Class O1 Islamiyat Notes

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Notes for o’ LeveL

Islamiyat
Class: O1
Session: 2024-2025
Compiled by:
Hafiz Muhammad Usman
Lecturer Chenab College Jhang
Mobile No: 0333-6725057
0312-0325057
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Articles of Faith
Belief in Prophets
Prophet hood is the channel of communication between Allah and mankind. Muslims
believe in the long line of prophets from the prophet Adam to the last Prophet
Muhammad and they show respect to all the prophets. The Holy Quran says: “We
make no distinction between one and another of his messengers.” (2:285)
Prophet Hood is not an institution that can be attained through penance and prayers.
It is an extremely rare gift that Allah gives to whom He wills. All these prophets were
chosen by Allah, as Allah said: “Allah chooses messengers from angels and from
men. Surely, Allah is All-Hearing, All-Seeing”.
The Holy Quran says that Allah sent a Warner and guide to every nation and it
mentions the names of many of them. According to a tradition of the Holy Prophet,
their number is said to 1, 24,000. Holy Quran mentions almost thirty names such as:
Hazrat Adam, Hazrat Nuh, Hazrat Mosa, Hazrat Isa, Hazrat Saleh, Hazrat Ibraheem,
Hazrat Ismael, Hazrat Ishaq, Hazrat Dawood, Hazrat Yousuf, Hazrat Sulaiman,
Hazrat Zakaria, Hazrat Muhammad etc.
The Holy Quran insists that the prophets were raised to be obeyed and followed; as
Allah said: “We sent not a messenger, but to be obeyed, in accordance with the will
of Allah”. (4:64)
Duties of Prophets: Prophets were sent to educate the people, to correct their
beliefs and actions, to give the glad tidings of paradise for doing good deeds and
warn the people in case of doing bad deeds and to practice their teachings first, so
that they can prove that these teachings are practicable.
Books: Some of the Prophets were blessed with the Divine books like Hazrat
Dawood was given Zabur, Hazrat Mosa was given Taurat, Hazrat Isa was given
Injeel and the last prophet was blessed with Holy Quran. Some Prophets were
blessed with small books (suhuf), like Hazrat Ibraheem, Idrees etc.
Miracles: Many prophets were blessed with some miracles to show the people to
believe in their teachings as Hazrat Mosa’s stuff became a snake and his hand
started gleaming when he drew it, Hazrat Isa gave life to the dead with the
permission of Allah, made birds out of clay and breathed in them life that they
became the original birds, Holy Prophet split moon into halves and many others.
Prophets and their character:
 All the prophets were human beings and men. No woman, jinn or angel was
ever accorded the status of a prophet.
 Messengers were essentially innocent. No one else enjoys this level of
distinction.
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 The prophets had the best moral, habits and the finest characters. As Allah
said about Holy Prophet: “And verily you are on an exalted standard of
character”.
 Prophets conveyed to the people whatever was sent to them without any
alteration and corruption.
The prophet hood of Hazrat Muhammad is distinguished in many ways:
 It is universal, that means, he was not sent for any particular country or
community but for the whole world and the entire mankind. As Allah says: “We
have not sent you but as a universal messenger to men”.
 His prophet hood is eternal. With him, the chain of revelation and prophet
hood has come to an end. As Allah said: “But he is messenger of Allah and
the seal of the prophets”. He is termed as Khatam-un-Nabiyyin. The primary
meaning of Khatam is a seal and the secondary meaning is the end or the last
part of a thing. As Holy Prophet said:“I am the seal of the prophets and there
will be no prophet after me”.
 His message is perfect in all respects. The Holy Quran says: “This day have I
perfected your religion for you, complete my favour upon you, and have
chosen for you Islam as your religion”.(5:3)
 Allah has protected his message from change and corruption.
Effects of the belief in prophet hood on Muslim’s life:
 It flourishes the interfaith harmony among the different religious people, as the
basic message was same of all the prophets.
 He starts realizing the significance of the moral teachings conveyed by the
long chain of prophets and he will try to become a better and well-mannered
person.
 It gives the detailed knowledge to the people about the perfect life and divine
teachings.
 It helps the believers to understand and then follow the divine commands
keeping in mind the fate of the earlier communities who had rejected their
messengers and faced God’s punishment.
 It provides the clear demonstration to the people about the divine teachings
and it makes them easy to follow the divine teachings. As Allah said about
Holy Prophet: “Indeed in the messenger of Allah you have a good example to
follow”.
Belief in Predestination or Divine Decree
Meaning: The Arabic word for it is “Taqdeer” means “the measuring out of
something or fixing of a limit to it”. Faith in predestination means that we believe in
our heart and confess with our tongue that the Most High Allah has decreed all
things; what happens in the world, good and evil, obedience and disobedience, faith
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and infidelity, sickness and health, wealth and poverty, life and death and all these
are written in the Preserved Tablet (Loh-e- Mahfuz). Allah is the sole creator, all
powerful and all knowing. Therefore, Allah can write easily all the things before
happening.
Muslims also believe that Allah is powerful over all things that happen in the world,
and nothing happens unless he wills it. All the things we do are because of Allah’s
will and power. As the Holy Prophet said: “There is no ability or power except
through Allah”.
Holy Quran and Decree: The following verse testifies to this belief:
“No misfortune or calamity can happen on the earth or in yourselves but is recorded
in a Book before we bring it into existence. Verily, that is easy for Allah”. (57:22)
Holy Prophet and Decree:
Holy Prophet said: “Allah recorded the fates of all creatures 50,000 years before
creating the heavens and earth”. Holy Prophet also said: “The first thing Allah
created was the pen. He told it to write and when it asked Him what it should write
what was decreed, so it wrote what had taken place and what would take place to all
eternity”.
Objection:
Most non-religious people say that if everything is fated already, then how people
can be blamed for committing crimes in society. In answer to this objection, we say
that no doubt nothing happens unless he wills it. All the things we do are because of
Allah’s will and power. But not the bad things, because Allah only wills the good
things, but men carry out the bad deeds themselves. So Allah will reward the good
deeds at the last judgement, but he will condemn the bad deeds and will punish the
bad-doers by sending them to the fire. The holy Prophet said, this world is a seed-
bed for the world hereafter. He meant that the actions that we perform ourselves will
give us reward or punishment. Similarly, Islam tells us that Allah has shown both
paths, right and wrong and given every human the ability to do good or bad in life.
He has given human beings freedom of choice for their actions, but also made them
responsible for what they do. People decide what to do, so the pious people will be
rewarded and the wrong doers will be punished on the last Day of Judgment.
Some effects of this belief on Muslim’s life:
 It makes him brave and he will have no fear of any person because life and
death is decided by Allah.
 It makes him humble for he knows that he does not know what has been
decreed for him. This makes him admit his weakness and need of Allah.
 It will help him to overcome the vice of envy for he knows that the people have
got these bounties according to their decree.
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 It makes him satisfied and pleased in every situation; good and bad because
he knows everything comes to him is from Allah and according to his own
decree.
Belief in Life after death
Belief in the life after death, resurrection, final judgment, Akhirah is one of the articles
of faith. Following verse of the Holy Quran describes this fact as;
“Anyone who denies God, his angles, his books, his messengers and the Day of
Judgment has gone far, far astray”. (4:136)
The Holy Quran gives great importance to this belief, placing it next in importance to
faith in Allah at many places in the Holy Quran. It says;
“Any who believe in Allah and the last day and work righteousness, shall have their
reward with their Lord”.
Alam e Barzakh and Qiamat e Sughra:
A man’s life on this earth ends with his death, after which another life begins in the
state of Barzakh which is also called Qiamat-e-Sughra in which the righteous are
spoken of as tasting the fruits of good deeds while the evil doers have to taste the
evil consequences of their wrong deeds.
Qiamat e Kubra:
Islam says that a time known to Allah this world will be brought to an end with a
deafening noise. The earth will split apart and become a level stretch; the mountains
will crumble to dust and will fly here and there like wool. The sun will be folded up,
the moon will be in darkness, the stars will become dim and fall, the oceans will boil
over and burst forth and all those who are alive on earth at that time will die.
The Day of Judgment:
It means the day on which the bodies of the dead will be raised from their graves and
rejoined with their souls. All men will then stand before Allah to give an account of
their actions in this world. They will be given their record in their book of deeds which
they will be asked to read. Allah will set the Scale of Ultimate Justice and body
organs of each every individual will speak to tell the details of deeds and earth will
also speak about the deeds of people. Surah 99 says:
“Then anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good, shall see it. And anyone who
has done an atom’s weight of evil, shall see it”.
Finally, according to the deeds people will be treated forever. Allah said: “Then he
whose balance of good deeds will be heavy, will be in a life of good pleasure and
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satisfaction, but he, whose balance will be light, will live in a bottomless pit…..it is fire
blowing fiercely”.
No injustice will be done on that day. There will be no bargaining, no friendship or

