂 𝑨
𝒂𝑨 ഥ ∠∅
𝒛ො ∅
ഥ
= 𝒂 𝑨𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝒂 𝑨𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝒂 𝑨𝒛 𝒛ො ෝ
𝒙
𝑩
𝒚
ෝ
𝒚

❑ Dot Product (Scalar Product) (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎)

𝒙
ഥ=𝑩
ഥ .𝑩 ഥ .𝑨
ഥ 𝒛
𝑨 ഥ
𝑩
ෝ𝑩
𝒂
= 𝑨
ഥ 𝑩
ഥ cos ∅ ∅
ഥ
𝑨
and ෝ𝑨
𝒂

ഥ .𝑩
𝑨 ഥ ഥ
𝑨 ഥ
𝑩 𝒚
cos ∅ = ഥ 𝑩ഥ
= ഥ
∙ ഥ
=𝒂
ෝ𝑨 ∙ 𝒂
ෝ𝑩 (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎)
𝑨 𝑨 𝑩

𝒙
 ഥ = (𝑨𝒙 𝒙
ഥ .𝑩
𝑨 ෝ + 𝑨𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑨𝒛 𝒛ො ) . (𝑩𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑩𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑩𝒛 𝒛ො )
=𝟏 =𝟏 =𝟏
= 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 𝒙 ෝ + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 𝒚
ෝ. 𝒙 ෝ + 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛 𝒛ො . 𝒛ො +
ෝ. 𝒚
ෝ + …… + ……
ෝ. 𝒚
𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝒙
=𝟎 =𝟎
❑ But,

ෝ=𝒚
ෝ. 𝒙
𝒙 ෝ=𝒚
ෝ. 𝒚 ෝ=1
ෝ. 𝒚 [cos ∅ = cos 𝟎𝑜 = 𝟏]

ෝ=𝒙
ෝ. 𝒚
𝒙 ෝ. 𝒛ො = … … = 0 [cos ∅ = cos 𝟗𝟎𝑜 = 𝟎]

❑ Finally,

𝑨 ഥ=𝑩
ഥ .𝑩 ഥ .𝑨
ഥ
= 𝑨 ഥ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ = 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛
ഥ 𝑩
❑ Projection of vector 𝑩
ഥ on to vector 𝑨
ഥ= 𝑩
ഥ cos ∅
ഥ .𝑩
𝑨 ഥ
= ഥ
𝑨

❑ Example (1):
Find the projection of vector 𝑨
ഥ = 𝑨𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑨𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑨𝒛 𝒛ො on
to the 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 directions.

❑ Solution:

ഥ .ෝ
𝑨 𝒙
ෝ
= (𝑨𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑨𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑨𝒛 𝒛ො ) . 𝒙
ෝ = 𝑨𝒙
𝒙
ഥ .ෝ
𝑨 𝒚
ෝ
= (𝑨𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑨𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑨𝒛 𝒛ො ) . 𝒚
ෝ = 𝑨𝒚
𝒚
ഥ .ො𝒛
𝑨
= (𝑨𝒙 𝒙
ෝ + 𝑨𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑨𝒛 𝒛ො ) . 𝒛ො = 𝑨𝒛
𝒛ො
❑ Cross Product (Vector Product)
𝒛
𝑨 ഥ=−
ഥ ×𝑩 ഥ ×𝑨
𝑩 ഥ ≠𝑩 ഥ ×𝑨ഥ ഥ
𝑩
ෝ𝑩
𝒂
= ഥ 𝑩
𝑨 ഥ sin ∅ 𝒂
ෝ𝒏 ∅
ഥ
𝑨
ෝ𝑨
𝒂
+ - + ෝ𝒏
𝒂

(𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒚
ෝ
𝒙 ෝ
𝒚 𝒛ො
= 𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛
𝒙
𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛

= (𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒛 − 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒚 ) 𝒙
ෝ + (𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒙 − 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒛 ) 𝒚
ෝ
+ (𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒚 − 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒙 ) 𝒛ො
❑ But,

ෝ=𝒚
ෝ×𝒙
𝒙 ෝ=𝒚
ෝ×𝒚 ෝ=0
ෝ×𝒚 [sin ∅ = sin 𝟎𝑜 = 𝟎]

ෝ = 𝒛ො , 𝒚
ෝ×𝒚
𝒙 ෝ × 𝒛ො = 𝒙
ෝ , 𝒛ො × 𝒙
ෝ=𝒚
ෝ,… [𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒙𝒚𝒛]
❑ Triple Vector Product

