BASIC ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
Module 3
Engr. Jefrey Jay S. Claus
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe an electric circuit and Ohm’s Law
2. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the voltages and currents in electric circuits.
3. Analyze single-loop and single-node-pair circuits to calculate the voltages and currents in
an electric circuit using Kirchhoff's Law.
4. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law to determine the voltages and
currents in an electric circuit.
 Network Theorem
Since the elements of an electric circuit can be interconnected in several ways, there
are basic terms and concepts of network topology to be understood. To differentiate between
a circuit and a network, we may regard a
Network as an interconnection of elements or devices
whereas a
Circuit is a network providing one or more closed paths
 Network Theorem
The convention, when addressing network topology, is to use the
word network rather than circuit. This is done even though the words
network and circuit mean the same thing when used in this context. In
network topology, we study the properties relating to the placement of
elements in the network and the geometric configuration of the
network. Such elements include branches, nodes, and loops
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor
 Network Theorem
◦ In other words, a branch represents any two- terminal element. The circuit has five
branches, namely, the 10-V voltage source, the 2-A current source, and the three resistors
 Network Theorem
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches

A node is usually indicated by a

dot in a circuit. If a short circuit (a
connecting wire) connects two
nodes, the two nodes constitute a
single node. The circuit in the figure
has three nodes a, b, and c. The
three points that form node b are
connected by perfectly
conducting wires and therefore
constitute a single point. The same
is true of the four points forming
node c.
 Network Theorem
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

A loop is a closed path formed

by starting at a node, passing
through a set of nodes, and
returning to the starting node
without passing through any node
more than once. A loop is said to be
independent if it contains a branch
which is not in any other loop.
Independent loops or paths result in
independent sets of equations. For
example, the closed path bcb
contains 3-Ω resistor and a 2A
current source.
Series and Parallel Complex Circuit
Get the total resistance of the circuit
Series and Parallel Complex Circuit
Get the total resistance of the circuit
Series and Parallel Complex Circuit
Get the total resistance of the circuit
Series and Parallel Complex Circuit
Get the total resistance of the circuit
Series and Parallel Complex Circuit
Get the total resistance of the circuit
KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
In 1845, German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff first
described two laws that became central to
electrical engineering- the Kirchhoff's Current Law
(also known as Kirchhoff's Junction Law, and
Kirchhoff's First Law) and the Kirchhoff’s Voltage
Law.

These laws are extremely useful in real life

because they describe the relation of values of
currents that flow through a junction point and
voltages in an electrical circuit loop. They describe
how electrical current flows in all of the billions of
electric appliances and devices, as well as
throughout homes and businesses, that are in use
continually on Earth
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
This first law states that the algebraic sum of the currents
entering any node is zero. In mathematical form the law
appears as

where 𝑖𝑗(𝑡) is the 𝑗𝑡ℎ current entering the node through branch 𝑗
and 𝑁 is the number of branches connected to the node.
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
To understand the use of this law, consider node 3 shown in
the figure;
Applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law
(KCL) to this node,

𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝟓 − 𝒊𝟒 − 𝒊𝟕 = 𝟎

We have assumed that the

algebraic signs of the currents entering
the node are positive and, therefore,
that the signs of the currents leaving
the node are negative.
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW

Alternately, we can write the equation as

𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝟓 = 𝒊𝟒 + 𝒊𝟕

which states that the sum of the currents entering a node is

equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node. Both of these
italicized expressions are alternative forms of Kirchhoff’s current
law.
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
EXAMPLE 1:
Considering the circuit diagram shown, find the unknown
current in the network.
Solution:
Assuming that the currents leaving a
junction is positive.
By KCL
at node 1
𝐼1 − 60𝑚𝐴 − 20𝑚𝐴 = 0;80 mA
at node 2
𝐼4 - 𝐼1 - 𝐼6 = 0;-10 mA
at node 3
60𝑚𝐴 + 𝐼5 − 𝐼4 − 40𝑚𝐴 = 0;70mA
node 4
30𝑚𝐴 + 20𝑚𝐴 − 𝐼5 = 0;50mA
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
EXAMPLE 1:
Considering the circuit diagram shown, find the unknown
current in the network.

The first equation yields 𝐼1 and

the last equation yields 𝐼5. Knowing
𝐼5, we can immediately obtain 𝐼4
from the third equation. Then the
values of 𝐼1 and 𝐼4 yield the value of
𝐼6 from the second equation. The
results are 𝐼1 = 80 𝑚𝐴, 𝐼4 = 70 𝑚𝐴, 𝐼5
= 50 𝑚𝐴, and 𝐼6 = −10 𝑚𝐴.
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
1. Given the networks shown, find (a)I1 in network ; and (b)IT in
network

2. Find the current ix in the circuit given.

 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
1. Given the networks shown, find (a)I1 in network ; and (b)IT in
network

SOLUTION
(a)I1 = 50 mA
(b)Thru parallel characteristic:
It = 10 mA + 40 mA + 20mA
It = 70 mA
KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
2. Find the current ix in the circuit given.
Node
A