intersession.
Effects of this belief:
 If we have developed this faith that the good and obedient people will be
rewarded in graves and in paradise and the sinners and wrong doers will be
punished in graves and in Hell, then we will try our best to be pious, pure,
disciplined, caring and compassionate because we know that Allah will give
us the reward of even the smallest act of good deed.
 It will develop the sense of responsibility, the love for good, hatred for evil, the
obedience of Allah, the fear of Allah, humility and patience.
 This world, then is seen by Muslims as a temporary place where their actions
and behaviour will determine what will become of them in their next life.
 It keeps the Muslims on the path of righteousness fulfilling the obligations of
the creator and their fellow beings.
 The holy Prophet said: “This world is a seed-bed for the world hereafter”. He
meant that the actions that we perform ourselves will give us reward or
punishment.
 It is source of great comfort and prosperity on earth.
 In the absence of this belief, there will be no deterrence to evil, sin, crime and
transgression, and this will lead only to disobedience, chaos, disturbance and
injustice and destruction in the world.
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Allah’s relationship with the created world:
The main theme (s) of this passage:
It is one of the early revelations and the first complete surah revealed to the Holy
Prophet. Al-Fatiha means the opening. This surah is known as Umm-ul-Kitab
(Mother of The Book) as it is the foundation of the Holy Quran. This surah is
mentioned in the Holy Quran as “the seven oft repeated verses” because it is
repeated several times in five daily prayers. The first four verses, including
Tasmiyah, focus on Allah’s attributes like mercy and lordship. The word Rab is used,
means the one who, step by step, helps one to grow from lower to higher stages till
he reaches the stages of finality and completeness. The next verse is about man’s
relationship with his creator. The surah ends by teaching a dua for guidance from
Allah of the straight path which is the path of the Prophets and all pious people.
The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:
The passage is very important for Muslims because it sums up the message of the
Holy Quran. This surah shows us that Allah showers us his mercy in many ways by
protecting, guiding and helping us to lead better lives. It teaches about power of
Allah that he alone can help so we should always turn to him for help and should
never lose hopes in Allah’s mercy. This surah tells us that only Allah can guide man
to the way of successful life and can protect us from wrong paths. Holy Prophet
recited it in all the kinds of prayers and all rakaat of prayers. Holy Prophet also
showed the importance of this surah by these words: “There will be no acceptance of
prayers without Surah Fatima”
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These verses are also from Surah Al-Baqarah, a Madinan surah. The main theme of
these verses is the relationship of Allah with his created world. God is the Creator of
humankind so they should only worship Him. The theme stresses on the rank of
Allah as not only the creator but also the provider of sustenance and life for all
human beings. All foods and fruits are his blessings and we must recognize his
powers through these blessings. So they should be grateful to God. As Allah said in
the Holy Quran: “Among His signs are night, and the day, and the sun and the moon.
Adore not the sun and moon, but adore Allah, who created them”. The passage also
teaches that righteousness and piety can be achieved by worshipping Allah alone.
The passage is very important for Muslim’s life today because it inculcates in human
the sense of gratitude to Allah for his countless bounties. The Holy Quran says it
repeatedly in Surah Al-Rahman: “Then which of the bounties of your lord will you
deny. The natural world is a comfort for humankind, and so they should look after it.
God provides the world for humankind so humans should be responsible for looking
after their environment, which can be done in many ways. They should worship him
alone and do his bidding.
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The main theme of this passage is to teach man his relationship with Allah. These
five verses are the very first revelation brought to Prophet by the angel Hazrat Jibrael
while he was meditating in the cave of Hira, outside Makkah at the age of 40. This
revelation was the beginning of the Holy Quran and it continued for the next twenty
three years. In fact Allah created man from a low origin and then matured him
physically, intellectually and spiritually by enabling him to read and write. As Allah
said: “Al-Rahman, who taught (mankind) the Quran”. The passage further describes
the importance of pen, as it is the foremost important instrument of saving and
transferring the enormous treasure of knowledge. Without pen knowledge would
have been confined to few people. It shows that knowledge is the special gift of Allah
for mankind.
Seeking knowledge is encouraged and so humankind should try their best to learn
throughout their lives, especially religious knowledge so they can get to know their
Lord. It teaches that after the creation of human, Allah has not left him alone but
gave him guidance through Prophets and Divine Books, It also tells us that it is he
who teaches men and women through reading and writing. Thus they must
remember that whatever knowledge they have is from Allah and they must use that
knowledge in the manner that pleases Allah. It also helps Muslims understand how
prophethood and Islam started, and they should reflect upon what God has sent
down for them to help them live their lives. Therefore, they should be grateful to God.
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The theme of the passage is Allah’s relations with created world. It highlights the
events of one of the most important articles of Islamic faith, belief in the Akhirah or
Life after death. This is a Makki surah and its title meanings are the violent and
terrifying natural calamity that turns everything upside down and is destructive. The
theme of this surah shows that Allah has not just given man life on this earth to do as
he pleases, rather this is a test for him. As Allah said in the Holy Quran: “Who has
created death and life, that He may test you which of you is best in deeds”. During
this test, every action big or small is being recorded by Allah. Once the test is over,
Allah shall destroy this world and all that is in it. Then he shall bring back all mankind
to life and put before them all that they had done in their lives. Not the smallest good
or bad shall go unnoticed by him. This surah is a warning for people to give up their
lives of sins and be obedient to Allah.
The verses reaffirm Muslim belief in the Day of Judgment. This passage reminds
them of the temporal nature of this world. Everything shall be destroyed in this world
and torn apart and only Allah will remain. Allah will make the earth to speak, shows
the power of Allah that nothing is impossible for him. So this thing showed that Allah
has complete control over entire universe. It also reminds that we should focus on
collecting those things which shall benefit on the Day of Judgement and should also
shun all bad deeds completely. This passage also teaches that one should not
consider any deed too small or insignificant because the smallest of deeds whether
good or bad shall be brought forward that day. Good deeds will be rewarded,
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encouraging Muslims to do good at all times, e.g. following the Pillars, being honest
and helping others. It keeps them away from unpleasant things, e.g. lying, cheating,
gossiping and not obeying God’s commandments.
The theme of this surah is Allah’s relations with created world. This is a Makki surah
which was revealed along with surah Al-Falaq, both are known as “Muawwazatain”
the two protecting surahs as these surahs protected the Holy Prophet from the magic
casted over him. This is the concluding surah of the Holy Quran like surah Al-Fatiha.
The Quran concludes its message by reminding man that Allah is the only and
ultimate king, master and lord. It also tells the reader that the devil is the open
enemy of man. Man must understand that the devil attacks him/her in many ways,
both open and secret. When a person remembers remembrance of Allah, the devil
holds himself back, but when he becomes unmindful of the remembrance of Allah,
the devil again comes forward and whispers in his/ her heart. These whisperings
may come from invisible beings or humans; in both cases, Allah is the one who can
protect a human being from all attacks. As Allah said in Surah Al-A’araf: “If an evil
whisper comes to `you from Satan then seek refuge with Allah”.
This surah holds special importance in the life of Muslims today especially in two
main ways. Firstly, it is regularly recited along with surah Falaq as well as other
surahs to cast away evil spells. As the Holy Prophet used to recite these two surahs
in every night. Secondly, it serves as a constant reminder of the power of Allah to
protect Muslims from evil forces. It also teaches Muslims that they should strengthen
their relation with Allah towards all evil forces. The surah also describe that we
should ask Allah alone for our protection because he has absolute control and power
over everything. It also advises Muslims to beware of those suspicious whispers that
rise in the hearts prompting them to evil as well as those persons who encourage
them towards evil acts.
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Allah’s relationship with His Messengers:
These verses are from Surah Al-Baqarah, a Madinan surah. The theme in this
passage is the relationship of Allah with His Messengers. It focuses on the very first
messenger, Hazrat Adam and his early life. It teaches that Adam was created as
Allah’s representative on earth and he was granted knowledge from Allah that made
him superior to even angels. Here it is taught that Allah puts all humans through test,
including his messengers. Another teaching is that if a person accepts his mistake
after committing any wrong he can be forgiven. It also highlights Allah’s grace and
mercy as he taught Adam how to pray for forgiveness. These were the following
words: “Our lord, we have wronged our souls; if you forgive us not and bestow upon
us your mercy, we shall certainly be lost”.
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This passage is very important in the lives of Muslims as it verifies the Muslim belief
in the Prophets which is one of the articles of faith. Its importance can be judged by
this that humans are told that they are Allah’s representatives on this earth and they
must do his bidding and it is a momentous responsibility that they cannot ignore.
Muslims learn to resist Satan and his evils in their daily lives as he has been trying to
trap mankind since the creation of Hazrat Adam. As Allah said in the Holy Quran: “O
children of Adam! Let not devil put you to a trial, just as he got your two ancestors
removed from paradise”. Muslims understand through the themes of this passage
that it is quite possible they err but if they repent, forgiveness awaits them from their
merciful God. So all the above points show the importance of this passage for
Muslims today.
Surah Al-Anam is a late Makki surah and this is about the relationship of Allah with
His Messengers. The main theme in these verses is the refutation of shirk and
guidance towards Tauheed. These verses describe Prophet Ibrahim’s attempt to
recognize Allah by way of some of the marvels of nature and at last he was
convinced that these celestial bodies are not the objects to be worshiped because
they are the creation and have no power of themselves and only Allah Almighty is
ever living and free from decline. These celestial bodies are the clear proof of the
existence of Allah. As Allah said in the Holy Quran: “Among His signs are night, and
the day, and the sun and the moon. Adore not the sun and moon, but adore Allah,
who created them”. So Hazrat Ibrahim rejected the Polytheism that was the hallmark
of the society around him and finally declared Shahadah.
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This passage contains a significant message that should be applied in Muslim’s live.
It shows that Hazrat Ibrahim selected a logical approach to make his people
understand the reality of Allah, who is the real creator and who alone deserved to be
worshiped. Muslims learn that it is neither the shinning of the sun nor the shimmering
of the moon that enables them to be worshipped but it is God who has made such
beautiful heavenly bodies so surely he alone deserves worship. It also encourages
them to reflect on the marvels of nature and recognize their creator. It also teaches
that all the Messengers preached the universal message of Tauheed so we should
believe in the Oneness of Allah and equally respect all Messengers.
This is a Madinan surah whose title means “a heavenly spread”. Another important
fact about this surah is that it contains the last and concluding revelation of the
Quran in verse (This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favour
upon you and have chosen for you Islam as your religion). The theme in this
passage is the relationship of Allah with His Messengers. The Messengers of Allah
are blessed with special powers and protection from him. The theme elaborates on
the different miracles and protection that Prophet Isa got from Allah. They called him
a magician and slandered the pure and virtuous lady Maryam, his mother. But Allah
was with Hazrat Isa and restrained the Jews attempt to harm and crucify him as
Allah said in the Holy Quran: “But they killed him not, nor crucified him”. The word
“by my leave” are repeated with each miracle to emphasize the fact that they arose,
not out of the power or will of Hazrat Isa but by the will and power of Allah.
This passage is very important for Muslims as in this passage Allah addresses
Hazrat Isa by saying “son of Maryam” which teaches that he was Allah’s Messenger
and human being but with special qualities. To understand the importance of this
passage in the lives of Muslims today, we should recall a hadith of the Holy Prophet
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in which he declared that the scholars of his nation were similar to the prophets of
Bani Israel in many ways. One of the similarities is the difficulties faced by them in
Allah’s way. So Muslims should remain ready for facing the difficulties in the way of
Allah. The passage strengthens the faith of Muslims in Prophets as they come to
know that God used to help them in different ways. The passage also tells us about
the people who are ill-wisher of the prophets and their message. It also shows that
opposing the truth would never succeed as the opposing people of Hazrat Isa were
not succeeded in their plan.
This surah was revealed during the early period at Makkah, when the revelation was
suspended for a time in the initial stage of prophet hood. This led to distress and
anxiety on the part of Hazrat Muhammad and for him it was a period of darkness, a
spiritual night. Surah Al-Duha, meaning daybreak or the morning light, was revealed
to dispel this gloom and bring a message of hope to the Prophet just as the morning
light dispels the dark of the night. Theme of this surah is Allah’s special care and
concern for his chosen people especially in times of crises and difficulty. Allah puts
his Messengers into a variety of tests only to bring them closer to him and thus
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strengthen their faith. In case of the Holy Prophet, these difficulties began with his
blessed birth, that he was already orphaned. But Allah made special arrangements
for him. In childhood, he was given special love and care from his paternal family.
When he began to work, he was married to a rich lady who presented all her wealth
at his services and his quest for the ultimate truth was granted by awarding of
prophet hood. So he was also asked to show kindness to the orphans and those who
ask for knowledge.
The oaths in this surah reflects the importance of the surah and Allah’s love with the
Holy Prophet. The passage strengthens the faith of the Muslims in prophets and
increases love for the beloved of Allah. It also reminds the Muslims that if they follow
the footsteps of the Prophets, they can also get much help from Allah. This also
shows that He does not abandon his prophets at any stage of their life and teaches
the believers that they should never lose hope in hardships and difficulties as the
Holy Quran says: “So verily with every difficulty there is a relief”. It commands the
Holy Prophet and Muslims in general to help the poor and needy, treat the deserving
people kindly and sympathetically as helping one another will promote love and
affection in the society.
This verse was revealed at Makkah during the early stages, when the Prophet was
enduring extremely difficult conditions. The disbelieving Quraish used to taunt him
for not having any male progeny as his sons had died in infancy: “now he is abtar
(cut off from the root means he will be cut off from his community). The revelation of
Surah Al-Kawthar at this point confirmed Allah’s support for His Messenger, and
promised eternal reward. As Kawthar means abundance of Allah’s blessings and
favours to him in this world as well as in hereafter. Kawthar is also a river in heaven,
which Allah has granted to him. Through this surah we can observe the truthfulness
of the words of Allah as we see that those who opposed and tormented the Prophet
were the ones who lost in this life and the hereafter, whereas the Prophets’ name
lives on through his message. His followers are all over the world and His lineage
continued through his daughter, Fatima and her children. It told the prophet to
remember Allah through regular prayer and to develop the spirit of sacrifice so that
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he could continuously strengthen his bond with Allah and to get constant divine
support.
The passage contains a significant message that should be applied in Muslim’s lives.
It describes how Allah helped the Holy Prophet in difficult times, blessed him with
abundance and dealt with his enemies. If Muslims follow the footsteps of the
prophet, they can also get such help from Allah. The passage gives hope and
courage amidst the distress caused by the remarks passed by the disbelievers.
They come to know through this passage that if their prophet Muhammad was not
spared then how they can be spared by oppositions, so they should be ready for it.
The passage commands the Holy Prophet and Muslims that prayers and sacrifices
are the best means to get Allah’s pleasure and help, so we should pray and give
sacrifice for his name.
Points related to passages

Points related to Allah in Himself with references
Passage no: 1 Surah Al Baqarah (2.255)
1. The Only God: “There is no God but He”.

