INSTITUTE ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT ACADEMIC UNIT-1

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Subject Name Basics Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code 21ELH-101
By
Akhil Nigam
Unit-1 Chapter-1
Introduction to Kirchhoff’s Law

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Lecture
Objectives
S.
Objectives
No.

1 To make student aware about introduction to kirchhoff’s law.

2 To aware about different terms used in kirchhoff’s law

3 To provide knowledge kirchhoff’s current law with examples.

4 To provide knowledge kirchhoff’s voltage law with examples.

https://library.automationdirect.com/basic-el
ectrical-theory/
5 To give applications of kirchhoff’s law.

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 Course
Objectives
S. No. Objectives

1 To meet students with basic knowledge of dc circuits, electromagnetism and ac fundamentals.

To aware about introduction to single and three phase ac circuit with their construction and
2 working principles.

3 To provide knowledge about electrical and electronics engineering fundamentals.

4 To acquire specific knowledge skills so as to comprehend how electric, magnetic and electronic
circuits are applied in practice.
https://library.automationdirect.com/basic-el
ectrical-theory/

3
 Course Outcomes
CO
Numbe Title Level
r

Identify the different types of electrical elements and the basic op-amp
CO1 circuit elements and to illustrate the various types of motors, transducers Remember
and batteries.

Understand basic principles of transformers, transducers, op-amps, DC

CO2 and AC motors and to compare the different methods for analyzing Understand
electrical and magnetic circuits.

Derive the relationships between parameters in electric and magnetic

CO3 Analyze
circuits and motors and to determine specifications of op-amps.

Solve the basic problems related to electric circuits, magnetic circuits and
CO4 motors and to assess the characteristics of different configurations of op- Evaluate
amps. https://library.automationdirect.com/basic-el
ectrical-theory/
Design the different applications of transducers, motors as well as the op-
CO5 amps like adders, subtractor and comparators. Create

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 Importance of Basic Electrical &
Electronics Engineering
• Use from home appliances to industrial plants.
• Usage in communication and satellite navigation system.
• Handles in electronics equipment and computers.
• Deals with the problem of power transmission and motor control.
• Control and monitor the medical appliances in hospitals.
• High voltage applications with heavy current.
• Robotics applications.
• Product designing and development.

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 Content
1. Introduction to Kirchhoff’s law
2. Different terms used in Kirchhoff’s law
3. Kirchhoff’s current law
4. Example based on KCL
5. Kirchhoff’s voltage law
6. Example based on KVL
7. Difference between KVL & KCL
8. Applications of Kirchhoff’s Laws

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 Kirchhoff’ Laws
• In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff developed a pair of
laws that deal with the conservation of current and energy within
electrical circuits.
• These two laws are commonly known as Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and
Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
• These laws help in calculating the electrical resistance of a complex
network or impedance in case of AC and the current flow in different
streams of the network. 

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 Terms Used in Kirchhoff’ Laws
• Node: A node is a point in the network or circuit where two or more
circuit elements are joined.
• Junction:  junction is a point in the network where three or more
circuit elements are joined. It is a point where the current is divided.
• Branch: The part of a network, which lies between the two junction
points is called a Branch.
• Loop: A closed path of a network is called a loop.
• Mesh: The most elementary form of a loop which cannot be further
divided is called a mesh.

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 Kirchhoff’ Current Law
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law goes by several names as Kirchhoff’s First
Law and Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule.
• According to the Junction rule, in a circuit, the total of the currents in
a junction is equal to the sum of currents outside the junction.
• While applying the KCL the incoming current is taken as positive and
the outgoing current is taken as negative. 
• It determines the current flowing through each branch of the
network.

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 Kirchhoff’ Current Law
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that” the algebraic sum of all the
currents at any node point or a junction of a circuit is zero”.
ΣI=0

Fig. 1 kcl
https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-kirchhoffs-current-law-and-kirchhoffs-voltage-law.html
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 Kirchhoff’ Current Law
• Considering the above figure as per the Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
i1 + i2 – i3 – i4 – i5 + i6 = 0……….(1)
The direction of incoming currents to a node is taken as positive while
the outgoing currents are taken as negative.
The reverse of this can also be taken, i.e. incoming current as negative
or outgoing as positive. It depends upon your choice.
The equation (1) can also be written as:
i1 + i2 + i6 = i3 + i4 + i5
Hence Sum of incoming currents = Sum of outgoing currents

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Numerical Based on Kirchhoff’ Current
Law

Fig. 2 Example on KCL

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Numerical Based on Kirchhoff’ Current
Law

Fig. 3 Example on KCL

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Numerical Based on Kirchhoff’ Current
Law