Node
B
(a)@ Node A:
+44 mA –Ix -10x = 0
Ix = 4 mA
(b) @ Node B
+Ix – 10Ix + 120 mA – 12 mA =0
Ix = 12 mA
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law describes the distribution of electrical
voltage within a loop, or closed conducting path, of an electrical
circuit. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that: the algebraic sum of the
voltage (potential) differences in any loop must equal zero. The
voltage differences include those associated with electromagnetic
fields (EMFs) and resistive elements, such as resistors, power sources
(batteries, for example) or devices—lamps, televisions, and
blenders— plugged into the circuit. Picture this as the voltage rising
and falling as you proceed around any of the individual loops in the
circuit.
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Using the Voltage Rule requires some sign
conventions, which aren't necessarily as clear as
those in the Current Rule. Choose a direction
(clockwise or counterclockwise) to go along the
loop. When traveling from positive to negative (+ to -
) in an EMF (power source), the voltage drops, so the
value is negative. When going from negative to
positive (- to +), the voltage goes up, so the value is
positive.
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
Remember that when traveling around the circuit to apply
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, be sure you are always going in the
same direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to determine
whether a given element represents an increase or decrease in
the voltage. If you begin jumping around, moving in different
directions, your equation will be incorrect. When crossing a
resistor, the voltage change is determined by the formula:

𝑽= 𝑰 ∗ 𝑹

where I is the value of the current

R is the resistance of the resistor
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
EXAMPLE 1:
Consider the circuit shown in the figure. If VR1 and V R2 are known
quantities, find VR3.
SOLUTION
By KVL:
VR1-30V+VR3-15V+VR2-5=0
𝑉𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝑅3 = 50 + 15 + 30
Now suppose that VR1 and V R2 are
known to be 18V and 12v,
respectively.
18V+12V+Vr3=50+15+30
VR3= 65V
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
EXAMPLE 2:
Consider the network in the figure. Let us apply KVL to determine the
voltage between two points. Specifically, in terms of the double-subscript
notation, find Vae and Vec.

SOLUTION
The circuit is redrawn in figure b. Since points a and e as well as e and c
are not physically close, the arrow notation is very useful. Our approach to
determining the unknown voltage is to apply KVL with the unknown voltage in
the closed path. Therefore, to determine Vae we can use the path aefa or
abcdea.
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
SOLUTION
The equations for the two paths in which Vae is the only unknown are
-𝑉𝑎𝑒 - 10 + 24 = 0
and
-16 + 12 - 4 - 6 + 𝑉𝑎𝑒 = 0

Note that both equations yield Vae = 14 V. Even before calculating

Vae, we could calculate Vec using the path cdec or cefabc. However,
since Vae is now known, we can also use the path ceabc. KVL for each
of these paths is
- 4 - 6 + 𝑉𝑒𝑐 = 0
-𝑉𝑒𝑐 - 10 + 24 - 16 + 12 = 0
𝑉𝑒𝑐 = 10 V
each of these equations yields
𝑉𝑒𝑐 = 10 𝑉
 KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
EXAMPLE 2:
Given the network containing a dependent source, write the KVL
equations for the two closed paths abda and bcdb.

SOLUTION
The two KVL equations are

-𝑉𝑅1 - 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝑆 = 0

-20𝑉𝑅1 - 𝑉𝑅3 + 𝑉𝑅2 = 0

MAXWELL’S MESH ANALYSIS
The solution of complex network are frequently
be simplified by using a system of loop or mesh
current instead of branch currents of the frequently
(Kirchhoff’ Law) procedure. First proposed by James
clerk Maxwell, the method involved a set of
independent loop current assigned to as many
meshes, as exist in the circuit and those current
assigned are employed in the connection of
appropriate resistance when the KVL equation are
written the arbitrary assumed loop current may or
may not exist in the various resistors but when
determined will readily yield the desired by simply
algebraic conditions. The scheme as will be shown
offers the advantages that fewer of equations need
be written to solve a given problem.
 MAXWELL’S MESH ANALYSIS
Mesh analysis is not quite a general as nodal analysis because it is
only applicable to a circuit that is planar. A planar circuit is one that can
be drawn in a plane with no branches crossing one another; otherwise it
is non-planar. A circuit may have crossing branches and still be planar if it
can be redrawn such that it has no crossing branches.
 MAXWELL’S MESH ANALYSIS
A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
Paths abefa and bcdeb are meshed, but abcdefa is not a mesh. The
current through a mesh is known as mesh current. In mesh analysis, we
are interested in applying KVL to find the mesh currents in a given
circuits.
 MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT SOURCE
Applying mesh analysis to circuits containing current sources (dependent
or independent) may appear complicated. But it is actually much easier
than what we encountered in the previous section, because the
presence of the current sources reduces the number of equations.
Consider the following two possible cases.
Case 1 : When a current sources Case 2: When a current sources
exists only in one mesh exists between two meshes.
 MESH ANALYSIS WITH CURRENT SOURCE
A super mesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or
independent) current source in common, Note the following properties
of a suprmesh.
1. The current source in the supermesh is not completely ignored: it
provides the constant equation necessary to solve for the mesh
currents.
2. A supermesh has no current of its own.
3. A supermesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL.
 MAXWELL’S MESH ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 1: SOLUTION
Find the current through each branch. Select the close loop current
direction I1 and I 2.Apply Kirchoff's
I1 I2 voltage law to each closed loop
For first loop it will be defined:

For the second loop:

 MAXWELL’S MESH ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 1: SOLUTION
Find the current through each branch.
 MAXWELL’S MESH ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
Find the voltage across the
R6.

I3

I1 I2