2. Immortal: Al Hayy (the living)
3. Controller of all the things: Al Qayyoom (the all sustaining)
4. Owner of everything: “His are all the things in the heaven and on the earth”.
5. Having perfect knowledge: “He knows what is before or after or behind them”.
6. Complete authority: “His Throne extends over the heavens and the earth”.
Passage no: 2 Surah Al-Anaam (6.101-103)
1. Badee: Means he who creates without any raw materials to start with. “To Him is the
primal origin of the heavens and the earth”.
2. Alone without family: “How can He have a son when He has no consort”.
3. The only creator: “There is no god but He, the creator of all the things”.
4. Incomprehensible (not able to be understood): “No vision can grasp Him but His
grasp is over all vision”.
Passage no: 3 Surah Fussilat (41.37)
1. Manager of all the things: “Among His signs are the night and the day, and the sun
and the moon”.
2. Only worthy of worship: “Adore not the sun and the moon but adore Allah who
created them”.
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Passage no: 4 Surah Al-Shoora (42.5-6)
Passage no: 5 Surah Al-Ikhlas (112)
1. Al-Samad:(He who doesn’t need anyone rather everyone is in need of him) “ Say He
is Allah, the one and only, Allah, the eternal, absolute”.
2. Having no offspring: “He does not beget, nor is He begotten”.
3. Unique: “And there in none like Him”.
Points related to Allah’s relationship with His created worlds with references
Passage no: 6 Surah Al-Fatiha (1)
1. Cherisher: “Praise to be Allah, the cherisher and the sustainer of the worlds”.
2. Most merciful: Al-Rahman and Al-Raheem (the most beneficent, the most merciful)
3. Just: “The master of the Day of Judgement”.
4. Guide: “Show us the straightway”.
Passage no: 7 Surah Al-Baqarah (2.21-22)
1. Provider of countless blessings: “Who had the earth your couch, and the heavens
your canopy, and sent down rain from the heavens and by it brought forth fruits for
your sustenance”.
Passage no: 8 Surah Al-Alaq (96.1-5)
1. Making insignificant very significant: “Created man out of a clot of congealed

blood”.
2. Giver of knowledge: “He who taught by the pen, taught man what he did not know”.
3. Most bountiful: “Proclaim! Your Lord is so bountiful”.
Passage no: 9 Surah Al-Zilzal (99)
1. Warner: “On that day will men proceed in companied sorted out, to be shown their
deeds”.
2. Just: “Then shall anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good, see it! And anyone
who has done an atom’s weight of evil shall see it!”
Passage no: 10 Surah Al-Naas (114)
1. Protector: “Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of mankind. The king of mankind. The
God of mankind”.
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Points related to Allah’s relationship with His Messengers with references
Passage no: 11 Surah Al-Baqarah (2.30-37)
1. Creator: “Behold, your Lord said to angels, “I will create a vicegerent on earth”.
2. Giver of knowledge: “And He taught Adam the names of all things.
3. Forgiver: “Then Adam learnt from his Lord words of inspiration, and his Lord turned
towards him, for He is often-returning, most merciful”.
4. Utmost respect for Hazrat Adam: “And behold, we said to the angels: ‘Bow down to
Adam’.
Passage no: 12 Surah Al-Anaam (6. 75-79)
1. Powerful: “So also did we show Abraham the power and the laws of the heavens and
the earth, So that he might have certainty”.
2. Guide: “Unless my God guides me, I will surely be among those who go astray”.
3. Creator: “I have set my face firmly and truly towards Him who created the heavens
and the earth”.
Passage no: 13 Surah Al-Maidah (5. 110)
1. Powerful: “Behold! I strengthened you with the Holy Spirit, so that you spoke to the
people in childhood as well as in maturity etc.
2. Guide: “Behold I taught you the Book and Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel”
3. Complete Authority: “By My leave” Hazrat Isa said with all miracles.
4. Protector: “I restrained the Children of Israel from you”.
Passage no: 14 Surah Al-Zuha (93)
1. Helper: “Did He not find you an orphan and give you shelter?”
2. Guide: “And He found you wandering, so He you guidance”.
3. Pleasure for Prophets: “Your Lord has not forsaken you, nor is He displeased”.
4. Giver of glad tidings: “And truly the hereafter will be better for you than the present”.
5. Blessings towards Prophets: “But tell about the bounties of your Lord”.
Passage no: 15 Surah Al-Kawthar (108)
1. Abundance of blessings: “To you have we granted abundance”.

2. End of Prophet’s enemies: “For he hates you, he will be cut off”.
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Biography of Holy Prophet ‫( ) ﷺ‬Life in Makkah)