ഥ ×𝑩
𝑨 ഥ=𝑨
ഥ ∙𝑪 ഥ ∙ (𝑩 ഥ) = 𝑩
ഥ ×𝑪 ഥ×𝑨
ഥ ∙ (𝑪 ഥ)

𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛
= 𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛
𝑪𝒙 𝑪𝒚 𝑪𝒛

ഥ ×𝑩
𝑨 ഥ≠𝑨
ഥ ×𝑪 ഥ × (𝑩 ഥ
ഥ × 𝑪)

=𝑩 ഥ∙𝑨
ഥ 𝑪 ഥ −𝑨 ഥ∙𝑩
ഥ 𝑪 ഥ
❑ Example (2):
For the two given vectors , 𝑨
ഥ =𝟐𝒙
ෝ+𝟒𝒚
ෝ + 𝟓 𝒛ො and
ഥ =𝟐𝒙
𝑩 ෝ+𝟒𝒚 ෝ - 𝟒 𝒛ො

Find 𝑨 ഥ , 𝑨
ഥ ×𝑩 ഥ and 𝑨
ഥ ∙𝑩 ഥ ×𝑩 ഥ.
ഥ ∙𝑨

❑ Solution:

ഥ =
𝑨 (𝟐)𝟐 +(𝟒)𝟐 +(𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟑 𝟓

ഥ =
𝑩 (𝟐)𝟐 +(𝟒)𝟐 +(−𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟔

ෝ
𝒙 ෝ 𝒛ො
𝒚
ഥ= 𝟐
ഥ ×𝑩
𝑨 𝟒 𝟓 = −𝟑𝟔 𝒙
ෝ + 𝟏𝟖 𝒚
ෝ
𝟐 𝟒 −𝟒
ഥ = (𝟐ෝ
ഥ .𝑩
𝑨 𝒙 + 𝟒ෝ
𝒚 + 𝟓ො𝒛) . (𝟐ෝ
𝒙 + 𝟒ෝ
𝒚 − 𝟒ො𝒛)
= 4+16-20 = 0
❑ Solution [Cont.]:

𝑨 ഥ=0
ഥ .𝑩 ഥ ⊥𝑩
𝑨 ഥ

ഥ ×𝑩
𝑨 ഥ = (−𝟑𝟔ෝ
ഥ ∙𝑨 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖ෝ 𝒙 + 𝟒ෝ
𝒚) . (𝟐ෝ 𝒚 + 𝟓ො𝒛)
= -72+72 = 0

ഥ ×𝑩
𝑨 ഥ=0
ഥ ∙𝑨 ഥ ×𝑩
𝑨 ഥ ⊥𝑨
ഥ
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
❑ In three dimensions, the coordinate system can be
specified by the intersection of three surfaces.

❑ An orthogonal coordinate system is defined when

these three surfaces are mutually orthogonal at a
point.

❑ In Cartesian or rectangular coordinates, all of the

surfaces are planes and they are specified by each of
the independent variables 𝒙 , 𝒚 and 𝒛 separately being
a constant.

❑ In cylindrical coordinates, the surfaces are two planes

and a cylinder.

❑ In spherical coordinates, the surfaces are a sphere,

a plane and a cone.
CARTESIAN COORDINATES

(a) A right-handed Cartesian coordinate system. (b) The

location of points 𝑷 and 𝑸. (c) The differential volume element.
CARTESIAN COORDINATES

( or 𝒛ො )

( or 𝒚
ෝ)
( or 𝒙
ෝ)

ഥ 𝑷𝑸 = 𝒓ത 𝑸 − 𝒓ത 𝑷
𝑹
= 𝟐−𝟏 𝒙 ෝ + −𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒚
ෝ + 𝟏 − 𝟑 𝒛ො
=𝒙ෝ − 𝟒ෝ 𝒚 − 𝟐ො𝒛

(a) The component vectors 𝒙 ഥ,𝒚 ഥ and 𝒛ത of vector 𝒓ത . (b) The unit
vectors of the Cartesian coordinate system. (c) The vector 𝑹 ഥ 𝑷𝑸 .
CARTESIAN COORDINATES

