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Exercise 2

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Wafik ABASSI
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10 views

Exercise 2

Uploaded by

Wafik ABASSI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercise 2: (6 Points)

Turbulent flow in a cylindrical pipe is studied in this exercise.


Considering a water flow in a portion of a circular tube of axis Ox, radius R = 5 cm and length L = 20m
(Fig.2).

A pressure variation of Δp = 2,105 Pa is imposed between the inlet and outlet of the tube, and we want
to calculate the flow rate in the tube.

It is assumed that the velocity profile is established at the pipe inlet.

The water density ρ = 1000 kg m-3, and the kinematic viscosity,𝜈 = 10−6 m2s-1. The gravity is neglected

Fig.2: Average velocity profile of a turbulent flow in a tube

1. By evaluating the forces applied to the inlet and outlet sections and to the lateral wall of the pipe at
balance (equilibrium), calculate the friction velocity u∗ and deduce the Reynolds number relative to the
𝑢∗ 𝑅
friction : 𝑅𝑒 ∗ = and the thickness of the viscous sub-layer 𝛿𝜈
𝜐

2. Explain (briefly) the physical meaning of the viscous sub-layer notion and the different region of a
turbulent boundary layer.

In the approximation of a viscous sub-layer very thin compared to the radius R of the tube, the flow near
the wall can be considered as that of a boundary layer on a flat plate.
We note by 𝑦 = 𝑅 − 𝑟 the distance to the wall and 𝑈𝑜 the velocity at the centre of the pipe.

The expressions of the average velocity profile on the inertial zone (log-law zone (𝛿𝜈 ≪ 𝑦 ≪ 𝑅)) are:

𝑢̅(𝑦) 1 𝑦 𝑢̅(𝑦) − 𝑈𝑜 1 𝑦
= 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐶 (1) and = 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐶′ (2)
𝑢∗ 𝜅 𝛿𝜈 𝑢∗ 𝜅 𝑅

The experimental values of the constants obtained for this type of problem are:
1
≃ 2,5 (von Karman constant), 𝐶 ≃ 5 and C’=0
𝜅

3. Assuming that the law (2) is approximately valid on the entire cross-section of the pipe, show that
the flow rate is written as:

3 𝑢∗
𝑄 = 𝜋𝑅2 (𝑈0 − )
2𝜅
Following integrals can be used:
1 1
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and ∫ 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −1/4
0 0
4. From the laws (1) and (2), express 𝑈𝑜 ,the velocity at the centre, according u∗, the Re∗, as well as
the dimensionless constants.

5. Calculate the values of 𝑈𝑜 and Q and deduce that the flow rate can be written as:

𝑄 = 𝜋𝑅2 𝑈0 𝑓(𝑅𝑒 ∗ )

• Comment the limit 𝑅𝑒 ∗ → ∞

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