The conditions of Arabia before the Holy Prophet:
The pre-Islamic period of history is known as the “The period of ignorance”. The
main conditions of Arabia were these.
Religious Conditions:
 The Arabs, before the advent of Islam were mostly idol worshippers. Every
tribe had its own deity; there were about 360 idols in the Holy Kaba at the time
of conquest of Makkah. People from different parts of Arabia used to come to
pay their homage here. Al Habal was the chief of these deities. Al Lat, Al Uzza
were the female deities and were referred to as the “Daughters of Allah”.
 Christianity, Judaism and were also practiced. The Christians and Jews had
distorted their religions. The Christians believed that the Christ was the son of
God. The Jews believed that Azra was the son of God. They had distorted
and modified their books to serve their end.
 Some people were devoted to fire-worship. They built their own shrines to fire.
 Some Arabs worshipped the sun, moon and the stars.
Social Conditions:
 The Arabs had little regard for morals. Might is right was the order of the day.
They were steeped in vices, superstitions and barbarism.
 They were addicted to gambling, drinking, stealing, usury and other unfair
trade practices were common. They indulged in fornication and adultery. The
society was morally corrupt.
 Slavery was common and the master enjoyed the right of life and death over
his slaves.
 The position of women in the Arabian society was so low that they could be
inherited like property or animals. A man could marry, as many women as he
liked, and could divorce them at will.
 The birth of female was regarded as a matter of shame to the family. Some
tribes buried the female infants alive.
Political Conditions:
 There was no settled government and no law in the land. The affairs of each
tribe were governed by its own chief. The chiefs of tribes were chosen
because of their bravery, wealth and wisdom. Disputes among tribes arose
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over cattle pastures, springs of water, horse racing and other trivial matters
and disputes would stretch to many years as the dispute Harb-ul-Basus
stretched to ten years.
Side by side, the Arabs had the qualities of heroism, love for liberty, excellent
memory, hospitality, bravery and eloquence. So in these bad conditions the Holy
Prophet was born as a great reformer and revolutionary person.
Date of birth: The Holy Prophet was born on the 9th or 12th Rabi ul Awwal, 20th April
571AD, after two months of his father’s death, the 50th day of the Year of Elephant
(in which year Abraha had mounted his elephant and led his army in an attempt to
storm Makkah and destroy the Ka’abah).
Name: He was named “Ahmad” by his mother, Amina bint Wahab. The meaning of
Ahmad, the one who praises too much to any other and he was given the name
“Muhammad” by Abdul ul Muttalib, the grandfather of Him, the meaning of
Muhammad is the one who is praised by a lot of people. When somebody
questioned Abd ul Muttalib about it, he said “I have named him so that his name may
be praised on the earth and in the heaven”.
Upbringing of Holy Prophet: First, his mother, Amina bint Wahab suckled Holy
Prophet, second Abu Lahab‘s slave girl, Thuabiya. But there was a custom among
the Arabs to give their suckling infants in charge of Bedouin women, so that the baby
can learn pure Arabic, to grow up in fresh atmosphere far from the city and to get
some natural qualities of villagers like simplicity, bravery etc. So Holy Prophet was
given in charge of Halima Sa’dia of Banu Sa’ad. She loved him very much. Before
the arrival of Holy Prophet in her home, the conditions of Halima Sa’adia was very
poor. But his arrival made a lot of changes for her. As the barren land sprouted
grass, and lean animals came back to them satisfied and full of milk.
For the first two years of his life he stayed with his foster mother. At the end of the
two year term, Hazrat Halima asked his mother to allow him to remain with her a little
longer, which was accepted. So due to this kindness and love, the Holy Prophet
showed great respect for her and her family. He used to call her “my mother”. One
day when she visited to Holy Prophet, he spread out his mantle for her to sit upon as
a token of special respect.
At the age of 4 years:
Holy Prophet and his foster brother were playing with goats outside home in the
yard. Then Hazrat Jibrael appeared and he split his chest. He took out his heart and
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removed a blood clot and said “It was the part of Shaytan” and washed his heart with
Aab e Zam Zam .Then he sewed his chest and went away. His foster brother rushed
to his mother and informed her. She rushed to him and found him with white pale
colour. Holy Prophet informed her complete event .This event is called Shakk-e-
Sadr.
This event took place in his life four times;
 When he was four years old.
 When he was ten years old.
 When he was forty years old before receiving prophet hood.
 When he was fifty years old before the journey of Miraj.
These events gave Holy Prophet spiritual power to face the attacks of devil and to
bear the revelation. Later he was given to his own mother for the next supervision.
When Holy Prophet was six years old, her mother took him to Yasrib (old name of
Madinah) to visit the grave of her husband, Holy Prophet‘s father and also to meet
her relatives. During the return journey from Yasrib, she fell ill and died. Then she
was buried at Abwa. Holy Prophet was brought back to Makkah by Umm-e-Aiman
(slave girl of Abdullah). Then Holy Prophet was given in the custody of his
grandfather, Abd ul Muttalib.
Hazrat Abd ul Muttalib loved and cared him very much because he was his orphan
grandson. Unfortunately, he also could not last for a long time and died when Holy
Prophet was eight years old.
After the death of Hazrat Abd-ul-Mutalib, Abu Talib took over the responsibility of
bringing him up as his own son. He loved his nephew more than his own sons. Abu
Talib was not rich person, so he had to attend the herds of camels and goats in order
to earn money. He trained him for trade and business. When Holy Prophet was
twelve years old, he accompanied Abu Talib on a trade journey to Syria. There they
met a Christian monk called Baheera who was expert in Bible. He asked some
questions and Holy Prophet gave him satisfactory answers. Buhaira took him by the
hands and said “This is the chief of the universe; this is the messenger of the Lord of
the universe”. Some people asked how he knew this, he said when he came over the
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hill all the trees and stones prostrated before him and they prostrate only before a
prophet. He advised Abu Talib to take special care of him and go back for fear the
Jews may recognize him and harm him. So when they finished their trading, Abu
Talib lost no time in return to Makkah.
When Holy Prophet was 15 years old, a local war broke out during the Hajj season
between the tribes of Quraish and Banu Qais. According to books of history this war
lasted for four years. Holy Prophet participated in this war because Quraish were
right in this matter but he did not take any active part in this war. He only collected
the arrows thrown by the enemy and handed over to his uncle Zubair. This war is
called Harb-ul-Fujjar.
Reasons for this name:
 Because it was fought during the sacred months of Hajj and this was
forbidden according to their traditions.
 This war became the cause of profanity of Makkah, so it was called battle of
fujjar means battle of sinners.
Wisdoms of his participation:
 This was his first war which showed him the disadvantages, losses of wars.
So he became more lover of peace as his love for peace was shown in Treaty
of Hudaibiah and in other events.
 This war also gave him military experience which was applied later during
battles.
At the age of 19 years: Half-ul-Fazool:
As a result of Harb-ul-Fujjar thousands of lives were lost. When they saw the effects
of war then on the motivation of Zubair bin Abdul Muttalib Banu Zahra, Banu Tamim,
Banu Hashim, Banu Muttalib formed a league or an organization. The leader of
these people was Zubair and they made an agreement which is called Half-ul-Fazool
due to many fazal in this agreement. It is also suggested that this alliance is called
Half-ul-Fazool (Alliance for charity) because it was made for a noble cause. This was
done in the house of Abdullah bin Juda’an. The objectives of this agreement were:
 To maintain peace in the region.
 To suppress any violence and injustice.
 To help the poor and travellers.
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 Holy Prophet also participated in this league and always used to praise this
agreement.
In Makkah there was a rich, respective widow lady whose name was Khadija bint
Khuwalid. She was a great businesswoman who hired men to trade goods for her
and gave them a share of her profits. She was forty years old and twice widowed.
She had two sons and a daughter from her previous marriages. Due to her good
character she was known as Tahira, the pious one. On the other side, Holy Prophet
was also given the title of Al-Sadiq (the truthful) and Al-Amin (the trustworthy).The
people of Makkah had so much faith in his honesty and trustworthiness. So they
used to keep their valuables with him even after the prophet hood they continued to
leave their valuables with him for safe custody. When Hazrat Khadija listened about
his fair dealing, truthfulness and trustworthiness, she offered him to take charge of
her business and go to Syria with caravan of goods. Holy Prophet accepted this offer
and went to Syria. She also sent Maisra (a slave boy) with him. Holy Prophet
returned with great profit and Maisra told her about his fair dealing and honesty. She
was much impressed and made an offer of marriage to him through Nafeesa. Holy
Prophet accepted this proposal after the consultation with his uncle, Abu Talib. Abu
Talib delivered the khutbah of ceremony. Amount of Mahr (endowment) was 20
camels (500 dirham). At that time Holy Prophet was 25 years old while Hazrat
Khadija was 40 years old but this union proved very successful. She lived with him
till her death. She proved herself a loving wife. Allah blessed the couple with
children. She bore him all his children except Ibrahim. Their sons were two, Qasim
and Abdullah (Titles: Tahir and Tayyab) and four daughters, Zainab, Umm-e-
Kalthoom, Ruqqqyas and Fatima. Holy Prophet always mentioned her with the
feeling of great love and respect. This marriage provided him financial support as
Allah said in the Holy Quran “We made you independent when you were needy”.
She died at the age of 65 and was buried in Makkah.
At the age of thirty five years: Fixing of Black Stone
The Ka’abah is situated at the lowest part in the valley of Faran and always was
flooded by rain water. So the tribes of Quraish found it necessary to rebuild the
ka’abah in order to prevent it from collapse. The task of rebuilding of ka’abah was
divided among the leading families of Makkah and work was done without any
dispute. But when time came to place the black stone or Hajr e Aswad in its proper
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place, a dispute arose among the chiefs of Makkah. This contest continued for a
number of days. Everyone wanted the honour of placing of holy stone in its proper
place. There was a fear of bloodshed. A war was on the verge of breaking out
between them. Then a wise, old man said that the first person to enter the ka’abah
the following morning should decide the issue. His suggestion was accepted by all.
Next morning, Holy Prophet entered the ka’abah first of all. When they saw him, they
breathed a sigh of relief and proclaimed “it is Al Amin, we accept him. it is
Muhammad”. Holy prophet called for a piece of cloth and spread it on the ground.
Then he placed the black stone in the middle of sheet and asked them to hold the
four corners of sheet and lift it up together, when the sheet reached the proper
height, he lifted the black stone and laid it in its proper place with his own hands. In
this way, the problem was resolved peacefully by the wisdom and foresight of holy
prophet.
At the age of 40 years (610 AD): Declaration of prophet hood
With the age and growing understanding he became more aware of the corrupt
society and this thing disturbed him greatly. When he was near to forty, he became
more and more fond of solitude and he started to spend his more time into a cave
nearby mount, known as Hira, three miles away from Makkah with the supply of
dates, water etc. There he pondered and meditated over the condition of the people
of Makkah. Because there was unnecessary bloodshed, tribal disputes, oppression
of the weak and helpless people, injustice, idol worshipping and degraded status of
women. The priest and rabbis had corrupted the other religions. He also worshipped
there more and more. On the 12th of Feb, 610 AD, 27th of Ramzan, when he was in
the cave of Hira, Hazrat Jibrael appeared before him in the figure of a man and
asked him to read. This was a sudden and unexpected. Hazrat Jibrael said to Read,
he answered him “I cannot read”. He seized prophet and squeezed him as hard as
he could bear and said read. Prophet replied I cannot read .Second time he
squeezed him and said read. Prophet gave the same answer. Third time he
squeezed and said read. Prophet asked “what shall I read? Then Hazrat Jibrael
recited the first five verses of Surah ul Alaq:
“Read! With the name of your Lord, who creates (everything), who creates man from
blood clot? Read! Your Lord is the most generous who teaches by the pen, teaches
man what he knows not”. Muhammad recited these verses after Jibrael. Then he
went out of the cave and heard the same voice saying “O, Muhammad, you are
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Allah’s messenger and I am Jibrael”. Holy prophet raised his eyes and saw the angel
in the sky above the horizon. He stood quite still until the angel disappeared. After
this experience, he went home fearing on the event and said cover me! And after
some time he narrated this incident to his wife. She comforted him and assured him
that no harm could come to a man of his nature and that Allah would protect him
from all evils. Then she took him to her cousin , Warqa bin Nofal , a learned man ,a
Christian scholar who said “by him in whose hands my soul rests ,you are the
prophet of this nation and this was the angel Jibrael who visited Moses , verily ,your
people shall call you a liar ,abuse you ,expel you and start war against you”. He
became astonished and asked “will they expel me?” Warqa bin Nofal said, yes.
Never has there come a man before you with a similar message to that which you
have come with, however his people fought him. If I were to live to that day, I shall
stand by you and assist you, but he died shortly thereafter.
Significance of angel in this event:
 The angel was performing the duty which he had previously performed with
other messengers.
 He was the first to alert the prophet to his new career.
 His appearance was a sign that the revelations were truly from God.
 His threefold crushing enabled him to recite the verses of Holy Quran.
Significance of Warqa bin Nofal in this event:
 He was the first to explain the prophet about the significance of this
experience and confirmed that he had been appointed as a prophet of Allah.
 He helped him in realizing that he had been visited by the angel who had
appeared to others.
 This helped the prophet to understand the responsibilities to which he had
been called.
 He wished to be alive at a time when he proclaims his prophet hood.
 He promised to help him when the people will expel him.
Stages of early preaching:
The 1st stage: Privately
When Holy Prophet was 40 years old, he received first revelation and after this
revelation stopped for some time. The Holy Prophet passed this time in restlessness
and anxiety, until one day, he saw angel Jibrael again, in the sky seated on a chair.
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The Holy Prophet became frightened and rushed home. He asked Hazrat Khadija to
cover him up. She covered him up, after which he received another revelation which
said:
“O you, enveloped in mantle, stand up and warn, and pronounce the greatness of
your Lord”.
In obedience to the command of Allah, the Holy Prophet invited his friends and
relatives to the religion of Islam. He preached to them the Oneness of Allah and
warned them of the consequences of following their evil ways. But, he did not, at this
stage, make any public announcement. He confined his message only to those of his
close friends and relatives that he thought would give a favourable response. The
first person to believe in him was his wife, Khadija, who accepted his message
without any hesitation. This followed by the acceptance of Islam by ten years old, Ali,
son of Abu Talib. The first freed slave to accept Islam was Zaid bin Haris. The
person to become a Muslim outside the prophet’ immediate family was his close
friend, Hazrat Abu Bakr. Within a period of three years, while the Holy Prophet was
preaching his message in secret, about forty God- fearing people accepted Islam like
Usman, Talha, Zubair, Abdur Rahman bin Auf, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas.
 The 2nd stage: Tribe and Family
After some time he received another revelation that said:
“And warn your nearest kinsfolk”.
In order to carry out this command, the Holy Prophet invited his relatives to his
house. They were forty in numbers from Banu Hashim and Banu Muttalib. He said to
them: “Allah has ordered me to call you to Him, so who amongst you will help me in
this affair and be my friend, my adviser and my deputy?” No one responded to the
message positively except Ali, who said: “Though I have sore eyes, thin legs and I
am young in age, yet I am ready to support you”.
 The 3rd stage: Open Preaching
Soon afterwards he received another revelation through which the Holy Prophet was
given the order:
“Therefore proclaim openly that which you are commanded”.
Following this command, the Holy Prophet assembled the people of Makkah at the
Safa hill and said to them: “O Quraish, if I were to tell you that a large army has
collected on the other side of this mountain and is ready to attack you, would you
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believe me?” They all said that they would, since they had never heard him tell a lie.
But when he asked them to believe in one Allah and his prophet hood, they became
angry and some of them shouted: “You have gone mad”. Abu Lahab, one of his
uncle, said, “May Allah destroy you. Did you assemble us for this?” After this, all of
them dispersed. The Holy Prophet now started to address the people in public and
private gatherings and on approach routes to Makkah which were used by pilgrims to
the Holy city. His efforts were successful and people started embracing Islam.
Difficulties /Opposition and Persecution by the Quraish:
When Holy Prophet started preaching of Islam openly, the response of the influential
people of Makkah was hostile. They felt that unless they met the new call with stiff
opposition, it was bound to be accepted by a large section of the population. Among
those who took the lead in the opposition were most influential chiefs of the Quraish,
namely Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, Abu Sufyan, Waleed bin Mughaira, Utba bin Rabi and
Umayya bin Khalf.
Persecution for the Holy Prophet:
 The Quraish launched a campaign against the Holy Prophet calling him a mad
man, a poet and a magician. Poems were written to ridicule the prophet.
 Abu Lahab forced his two sons to divorce their wives, Ruqayya and Umm-e-
Kulsum, the prophet’ daughters. When the Prophet’s son, Ibraheem died in
infancy Abu Lahab rejoiced and called the prophet “abtar” a man cut off with
no male offspring.
 His wife Umm-e-Jamil used to put thorns on the path which the prophet was
expected to take, in order to cause physical injury.
 Rubbish and thorny bushes were thrown on the prophet. Once, when he was
praying in the Ka’abah, a Quraish rolled his sheet round his neck and tried to
strangle him. Another time when he was prostrating during prayers, Abu Jahl
placed filth on his back.
 An old woman would throw garbage upon him whenever he passed her way.
One day, when the Holy Prophet did not come across her, inquired and came
to know that she was ill. He went to meet her and asked about her health! She
was so embarrassed and accepted Islam.
 When insults and persecution had no effect on the prophet, the pagans tried
other methods. They offered to collect a large fortune from him, or make him
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the king. They even promised to marry him to the fairest girl in the land if he
gave up preaching of Islam. The Holy Prophet turned down all such offers.
 They approached his uncle, Abu Talib and asked him to prevent his nephew
from preaching of Islam or to be prepared for violence against Muhammad.
Holy Prophet said “If they place the sun on my right hand and the moon on my
left hand, and ask me to stop preaching the word of God to the people, I shall
never accept what they say”. Then the Abu Talib said: “Go and preach what
you please, for by God I will not forsake you”.
 The leaders of Quraish came up with another proposal; that he should
worship their gods and they in return would worship his god. Allah revealed to
them, that there could be no compromise on this and declared, “You have
your religion and I have my religion”.
 Finally, Holy Prophet and his followers were boycotted and forced to live in a
narrow valley outside Makkah for three years. Their condition became so bad
that children cried with hunger, adults fed on boiled leather and leaves of
trees and the valley echoed with the cries of helpless people. They were
prevented from worshipping at the Ka’abah and their means of livelihood were
taken away.
 The death of Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadija deprived him of help and
protection.
 When he visited to Ta’if, he was rejected and assaulted. They set upon him a
crowed of teenagers to follow him and shout abuses at him. They even threw
stones at him. He was so badly wounded that his shoes were filled with blood.
In this way Holy Prophet was tortured physically, mentally and emotionally but
he remained steadfast and continued his preaching.
Persecution for followers:
The followers of the Prophet also faced severe persecution. They were thrown into
prison, starved and then beaten with sticks. They were exposed to the scorching
heat of the desert sand where they were offered the alternative of worshipping idols
or death. Some of them were died of the effects of the torture, but none renounced
his religion.
 Hazrat Usman was wrapped in a mat of palm leaves by his pagan uncle who
would set fire under him.
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 Hazrat Bilal, the Negro was inhumanly tortured by his master Umayyah bin
Khalf. He was tied with a rope and dragged by the street boys on the orders
of his master and he was placed a heavy rock on his chest.
 Another victim of the Makkan cruelty was Ammar bin Yasir. He and his
parents paid a heavy price of embracing the new faith. Yasir died of repeated
torture and Summyya, Yasir’s wife was killed with a spear by her master Abu
Jahl and thus she became the first woman martyr of Islam.
 Hazrat Suhaib Rumi was tortured to the extent that he lost control over what
he said and repeated anything that his tormenter asked him.
 Hazrat Zunaira was a Roman slave girl who was tortured till she turned to
blind.
 Khabbab bin Aratt, a blacksmith who was made to lie on a bed of burning
coals.
 Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Talha were also harassed. Once they were tied
up by the same rope, when they were praying, but mysteriously the rope was
untied.
 Some followers were forced to flee to Abyssinia to the protection of the king.
When the Quraish came to know about this migration they went to Abyssinia
and requested the king to return them but due to the speech of Hazrat Jafar,
the king rejected their request.
 Finally, Holy Prophet and his followers were boycotted and forced to live in a
narrow valley outside Makkah for three years. Their condition became so bad
that children cried with hunger, adults fed on boiled leather and leaves of
trees and the valley echoed with the cries of helpless people. They were
prevented from worshipping at the Ka’abah and their means of livelihood were taken
away.
But these, history making noble souls set great examples of patience, steadfastness,
unshaken faith, commitment to their mission, love and devotion to their leader and
unity among themselves.
Q: Explain how their reaction to these difficulties can set an example for
Muslims today?
A: First: They set examples of unshaken faith, steadfastness and commitment to
their mission. They were not deflected from Islam and preaching of Islam even when
32
offered bribes. The Holy Quran appreciates such believers and called them true
believers. Today’s Muslims are required to strengthen their faith like these.
Second: They also set the examples of patience and tolerance. Today, we are living
in times when people tend to lose their temper on the slightest provocation. We
should look to the noble examples of the Holy Prophet who would constantly face
persecution, rejection and insults but would remain undeterred
Third: They also set the great examples of forgiveness for their enemies. They did
not take up arms and weapons against them in Makkah. They followed the teaching
of the Holy Quran in the best way as Allah gave them order about forgiveness. Allah
said in the Holy Quran: “(O Prophet,) take forgiveness (as your habit), enjoin virtue,
and ignore the ignorant”. Today’s Muslims are also required to forgive their enemies
and avoid from the habit of taking revenge.
Forth: They remained thoroughly united and disciplined against all odds. They would
neither abandon their faith nor each other. They remained loyal to one another. This
they did because Allah said: “The believers are but a single brotherhood”. Muslims in
the modern world are in the need of promoting such unity, not falling in sectarianism
and to promote strong mutual love and harmony.
Migration of Abyssinia: 615 AD
This event took place in the fifth year of prophet hood, 615 AD. When inhuman
oppression and physical torture of Quraish became unbearable for Muslims, Holy
Prophet instructed these Muslims to immigrate to Abyssinia to seek protection.
Abyssinia was selected because Holy Prophet knew that Asham, who held the title of
Najashi or Negus, was a just and fair ruler of Abyssinia.
First group: In first migration, a group of eleven men and four women secretly left
for Abyssinia. These included Hazrat Usman and his wife Ruqayya, daughter of Holy
Prophet.
Second group: They were followed by another group of seventy nine men and
seven women including Hazrat Jafar, son of Abu Talib.
Delegation: When the Quraish came to know of this, they sent a deputation
consisting of Amr bin Aas and Abdullah bin Abu Rabia with some gifts to the
Christian king. The Quraish delegation reached and made false accusations against
them. They requested to Negus to hand over the emigrants to them. Muslims were
brought in the court of Negus. As a reply to Negus, Hazrat Jafar explained the
principles of Islam and what the Holy Prophet had taught them. He said:
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“O king, we were ignorant people who worshipped idols, ate carrion and indulge in
vice. The strong among us used to exterminate the weak. Muhammad who was
already known to us for his nobility, truthfulness and trustworthiness, called us to
Islam and told us to give the worship of idols, to tell the truth, to shun bloodshed, to
be considerate to neighbours, avoid slandering virtuous women. So we believed in
him and gave up paganism, this is the crime for which people of our own clan
became blood thirsty enemies aiming to compel us to return to our former
paganism”.
In reply to the question of Negus about Muslim belief about Hazrat Jesus, Jafar
recited a portion of surah Maryam. After hearing it, Negus said:
“By God; this and the Gospel are the lights of one candle”. Thereafter Najashi
returned the gifts brought by the leaders of Quraish and refused to send them back.
So the mission failed and the Quraish returned totally disappointed.
Significance of migration to Abyssinia:
 The migration to Abyssinia gave the Muslims a chance to carry the message
of Islam out of Arabia.
 The migration convinced the Quraish of the sincerity of the Muslims who were
ready to undergo loss and hardships rather than give up the faith of Islam.
 The migration showed the Muslims that there are places where they could
seek shelter and protection from the persecution of the Quraish.
 This migration gave the idea of a greater migration to Yasrib.
 The migration gave the opportunity to Muslims to act upon the Islamic
teaching easily.
 The migration made the Muslims free from the persecutions by the hands of
Makkans.
Q: why did the people of Makkah pursue these Muslims?
A: The Makkans pursued the emigrants for a number of reasons.
First:
They feared Islam might start growing and flourishing by the efforts of the emigrants.
So, they considered it a dangerous development for their religion. Because they
were addicted to idol worshipping and they were not ready to give them up.
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Second:
The migration was considered as a cause of damaging their pride, prestige and
social and political position in Arabia. Because they were the custodians to Ka’ba
which was a source of religious and social prestige. They could not bear any such
damage and, therefore, hurried to Abyssinia to undo the efforts of the Muslims.
Third:
They also felt their economic interests endangered because due to this migration
many left Makkah and it was source of motivation for others. This idol worshipping
was not only part of their religious rituals but also it brought them huge earnings. So
if the emigrants grew in number, their economy could decline.
The Socio- Economic Boycott: 7th year of Prophet hood, 617 AD
Reasons for this boycott:
When the torment and oppression by the Quraish failed to stem the advancing tide of
Islam, they decided to boycott. The acceptance of Islam by Hamza, the prophet’s
uncle and Umar, son of Khattab, greatly upset the pagans. The successful migration
of Abyssinia also enraged the pagans. So they demanded that the Banu Hashim
withdraw their protection from the Prophet and hand over to them or face a complete
boycott.
Events: This boycott took place in the seventh year of prophet hood 617AD and this
lasted for about three years. All the heads of the Makkah assembled in the Ka’aba
and wrote the “Sanction of Banu Hashim and Banu Muttalib”. This agreement was
written by Mansoor bin Ikramah. This was hung onto the wall of Ka’aba. They took
an oath that they would not marry the women of these clans or give any in marriage
to them or sell them anything or buy anything from them.
Abu Talib took the whole Banu Hashim tribe (except Abu Lahab, who disowned his
own tribe) to a small valley on the eastern outskirts of Makkah, the mountain pass of
Abu Talib (Shi’b-i-Abi-Talib). These people lived an extremely hard and miserable
life. All the roads leading into the valley were blocked. Only occasionally, some
compassionate Makkans would provide them some food and they would be able to
buy some stocks during the four sacred months. Whatever little they had to eat,
eventually finished and then came a time of extreme difficulty. Their condition
became so bad that children cried with hunger, adults fed on boiled leather and
leaves of trees and the valley echoed with the cries of helpless people. At last,
differences began to surface among the Makkans as some of the kindhearted chiefs,
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the leader was Hasham, began to feel sorry and a group of five leaders began to
pressurize Abu Jahl and other die hard Makkans to cancel the cruel and unjust
treaty. They held negotiations within the Sacred Mosque where Abu Talib was also
present. He told them that prophet had been divinely informed that the parchment on
which the treaty was written, had been eaten away by insects except for the word of
Allah. Abu Talib challenged that if that proved wrong he would give his nephew up to
them. A man went to see the parchment and found the claim of Abu Talib absolutely
true. Thus the boycott was brought to an end by the intervention of Allah himself.
The Quraish, however, remained just as unconvinced as before.
The year of Grief: 619 AD
At the end of the boycott, the prophet had to bear the loss of his two greatest
supporters, Abu Talib and Khadija and the Prophet declared the year 619AD as the
Year of the Grief ( Aam ul Huzn). Both of them had served him greatly in his mission.
Khadija had been his partner in life, mother of his children and had provided undying
support always. Abu Talib had been a father to him before prophet hood and after,
and a strong pillar of support in his mission. He was also responsible for jaiwar,
meaning the tribal protection because of which the Quraish could not hurt the
prophet beyond a certain limit nor take his life. Abu Talib’s death marked the end of
this tribal protection as the new chief of Banu Hashim, Abu Lahab, refused this
unconditional shelter. This protection however was now continued by Mutim Bin Adi,
but it was not a very strong one.
The event of Taif: 10th Year of Prophethood,
After the death of Abu Talib, the Quraish increased their attacks against the Holy
Prophet. So he decided to explore new avenues in his search of get support and
shelter and to take the message of Islam from Makkah to the neighbouring cities.
Then he selected the city of Taif which was situated about two or three days journey,
southeast of Makkah, home of the Bani Thaqeef, which was the second largest tribe
in Arabia. The climate of the city was relatively more pleasant than that of
Makkah and it was full of fertile gardens and orchards. It lies on the slopes of the
higher and cooler mountains on the way to Yemen. The hills used to be visited by
the higher classes and dignitaries of Makkah to spend their summer months. Three
brothers of the Banu Thaqif, namely Habib, Mas'ud and Abd Yalayl were the main
chiefs and leaders of the city at that time. He was accompanied by Zaid bin Haris. In
Taif the Holy Prophet approached the chiefs calling upon them to believe in Allah
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and to support him in his efforts to establish Islam; but none gave him a favourable
response. Instead, they set upon him a crowd of teenagers to follow him and shout
abuses at him. They even threw stones at him. He was so badly wounded that his
shoes were filled with blood. Zaid tried to shield the Holy Prophet, but he too was
badly injured. Retreating from this mob, they took refuge in an orchard to relax and
refresh themselves and nurse their wounds. The supplication that the Holy Prophet
did was: “To You, my Lord, I complain of my weakness, lack of support, and the
humiliation I am made to receive. Most Compassionate and Merciful, You are the
Lord of the weak, and You are my Lord. To whom do You leave me? To a distant
person who receives me with hostility? Or to an enemy You have given power over
me? As long as you are not displeased with me, I do not care what I face. I would,
however, be much happier with Your mercy. I seek refuge in the light of Your face by
which all darkness is dispelled and both this life and the life to come are put in their
right course against incurring your wrath or being the subject of your anger. To You I
submit, until I earn Your pleasure. Everything is powerless without your support.”
When Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) sat on the rock, raising his hands to
Allah, the two owners of the orchard saw him and so they sent their slave with a
bunch of grapes to give to the Prophet (peace be upon him). On the way back, the
angel of mountain offered the Prophet, that the entire population of Taif be destroyed
by squeezing between the two mountains, but he forgave them and said: “Why
should I pray for the destruction of these people? I hope that their posterity will
certainly be among the believers in one Allah” and in 9AH the whole of Taif
embraced Islam.
The Isra and Mairaj: )Ascension) 10th Year of Prophet hood
On the 27th Rajab, 10th year of prophethood a very unusual event took place. As he
was sleeping and resting inside the Hatim, Jibrael came to him astride a heavenly
creature resembling a horse, named Buraq, upon which the Holy Prophet rode with
him in the skies towards Jerusalem. Within the blink of an eye or even sooner, they
reached the Masjid Al Aqsa (known as the farthest mosque) where the Prophet was
greeted by the past messengers of Allah. Here the Prophet led the entire body of
Allah’s messengers in prayer and also met many of them individually. This was the
first part of his journey and is known as Isra. As Allah said in the Holy Quran;
“Glorious is He Who made his servant travel by night from Al Masjid-ul-Haram to Al
Masjid-ul-Aqsa whose environs we have blessed”.
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Then the Prophet ascended the heavens along with Jibrael on the second part on
journey, called Mairaij. The Prophet again rode the Buraq, soon they reached the
lowest heaven. The guardian angel asked Gibrael as to who he was, and who was
with him. When he was informed about their identity he again asked if the prophet
had been sent for. After getting the reply in affirmative the guardian angel said,
“Welcome, his coming is good”.
He met many prophets along the way. As he met Hazrat Adam on first sky, Hazrat
Yahya and Isa on the second sky, Hazrat Yosuf on the third sky, Hazrat Idrees on
the fourth sky, Hazrat Haroon on the fifth sky, Hazrat Mosa on the sixth sky and
Hazrat Ibraheem on the seventh sky. Then he saw paradise and Hell and here he
saw some kinds of chastisement for sinners and Gibrael told about their crimes.
Then they finally reached the Sidra tul Muntaha. Then he went alone in the presence
of Allah and received Divine commandments and gifts. It is said that Allah blessed
him 50 daily prayers then were reduced to 5 because Hazrat Mosa asked him to
pray to his lord to reduce the numbers of prayers. Along with this the Prophet also
received last few verses of surah Al-Baqarah and also a special pardon was granted
for the Muslims Ummah if it was remained secure from the sin of shirk. Then he
came back to his home and the whole event took place in one night.
The next morning the Prophet narrated publicly all the details of both the Isra and
Mairaj phases. The pagans found yet another amusing opportunity to criticize and
ridicule the Prophet and the Muslims. But Hazrat Abu Bakr verified this event without
any confusion and got the title of” “Al-Siddique” which means the testifier of truth.
Q: Explain the importance of this event to the prophet himself.
A: This event was very important for Holy Prophet as:
First: It occurred at a time when he was facing quite distressing circumstances. He
had lost two vital supporters, Khadija and Abu Talib, had been rejected by the people
of Taif and there was a halt of spreading of Islam in Makkah. In these circumstances
the experience of Miraj brought hope to him as he saw some of Allah’s signs.
Second: This honour marks the especially elevated spiritual status of the Holy
Prophet among all the chosen people of God as he led all the prophets in prayer in
Jerusalem.
Third: In order to strengthen his and his people’s bond with Allah, the Prophet was
awarded the gift of five daily prayers whose sole purpose is to remember God as is
mentioned in the Quran “And establish regular prayer in order to remember Me”.
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Forth: This event assured him of his closeness with God as he met Him directly and
this gave him spiritual power.
The pledges of Aqabah:
After the visit of Taif of holy prophet, he concentrated more and more on strangers,
who came to Makkah for the pilgrimage.
In the 11th year of prophet hood (620 AD):
Six pilgrims from the tribe of khazraj in Yasrib came to Makkah. Holy Prophet invited
to Islam. In Yasrib there Jewish scholars who had often spoken to the pagans that
prophet soon to be born among the Arabs and when he will come the Jews would
destroy the idol worshippers. So when these men saw Holy Prophet, they recognized
him and they accepted Islam. When they returned to their city they told their people
what they had seen and heard.
In the 12th year of prophet hood :( 621 AD):
Twelve persons came from Yasrib and they met him at the place of Aqabah in the
ground of Mina at night. They accepted Islam and agreed to abstain from idol
worship, cruelty, steeling, committing adultery, killing of children, slandering,
disobeying the prophet, falsehood and to lead a righteous life and to spread Islam.
They made a pledge on these teachings. This is called First Pledge of Aqabah.
Hazrat Musab bin Umair and Hazrat Abdullah bin Makthoom were sent with them to
preach Islam to the residents of that city.
In the 13th year of prophet hood: (622 AD)
A deputation consisting of 75 persons (73 men, 2 women) came the following year
from Yasrib to take the same pledge. They also some pledges such as to listen to
and obey to the Prophet, to spend in plenty as well as scarcity, to enjoin good and
forbid evil, fear no one but Allah and defend the Prophet if he needs it. This is called
Second Pledge of Aqabah. The prominent figures in these pledges were: Asa’d bin
Zurarah, Rabi’ bin Malik,Ubada bin Samit, Sa;ad bin Rabi etc. These meetings were
organized by Abbas bin Abd ul Muttalib, the real uncle of Holy Prophet. They invited
Holy Prophet to come to Yasrib as their head and promised to give full support to
him and to his followers because they were aware of the persecutions of Muslims in
Makkah and they knew that the life of Holy Prophet is in danger. Another reason was
that 12 chiefs of Yasrib accepted Islam and they were wishing for dynamic
leadership of Holy Prophet. So they invited Holy Prophet for Yasrib.
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Importance of these pledges:

At that time the position of Muslims was very weak. Muslims were persecuted by the
pagans and many of them were killed by them. When Holy Prophet went to Taif, the
people of Taif not only rejected him but also tortured him. Hazrat Khadija and Abu
Talib were great supporters and protectors of Holy Prophet, but after their death he
became support less and helpless and in tribal system it was too much difficult to
survive without any protection. So in these conditions these pledges were very
important for Holy Prophet and his companions. As:
 These pledges gave them a great help, power, support and protection.
 These pledges became the source of spreading of Islam outside Makkah.
 These pledges set the foundations for a Muslim community to live in harmony
and with religious freedom.
 These brought a change to the conditions of the Muslims and allowed Islam to
be established.
 Ideas in the pledges still hold true for today, like the pledge to not kill their
children.
 These pledges encouraged the Muslims and finished their hopelessness as it
showed that all the people and places are not same. There are many people
who are ready to accept Islam and give them full support.
 These pledges became the major cause of Migration of Madinah which was a
great turning point in Islamic revolution.
 These pledges secured the Muslims from the persecutions in Makkah.
Importance of these pledges for the future Muslim community:
 These pledges set the foundations for any Muslim community to live in
harmony and with religious freedom.
 Ideas in the pledges still hold true for today, like the pledge to not kill their
children.
 These pledges became the major cause of Migration of Madinah which was a
great turning point in Islamic revolution.
Migration to Madinah: 622 AD, 13th of Prophet hood
Reasons for migration:
 The aggressive attitude of the Quraish and their persecution was an important
factor in the migration.
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 The successful experience of migration to Abyssinia opened a door for