Differential 𝒙- direction 𝒚- direction 𝒛- direction

Lengths, 𝒅𝒍ҧ ෝ
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 ෝ
𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒛ො

Surface
ෝ
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒙 ෝ
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒛ො
Areas, 𝒅ത𝒔

Volume, 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

Vector ഥ 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕. = 𝐹𝑥 𝑥ො + 𝐹𝑦 𝑦ො + 𝐹𝑧 𝑧Ƹ
components
𝑭
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

(ෝ
𝝆 or 𝒓ො 𝒄 )

(a) The three mutually perpendicular surfaces of the cylindrical coordinate

system. (b) The three unit vectors. (c) The differential volume unit.
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

𝒙 = 𝝆 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅
𝒚 = 𝝆 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
𝒛=𝒛

𝝆= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
−𝟏
𝒚
∅ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝒙
𝒛=𝒛

The relationship between the Cartesian coordinate

variables 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 and the cylindrical coordinate variables
𝝆, ∅, 𝒛.
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

Differential 𝝆- direction ∅- direction 𝒛- direction

Lengths, 𝒅𝒍ҧ ෝ
𝒅𝝆 𝝆 ෡
𝝆 𝒅∅ ∅ 𝒅𝒛 𝒛ො

Surface ෡
ෝ
𝝆 𝒅∅ 𝒅𝒛 𝝆 𝒅𝝆𝒅𝒛 ∅ 𝝆 𝒅𝝆 𝒅∅ 𝒛ො
Areas, 𝒅ത𝒔

Volume, 𝒅𝒗 𝝆 𝒅𝝆 𝒅∅ 𝒅𝒛

Vector ഥ 𝑪𝒚𝒍. = 𝐹𝝆 𝝆 ෡ + 𝐹𝑧 𝑧Ƹ
components
𝑭 ෝ + 𝐹∅ ∅
SPHERICAL COORDINATES

(ො𝒓 or 𝒓ො 𝒔 )
(a) The three spherical coordinate (b) The three mutually perpendicular
surfaces of the spherical coordinate system. (c) The three unit vectors. (d) The
differential volume element.
SPHERICAL COORDINATES

𝒙 = 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅
𝒚 = 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
𝒛
𝜽= 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
𝒚
∅ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙

The relationship between the Cartesian coordinate

variables 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 and the spherical coordinate variables 𝒓,
𝜽, ∅.
SPHERICAL COORDINATES

Differential 𝒓- direction 𝜽- direction ∅- direction

Lengths, 𝒅𝒍ҧ 𝒅𝒓 𝒓ො ෡
𝒓 𝒅𝜽 𝜽 ෡
𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅∅ ∅

Surface ෡ ෡
𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅∅ 𝒓ො 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅∅ 𝒅𝒓 𝜽 𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽 ∅
Areas, 𝒅ത𝒔

Volume, 𝒅𝒗 𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝜽 𝒅∅

Vector ഥ 𝒔𝒑𝒉. = 𝐹𝒓 𝒓ො + 𝐹𝜽 𝜽 ෡
෡ + 𝐹∅ ∅
components
𝑭
TRANSFORMATION OF VECTORS
❑ The transformation between the two coordinate systems
is found by taking the scalar product of the unit vector in
the new coordinate system with the vector in the other
coordinate system and correctly interpreting the scalar
products of the unit vectors.

❑ In Cartesian coordinate,
ഥ 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕. = 𝑭𝒙 𝒙
𝑭 ෝ + 𝑭𝒚 𝒚
ෝ + 𝑭𝒛 𝒛ො

❑ In cylindrical coordinate, ( 𝝆
ෝ or 𝒓ො 𝒄 )

ഥ 𝑪𝒚𝒍. = 𝑭𝝆 𝝆
𝑭 ෡ + 𝑭𝒛 𝒛ො
ෝ + 𝑭∅ ∅

❑ In spherical coordinate, ( 𝒓ො or 𝒓ො 𝒔 )

ഥ 𝒔𝒑𝒉. = 𝑭𝒓 𝒓ො + 𝑭𝜽 𝜽
𝑭 ෡
෡ + 𝑭∅ ∅
TRANSFORMATION OF VECTORS
CYLINDRICAL – CARTESIAN VECTORS
TRANSFORMATION
𝒛
𝝆= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 ∅ =
𝒙
𝒙 𝒙 𝒛ෝ
𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ = = 𝒛
𝝆 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝒚ෝ
𝒙ෝ
𝒚
𝒚 𝒚 ∅ 𝝆
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅ = = 𝒛ෝ 𝒛ෝ 𝒙
𝝆 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ෡
∅
𝒚 𝒙ෝ 𝒚ෝ
∅
𝒙 𝝆ෝ
CYLINDRICAL – CARTESIAN VECTORS
TRANSFORMATION