Fig.4 Example on KCL

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 Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law
• It states that the algebraic sum of the
voltages (or voltage drops) in any closed
path of a network that is transverse in a
single direction is zero. In other words, in
a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of all
the EMFs and the algebraic sum of all
the voltage drops (product of current (I)
and resistance (R) is zero. Fig. 5 kvl

ΣE+ΣV=0
https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-kirchhoffs
-current-law-and-kirchhoffs-voltage-law.ht
ml

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 Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law
• In any closed path (or circuit) in a network, the algebraic sum of the
IR product is equal to the EMF in that path.
• In other words, in any closed loop (which also known as Mesh), the
algebraic sum of the EMF applied is equal to the algebraic sum of the
voltage drops in the elements. Kirchhoff’s second law is also known
as Voltage Law or Mesh law.
ΣIR= ΣE.

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 Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law
• From fig we can write the equation of circuit. We can consider that
when we go from (-) polarity to (+) polarity we will take it as
negative value or when we go from (+) polarity to (-) polarity we will
take it as positive value.
• It depends upon you solution will be same.

Fig.6 KVL circuit

https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-kirchhoffs-current-law-and-kirchhoffs-voltage-law.html 17
 Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law

Here, the assumed current I causes a positive voltage drop when

flowing from the positive to negative potential while negative
potential drop when the current flowing from negative to the
positive potential.

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 Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law
• Considering the other figure shown below and assuming the
direction of the current i.

Fig. 7 kvl circuit

https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-kirchhoffs-current-law-and-
kirchhoffs-voltage-law.html 19
 Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law
• Therefore,

• It is seen that the voltage V1 is negative in both the equation (2) and
equation (3) while V2 is negative in the equation (2) but positive in
the equation (3). This is because of the change in the direction of the
current assumed in both the figures.

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Numerical Based on Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law

Fig. 8 Numerical on KVL

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Numerical Based on Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law

Fig. 9 Numerical on KVL

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Numerical Based on Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law

Fig. 10 Numerical on KVL

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Numerical Based on Kirchhoff’ Voltage Law

Fig. 11 Numerical on KVL 24

 Difference Between KVL and KCL
Parameter KVL KCL
Basis Based on conservation Based on conservation
of energy of charge
Applicable In closed path At node
Definition In closed circuit the At any node the
algebraic sum of algebraic sum of
voltage drop is zero. currents is zero.
Assumption Total number of closed Total number of closed
loop paths nodes

Table.1 Difference Between KVL & KCL

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 Applications of Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s laws help to evaluate all voltage and current in any circuit.
• These are used to overcome the problem of complexity of the circuit.
• Kirchhoff's laws are used to help us in understanding how current and
voltage work within a circuit?
• These help to understand the amount of voltage or current present in
the circuit.

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 Summary
We have discussed introduction to kirchhoff’s law.
We have studied about different terminologies used in kirchhoff’s
law.
We have discussed examples based on kirchhoff’s laws.
Differentiation between KVL & KCL.
We have learnt applications of kirchhoff’s law.

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 Frequently Asked Questions
Give the statement of kirchhoff’s voltage law.
Give the statement of kirchhoff’s current law.
In which networks kirchhoff’s laws are applicable?
Give the difference between kvl and kcl.
Define node, loop and mesh in your own words.

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 Practice Questions
• Find out the current in 2ohm in a circuit.

• Evaluate the current in 24ohm as given figure below.

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 To make students understand
• Concepts of kirchhoff’s laws with
LEARNING the help of examples.
OUTCOMES
• Importance of kirchhoff’s lwas in
electrical networks.

• Fundamentals of kirchhoff’s laws

with different terms used.

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 Course Outcome to Program Outcome
Relationship
(21ELH-101) BEEE
PO→

CO↓ PO PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
1

CO1 3 2 3

CO2 3 2 3

CO3 3 2 3

CO4 3 2 3

CO5 3 2 3

31
 Assessment Pattern

A B C D E F G
Assignment Time Bound Quiz (each Mid Semester Homework Discussion Attendance
(each Surprise Test quiz) Test(one per Forums and
assignment) (each test) test) engagement
Score on BB

10 12 4 20 NA NA 2

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 References
https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-kirchhoffs-current-law-and-kirchhoff
s-voltage-law.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/kirchhoffs-law-definition-applicati
on.html#:~:text=Kirchhoff's%20laws%20are%20used%20to,about%20
series%20and%20parallel%20resistors.
https://www.student-circuit.com/learning/year2/electronic-circuits/k
irchhoffs-law-application-circuits-analysis/
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits
-resistance/a/ee-kirchhoffs-laws

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: akhilnigam.eee@cumail.in