greater migration.
 The preaching of Islam became standstill because the paganism was so deep
rooted among the Quraish and they were unable to accept any new religion.
 Holy Prophet became defenseless and support less due to the death of
Khadija and Abu Talib. So he decided.
 Holy Prophet had maternal relatives in Madinah, so he had some support
there.
 Islam is a universal religion, so it was necessary to spread Islam outside
Makkah. So he migrated.
 Socio- Economic Boycott was another reason which forced Holy Prophet to
think about migration.
 In Yasrib the two tribes of Aus and Khazraj, who had been at war with each
other looked for a strong leader who could establish peace in their land, so
they invited them.
 Some people of Madinah made pledges and invited the prophet to come to
Madinah and assured him their full support.
 The Makkans had made a plan to kill Holy Prophet at Dar ul Nadwah and
Allah wanted to save him, so he received the order from Allah to migrate
towards Madinah.
Events:
When the unbelievers came to know of growing power of Muslims, they redoubled
their persecution for Holy Prophet and his followers. Therefore Holy Prophet advised
them to emigrate to Yasrib secretly. Then the Quraish held a meeting in the council
hall, Dar un Nadwa. Many leaders were gathered like Utba, Shaiba, Abu Sufyan,
Abu Jahl, Ummaya bin Khalf and Iblees in the form of an old man of Najad. They
decided that one person from each tribe should be selected who would collectively
attack the Holy Prophet and kill him. So the Banu Hashim may not be able to take
revenge from all tribes.
As Allah said in the Holy Quran
“And remember when the disbelievers plotted against you to imprison you or to kill
you or to get you out, they were plotting while Allah was also planning the wisest
plan too, no doubt, Allah is the best planner”.
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The Holy Prophet was informed of this plan by Allah through the angel Jibrael. Holy
Prophet went to the house of Hazrat Abu Bakr and informed him about the
permission for migration. Hazrat Abu Bakr asked if he could go with him and prophet
replied in the positive. After finalizing the plan he returned home to wait for nightfall.
The Makkans had chosen 11 men, one from each tribe to take part in the murder
attempt and they surrounded the house of prophet. Then Holy Prophet asked Hazrat
Ali to sleep on his bed and to return the valuables entrusted to the Holy Prophet by
the people of Makkah and he left the house by reciting the verses of surah Yasin and
by throwing the handful of dust at disbelievers. As Allah said in the Holy Quran
“And we put a barrier before them, and a barrier behind them, and we covered them
up, so they cannot see”. He took Hazrat Abu Bakr, made his way to Yasrib and
reached at the cave of Saur. On reaching the cave, Hazrat Abu Bakr entered the
cave and cleaned it. Then Holy Prophet entered it and laying his head in the lap of
Hazrat Abu Bakr, immediately went to sleep. Meanwhile a snake appeared from a
hole, Hazrat Abu Bakr put his foot on the mouth of the hole and the snake stung it.
The pain was so severe that the tears from Abu Bakr’s eyes fell on the Holy Prophet’
face. Holy Prophet woke up and on seeing Abu Bakr condition applied his saliva on
his foot and the pain was removed. On the other side, the disbelievers were waiting
for the hour when prophet used to get out for Morning Prayer and near the morning
they started peeping through the holes of the door. They saw that Ali is sleeping,
when he rose up they asked about Holy Prophet but he answered that he had no
idea. At this they were stunned. Emergency was declared in Makkah and a prize of
100 camels was announced for anyone who could capture Abu Bakr or Holy Prophet
dead or alive. Many young men of the Quraish went out in search of them and they
came very close to cave that Hazrat Abu Bakr said to prophet “if anyone of them
looks down, he could find us”.
Holy Quran mentions the answer of Holy Prophet in these words “And he said to his
companion, have no fear, for Allah is with us”. So the disbelievers did not bother to
look inside cave because its entrance was covered with cobwebs and there was a
pair of wild pigeon on the thresh hold. During this stay Abdullah, son of Hazrat Abu
Bakr brought news of the Quraish, Asma bint Abu Bakr brought food for them. After
three days Abdullah bin Ureeqat who was hired as guard came and they continued
their journey. During journey Suraqa bin Malik tried to approach and capture them
but his horse’s legs sank into the ground and he realized that he could not attack. On
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his request he was given statement of security and peace. On the way they stopped
at Quba, at a distance of three miles away from Yasrib where he was joined by
Hazrat Ali. Holy Prophet built a mosque which is known Masjid e Quba and it is the
first mosque constructed on the earth. After 14 days stay in Quba, Holy Prophet left
for Yasrib on Friday. On his way, in the quarters of Bani Salim Holy Prophet offered
his first Friday prayer and addressed the people. This was the first Friday address.
On their arrival in Yasrib, Holy Prophet and Hazrat Abu Bakr were greeted with joy
by the people of Yasrib. The girls sang songs to welcome him. Everyone was eager
that he should stay with him. They grabbed the halter of his camel but the Prophet
said: “Let it go its own way. It is under orders”.
Holy Prophet Camel sat at an empty plot belonging to two orphan brothers Sahl and
Suhail. Holy Prophet paid the price for it and built the mosque which is called Masjid-
e- Nabwi. He also built two rooms for his own abode with this mosque. During the
construction of this mosque prophet stayed in the house of Hazrat Abu Ayyub
Ansari. The name of city was changed from Yasrib to Madinah-un- Nabi which was
later shortened to Madinah.
Effects:
 Muslims were weak and unable to defend themselves but after this they
became very strong and safe.
 Islamic calendar was started after the migration.
 The Muslims got a separate homeland where they act upon the commandants
of Allah freely and openly.
 Islam spread rapidly in Madinah and outside Madinah.
 Muslims started to live an independent life.
 Muslims displayed extra ordinary brotherhood which is incomparable in the
history of mankind.
 Holy Prophet became the head of the state and the Muslims got political
power.
 Muslims had to leave their homes, properties and even in some cases their
wives and children, so they proved that they can sacrifice anything for the
sake of Islam.
 Holy Prophet became able to organize his followers into a well-knit and
disciplined community.
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 This migration opened a door of victories and achievements of Islam.