❑ First, 𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭
ഥ 𝒄𝒚𝒍. ∙ 𝒙
ෝ

ෝ∙𝒙
𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭𝝆 𝝆 ෡∙𝒙
ෝ + 𝑭∅ ∅ ෝ + 𝑭𝒛 𝒛ො ∙ 𝒙
ෝ
=𝟎
But,
ෝ∙𝒙
𝝆 ෝ = cos ∅

𝜋
෡∙𝒙
∅ ෝ = cos + ∅ = − sin ∅
2

∴ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭𝝆 cos ∅ − 𝑭∅ sin ∅
CYLINDRICAL – CARTESIAN VECTORS
TRANSFORMATION

❑ Second, 𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭
ഥ 𝒄𝒚𝒍. ∙ 𝒚
ෝ

ෝ∙𝒚
𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭 𝝆 𝝆 ෡∙𝒚
ෝ + 𝑭∅ ∅ ෝ + 𝑭𝒛 𝒛ො ∙ 𝒚
ෝ
=𝟎
But,
𝜋
ෝ∙𝒚
𝝆 ෝ = cos − ∅ = sin ∅
2
෡∙𝒚
∅ ෝ = cos ∅

∴ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭𝝆 sin ∅ + 𝑭∅ cos ∅
CYLINDRICAL – CARTESIAN VECTORS
TRANSFORMATION
❑ Third, 𝑭𝒛 = 𝑭
ഥ 𝒄𝒚𝒍. ∙ 𝒛ො

෡ ∙ 𝒛ො + 𝑭𝒛 𝒛ො ∙ 𝒛ො
ෝ ∙ 𝒛ො + 𝑭∅ ∅
𝑭𝒛 = 𝑭 𝝆 𝝆
=𝟎 =𝟎 =𝟏

∴ 𝑭𝒛 ȁ𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒕. = 𝑭𝒛 ȁ𝑪𝒚𝒍.
SPHERICAL – CARTESIAN VECTORS
TRANSFORMATION
𝒛
𝝆= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝝆
𝒓ෝ
𝝆 ෡
∅
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒛ෝ 𝜽 𝒓
𝒛 𝒚ෝ 𝒛 𝜽෡
𝒛 𝒙ෝ
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒚
𝒓 ∅ 𝝆
𝒛ෝ 𝒛ෝ 𝒙
෡
∅
𝝆
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒚 𝒙ෝ 𝒚ෝ
𝒓 ∅
𝒙 𝝆ෝ
SPHERICAL – CARTESIAN VECTORS
TRANSFORMATION
❑ First, 𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭
ഥ 𝑺𝒑𝒉. ∙ 𝒙
ෝ

𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭𝒓 𝒓ො ∙ 𝒙 ෡∙𝒙
ෝ + 𝑭𝜽 𝜽 ෡∙𝒙
ෝ + 𝑭∅ ∅ ෝ
But,
𝒙
𝒓ො ∙ 𝒙
ෝ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ =
𝒓
𝒙𝒛
෡∙𝒙
𝜽 ෝ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ =
𝝆𝒓
𝝅 −𝒚
෡∙𝒙
∅ ෝ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + ∅ = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ =
𝟐 𝝆

∴ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭𝒓 sin 𝜽 cos ∅ + 𝑭𝜽 cos 𝜽 cos ∅ − 𝑭∅ sin ∅

SPHERICAL – CARTESIAN VECTORS
TRANSFORMATION
❑ Second, 𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭
ഥ 𝑺𝒑𝒉. ∙ 𝒚
ෝ

𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭𝒓 𝒓ො ∙ 𝒚 ෡∙𝒚
ෝ + 𝑭𝜽 𝜽 ෡∙𝒚
ෝ + 𝑭∅ ∅ ෝ
But,
𝒚
𝒓ො ∙ 𝒚
ෝ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅ =
𝒓
𝒚𝒛
෡∙𝒚
𝜽 ෝ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅ =
𝝆𝒓
𝒙
෡∙𝒚
∅ ෝ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ =
𝝆

∴ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭𝒓 sin 𝜽 sin ∅ + 𝑭𝜽 cos 𝜽 sin ∅ + 𝑭∅ cos ∅

SPHERICAL – CARTESIAN VECTORS
TRANSFORMATION
❑ Second, 𝑭𝒛 = 𝑭
ഥ 𝑺𝒑𝒉. ∙ 𝒛ො

෡ ∙ 𝒛ො
෡ ∙ 𝒛ො + 𝑭∅ ∅
𝑭𝒛 = 𝑭𝒓 𝒓ො ∙ 𝒛ො + 𝑭𝜽 𝜽
But,
𝒛
𝒓ො ∙ 𝒛ො = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 =
𝒓
−𝝆
෡ ∙ 𝒛ො = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 =
𝜽
𝒓
෡ ∙ 𝒛ො = 𝟎
∅

∴ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝑭𝒓 cos 𝜽 − 𝑭𝜽 sin 𝜽
SPHERICAL – CARTESIAN VECTORS
TRANSFORMATION
INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR VECTORS
❑ Line Integral:

𝒃
ഥ . 𝒅𝒍ҧ
‫𝑭 𝒂׬‬ and ഥ . 𝒅𝒍ҧ
‫𝑭 𝒍ׯ‬

❑ If the closed line integral over all possible paths

were equal to zero, then the vector field would
belong to a class of fields that are called
conservative fields. 𝒅ത𝒔

❑ Surface Integral: 𝒅ത𝒔 𝒅ത𝒔

𝒅ത𝒔
𝒅ത𝒔
ഥ . 𝒅ത𝒔
‫𝑭 𝒔∆׬‬ and ഥ . 𝒅ത𝒔
‫𝑭 𝒔ׯ‬
INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR VECTORS
❑ Volume Integral:

න 𝝆𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝑸
∆𝒗

❑ Finally, we will encounter various volume integrals of

scalar quantities, such as, a volume charge density
𝝆𝒗 .

❑ A typical integration would involve the computation

of the total charge in volume if the volume charge
density were known.
DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS FOR VECTORS
❑ Gradient:

The gradient is defined as the vector that represents

both the magnitude and the direction of the
maximum spatial rate of increase of a scalar.

ഥ ≡ 𝛁𝑭
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑭 ഥ
and

ഥ
𝝏𝑭 ഥ
𝝏𝑭 ഥ
𝝏𝑭
ഥ=
𝛁𝑭 ෝ+
𝒙 ෝ+
𝒚 𝒛ො
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS FOR VECTORS
❑ Divergence:

The divergence operator is useful in determining if

there is a source or a sink at a certain in space in a
region where a vector field exists.

ഥ . 𝒅ത𝒔
‫𝑭 𝒔ׯ‬
ഥ ≡𝛁∙𝑭
𝒅𝒊𝒗 𝑭 ഥ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒗→𝟎 ∆𝒗
and

𝝏𝑭𝒙 𝝏𝑭𝒚 𝝏𝑭𝒛

ഥ=
𝛁∙𝑭 + +
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS FOR VECTORS
❑ Curl:
The curl is vector operation that can be used to
state if there is a rotation associated with a vector
field.

ഥ . 𝒅𝒍ҧ
ෝ ‫𝑭 𝒍ׯ‬
𝒏
ഥ ≡𝛁×𝑭
𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑭 ഥ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒔→𝟎 ∆𝒔
and

෡
𝒙 ෝ
𝒚 𝒛ො

𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
ഥ=
𝛁×𝑭 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
Cartesian Coordinate

𝑭𝒙 𝑭𝒚 𝑭𝒛
REPEATED VECTOR OPERATIONS

❑ The three vector operations that will be examined

are:

1st Equation: ഥ=𝟎

𝛁∙𝛁×𝑭

2nd Equation: ഥ=𝟎

𝛁 × 𝛁𝑭

3rd Equation: ഥ = 𝛁𝟐 𝑭
𝛁 ∙ 𝛁𝑭 ഥ
ഥ 𝝏𝟐 𝑭
𝝏𝟐 𝑭 ഥ 𝝏𝟐 𝑭
ഥ
= 𝟐+ 𝟐+ 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

The 3rd equation is “Laplacian Operation”

The End of Chapter (1)

Thanks