The importance of the Holy Prophet’s experiences in caves:
Cave of Hira:
 The event of beginning of revelation took place in the cave of Hira that not
only changed the lives of people of Arabia but also the history of the world.
 It marked the beginning of Hazrat Muhammad’s prophethood and the spread
of Islam’s universal message.
 It marked the change from polytheism to monotheism.
 It marks the beginning of God’s final guidance for humans, telling them how to
live their lives.
 The first verses revealed to him tell us about Allah, the creator and master of
everything.
 The verses revealed in the cave of Hira shows that Allah himself is man’s
teacher because he said: “Taught man that which he knew not”.
 The verses also mention reading and writing which shows the importance of
knowledge in Islam.
 This experience of the Holy Prophet reveals to us that Hazrat Muhammad
was like any other human being who was scared and frightened after the
revelation.
Cave of Saur:
 The stay in the cave of Saur holds great significant in the history of Islam if it
had not been, both the Holy Prophet and Hazrat Abu Bakr would have been
caught and brutally killed.
 The stay in this cave led to the safe emigration of the Prophet to Madinah and
so it preserved the opportunity for the spread of Islam.
 This shows that Allah protects his chosen people from the evils of this world
and proves that Allah has power and control over everything.
 The Muslims also learnt the spirit of true friendship as shown by Hazrat Abu
Bakr in this cave.
 It shows that meeting force with force is not always the way to success.
 The importance of the incident is such that the Qur’an refers to it.
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Life in Madinah (622 AD to 632 AD)

First year of Hijrah:
Mosque of the Prophet:
The first important thing that the Prophet did on arriving in Madinah was to build a
mosque. The land for the mosque was bought from two orphans Sahl and Suhail.
The Prophet himself worked with his companions to complete the building. This
mosque was known as the “Mosque of the Prophet” or Masjid-e-Nabwi. It is referred
in the Quran in the following words:
“There is a mosque whose foundation was laid from the first day on piety”.
The walls of the mosque were made of unbaked bricks, the roof was of mud and
date palm leaves and the trunks of date palm trees were used for pillars. A large
platform was built in one of the corners of the mosque, this was known as Suffah. It
became the training centre for Islamic education and also a shelter for Muslims
specially, the emigrants from Makkah. After the Holy Ka’abah, this mosque is the
holiest mosque.
Azan:
In order to call the believers to the mosque for offering their prayers in congregation,
the system of calling Azan was introduced. Some suggested that the Jewish way of
ringing the bell should be adopted but the Prophet rejected it. Hazrat Abdullah bin
Zaid had a dream, someone taught him the words of Azan. Hazrat Umar had a
similar dream, so it was adopted and Hazrat Bilal was appointed as the Muezzin.
Brotherhood between Emigrants and Helpers: 1st AH
The Muslims in Madinah belonged to two categories.

Muhajirin or Emigrants: Those who had migrated to Madinah from Makkah were
known as Muhajirin or emigrants.
Ansar or Helpers: Those who belonged to Madinah and had given shelter to the
emigrants and helped them were known as Ansar or the Helpers. All the Muslims of
Makkah had reached Madinah before the Prophet. They had brought almost nothing
with them, so the first essential task for the Prophet was to help the emigrants by
arranging homes, food and money for them. To form a strong bond of faith and
brotherhood, the Prophet gathered the helpers and the emigrants. In the meeting the
Holy Prophet paired each of the emigrants from Makkah with a Helper from Madinah
creating brotherhood. Thus the Prophet solved the problems of the refugees and
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strengthened the ties of brotherhood. According to this Muslim brotherhood, the

hosts shared all their possessions with the emigrants. This is an unmatched in
human history. The Prophet took Hazrat Ali as his brother. Hazrat Sa’d bin Al-Rabi
and Hazrat Hazrat Abdur Rahman bin Awf were made brothers. Hazrat Saad was
willing to share half of his property and divorce his wife for Abdur Rahman to marry
but he refused, preferring to work himself. The Ansar wanted to share their date
palms with the Muhajrin but the Muhajrin refused, so the Ansar offered them to work
in their orchards and in return they were given dates. The Holy Quran praises the
excellence of those who emigrated and those who helped their brothers. The Quran
says:
“Those who believe, emigrate, struggle in Allah’s way and those who give shelter
and help, they indeed are the true believers. For them will be forgiveness and
honourable provision”.
Treaty of Madinah (charter of Madinah): 1st AH
Reasons: After establishing pact of brotherhood between Muhajirin and Ansar,
Prophet tried to cement peace and solidarity in Medinan society because in Madinah
there were three main tribes of Jews: Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza,
who, because of their riches and property holdings, enjoyed a dominant position.
The Holy Prophet felt the need of pact with the inhabitants of Madinah.
There were two main reasons.
 The Prophet realized that the foundation of the Islamic Empire would be very
weak unless it was based upon the support of all the people living in Madinah.
 The situation called for a strong measure of co-ordination and adjustment,
particularly as the Muslims were seriously threatened by the Quraish. So it
was an important step to secure the internal peace of the new state.
Holy Prophet summoned the leaders of the Jews and told them, “we live in one city”
and we should live in peace and help each other. The Jews accepted the idea and
reached an agreement.
Terms: The terms of the treaty were:
 All the communities signing the pact would form the common nationality.
 If any of the signatories was attacked by the enemy, others would defend
him with their combined forces.
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 Muslims, Jews and other communities should be free to profess their own
respective religions and perform their religious ceremonies. Nobody could
interfere in it.
 Hence forth bloodshed, murder and violence should be Haram (prohibited)
in Madinah.
 Hazrat Muhammad would be the head of the Republic and by virtue of it
would be the highest court of appeal in the land.
Importance of the treaty:
 It was the first ever written constitution of the Islamic state on which the state
affairs were to run. It had fifty two sections.
 This charter shows the political wisdom and foresight of the Holy Prophet and
was the political victory of him.
 It stopped the Jews to fall in the hands of Quraish of Makkah.
 The treaty laid down the foundation of Islamic state without any opposition.
 This treaty provided the religious freedom to the Jews.
 This treaty secured the Muslims in Madinah.
 This treaty established the Holy Prophet as the undisputed leader, ruler, judge
and the commander of the people of Madinah.
Second year of Hijrah:
Fasting and Zakat:
Fasting in the month of Ramzan was made obligatory upon all adult Muslims in the
second year of Hijra in these words of Quran: “O you who believe! Fasting is
prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you so that you may learn
self-restraint” (2:183). The Zakat was also made obligatory in the same year in the
following words: “And spend of your money in the cause of Allah” (2:183).
Change of Qibla: 2 AH
The Qibla that is the direction to which a Muslim turns his face while saying his
prayers. In Makkah, the Muslims used to pray facing the direction of the Khana
Kaba. But in Madinah, they turned their faces towards Masjid-e-Aqsa in Jerusalem
for over 16 months. In 2 AH, while the Prophet was leading the Asr prayers at the
mosque in Madinah, he was ordered to pray facing the direction of the Ka’ba, which
henceforth, became the religious centre for Muslims. The Prophet and the
congregation immediately turned their faces towards the Ka’ba in the same prayers.
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That is why that mosque is called “Misjid Zul Qiblatain”. The Holy Quran says: “We
see the turning of your face to the heaven now shall we turn you to a Qibla that shall
please you. Turn then your face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque”.
Battle of Badr: Ramzan 2 AH, 624 AD
General Reasons:
 The Quraish were displeased with the people of Madinah because they had
invited the Prophet and given him shelter.
 The Quraish were jealous of the growing power of the Muslims.
 There were some skirmishes between the Muslims and the people of Makkah.
 Madinah was situated between Syria and Makkah, so in a sense it was a
source of continuous threat for the trade caravans of Makkans.
 The people of Makkah were very furious because they had failed to kill the
Holy Prophet before migration.
Main Reason:
In 2nd year of migration the Muslims got permission for fighting by Allah in these
words: “To those against whom war is made, permission is given to fight because
they are wronged and, verily, Allah is most powerful for their aid”.
Then the Muslims began to raid and threaten the Quraish and their allies. In 2 nd AH,
a very large trade caravan of the Quraish, laden with profits, led by Abu Sufyan, was
on its way back to Makkah, and had to pass close to Madinah. Intercepting this
caravan would strike a deadly blow to the Quraish, and the Muslims decided to
attack it. Abu Sufyan, foreseeing such attack, sent a message for help to the citizens
of Makkah. Enraged by this threat, a highly equipped army of 1000 soldiers left
Makkah for Madinah. While it was halfway news reached them that the caravan had
taken an alternate route and reached Makkah safely. The leaders of the army that
included Abu Jahl and many of the elite chiefs of the Quraish, decided to march on
to deal severely with the Muslims.
Events:
On 17th Ramadan 2 A.H, the Muslims and the Quraishite armies met for the first time
in the battlefield of Badr. The Muslim army was only 313 in number and was poorly
equipped with only two horses and a few camels. The Makkans were 1000 in
number and armed to the teeth, with seventy horses and a large number of
weapons. The Prophet advanced to the valley of Badr and seized the water source
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and then blocked up all the wells except the one nearest to Makkah. Thus he got the
first strategic supremacy. The Muslims were stationed on the firm ground of the
slope of a hill whereas the Makkans encamped on the soil below the hill. So the
rainfall proved very helpful for the Muslim army. The sun, on the morning of the
battle hit in their eyes but the Muslims had the sun on their back. Sound sleep at
night also made them fresh and ready to fight. The Prophet threw a handful of dust
towards the Makkans which blinded them momentarily and created confusion. Most
importantly, Allah sent down a thousand angels to help them, as stated in surah
Anfal. The battle itself was fought in three stages
 War of words
 One to one combat rounds.
 General fighting.
While the battle was going on, the Prophet prostrated before Allah and prayed:
“O Allah! If this small band of men perishes, there will be no one alive to worship
you, and your faith will be destroyed forever”. So the Quraish lost three prominent
chiefs, Utba bin Rabia, his brother Shaiba and Waleed bin Utba by Hazrat Hamza,
Hazrat Abu Ubaidah and Hazrat Ali. Allah granted victory to Muslims. The Quraish
fled in disorder, leaving a large number of dead and wounded on the battlefield. In
all, seventy of the Quraish were killed like Abu Jahl etc and seventy were taken
prisoners. Among them were Abbas, uncle of the Prophet, Aqeel, the brother of
Hazrat Ali, and Abul Aas, the son in law of the Prophet. The Muslims also captured
115 camels, 14 horses and a rich store of clothes, carpets and equipments of war.
The Muslims lost only fourteen people, six Muhajirin and eight Ansar. The Quran
mentions this victory in these words:
“Allah had helped you at Badr, when you were a contemptible little force”.
Effects and Importance:
 It was the first fight between the Muslims and the Makkans which was
declared as a fight between truth and falsehood as Allah said it Yaum ul
Furqan, the day of Criterion.
 The victory of the battle of Badr encouraged the Muslims and made them
strong believers.
 Some tribes in the suburbs of Madinah accepted Islam.
 One of the tribe of the Jews, Banu Qainuqah, broke the treaty of Madinah
which was signed between the Muslims and the Jews.
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 Prominent leadership of the Quraish was killed in the battle of Badr.

 The Muslims observed some miracles because Allah had sent angels to help
them.
 The predictions of the Prophet proved true because the Prophet had predicted
before the war about the fate of some Makkans who were later killed in the
battle.
 The people of Makkah became more furious and grieved because they were
not expecting such a result.
 The Holy Prophet showed his great skills as a military commander.
Banu Qainqa: 624 AD, 2 AH
Some Jews of Banu Qainqa insulted a Muslim woman while she was shopping on a
Jew’s shop. A Muslim, who was there, got enraged and killed the Jew but was
himself also killed by a group of the Jews. When the matter was brought to the
Prophet, he raised an army and laid siege to Banu Qainqa’s residences. The siege
lasted for 15 days and finally the Jews surrendered. They were forced to leave
Madinah taking their wives and children within three days. They migrated to Syria.
Third year of Hijrah:

Battle of Uhad: 3 AH, 625 AD
Reasons:
Some of the causes of the Battle of Uhad were the same as that of Badr and the
main reasons for this battle are:
 The pagans wanted to take revenge.
 The people of Makkah wanted to regain the prestige they had lost in the battle
of Badr.
 The hypocrites and Jews of Madinah like Ka’ab bin Ashraf invited the people
of Makkah to attack the Muslims.
 Some of the Makkans had vowed they would not take a bath or eat until they
had taken their revenge.
 After the defeat at Badr the business community of Makkah set aside a
certain amount of their income for the next battle.
 After the battle there was a constant threat to the trade caravans of Makkah
from the people of Madinah.
 Hindah vowed that she would take revenge for her brothers and father killed
in the battle of Badr and thus inspired the Makkans to fight too.
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Events:
Ka’ab bin Ashraf of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nazir went to Makkah to participate in
the mourning for those killed at Badr. He and other Jewish poets wrote poems to
instigate the Quraish to fight against the Muslims. Abu Sufyan, the commander of the
Quraish army, which was defeated at Badr, went to meet the Jews of Banu Nazir,
who promised help. Meetings were held where it was decided to collect funds and
raise a strong army for attacking Madinah and wiping out the Muslims. Some other
tribes were also invited to join in this war. Finally a full armed force of three thousand
men left Makkah for Madinah. The Holy Prophet consulted his companions about the
best way to meet the enemy. The consensus of opinion was that the Muslims should
go out of Madinah to meet the enemy. Although the Prophet had a different opinion,
yet when the majority insisted on meeting outside Madinah, he agreed.
Three miles to the north of Madinah, the Quraish camped at the foot of a hill known
as Uhad. The Prophet advanced towards Uhad with one thousand companions. On
the way, Abdullah bin Ubbay, the leader of the hypocrites, deserted with three
hundred of his men on the excuse that the Prophet had turned down his suggestion
of fighting the enemy from inside the city.
The Holy Prophet, with the remaining seven hundred men, reached Uhad and also
set up camp. He posted fifty archers to protect the pass in the Uhad Mountain and
defend the Muslims from any possible attack by the enemy from behind. They were
given strict instructions not to leave their post under any circumstances.
Several Quraish women accompanied the army of the pagans including Hinda, the
daughter of Utba, who was killed in the Battle of Badr; Umm-e- Hakeem, the
granddaughter Abu Jahl, also killed in the Battle of Badr and Fatima, the sister of
Khalid bin Walid.
When the fighting started, the Quraish attacked first. The Muslims fought bravely
under the command of the Prophet and killed and wounded many warriors of the
Quraish, who began to flee in disorder leaving behind a great deal of booty. When
the archers saw the enemy retreating, they left their posts to collect the booty. Khalid
bin Walid, the head of the enemy cavalry, found the opening in the mountain
undefended. He attacked from behind. The Muslims force was taken by surprise and
there was utter confusion. The enemy tried to reach the post where the Prophet was.
He was wounded in the head and face and lost one of his teeth. The enemy raised
the cry that the Prophet was killed and the confusion increased. The Prophet,
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however, stood firmly and called out to his companions to come back. When the
Muslims saw their leader, they rejoined the battle. Soon, more support came to the
Prophet and a group of his companions moved him to a well-protected area at the
foot of the mountain.
Now, both parties were, however, extremely exhausted and each army prepared to
leave. In this encounter seventy Muslims were killed and forty injured; while the
enemy lost only thirty of their men. Hazrat Hamzah, an uncle of the Prophet was
killed by a slave of Hindah, the wife of Abu Sufyan. Hindah mutilated the corpse and
chewed his liver in order to avenge the death of her father, Utba, killed in the Battle
of Badr at the hands of Hamza. That is why he was given the title of “Leader of
Martyrs”. It was on this occasion, that the first time, Muslim ladies went to the
battlefield to give water to the soldiers and to nurse the wounded.
Effects:
 The loss which the Muslims got in the battle of Uhad had a negative effect on
the relations with the neighbouring tribes who started to make plans for revolt
against the Muslims.
 Many tribes broke their treaties with the Muslims because they took the defeat
of Muslims as their weakness.
 Some of the tribes became unfaithful like Banu Salma who invited seventy
missionaries to preach Islam among them and then killed them.
 The Holy Prophet had to lead many campaigns to bring treacherous tribes
back to submission.
 Muslims got a moral lesson that they would not be able to get victory unless
they followed the commands of the Holy Prophet.
 It was clear that greed of wealth would lead the Muslims to destruction.
 One of the tribes of Jews Banu Nazir openly broke the treaty of Madinah and
became enemies of the Muslims. They even tried to kill the Prophet.
 After the battle of Uhad, the Jews of Banu Nazir were asked to leave
Madinah. They settled in Khyber while some of them went to Syria.
 The Muslims lost their great commander, Hazrat Hamza.
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Fourth year of Hijrah:

Banu Nazir: 4 AH, 625 AD
The Holy Prophet met with some of the companions at Banu Nazir’s settlements
regarding the payment of blood money to Banu Amir. They asked the Prophet to wait
under the wall of their stronghold. The Prophet was divinely informed of their design
to kill him by rolling of a big stone from above the wall, so he left for Madinah. The
Prophet went to Mosque and told his companions about this. Then he sent an
ultimatum asking them to leave Madinah within 15 days. Upon their resistance, the
Prophet laid siege to their strongholds. After 15 days siege they began to leave
Madinah for Khyber.
Fifth year of Prophet Hijrah:
Battle of Trench: (ditch, Ahzab, tribes, Allies) Shawwal 5 AH, February 627.
Reasons:
 At the Battle of Uhad, Abu Sufyan threatened the prophet that he would attack
Madinah the following year. According to this challenge Holy Prophet took
fifteen hundred men and went to Badr and waited for eight days. This
humiliated the Quraish then they began to prepare themselves for the next
war.
 The growing power and influence of the Muslims frightened the Quraish and it
was a threat for their social, religious and economic benefits.
 The loss of the Muslims at Uhad also encouraged the Quraish to attack
Madinah.
 The role of Jews was an important factor because they not only invited the
Makkans to attack Madinah but also provoked other tribes to fight against the
Muslims.
Events:
Twenty chiefs of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nazir who had settled at Khyber went to
Makkah and asked for help against Muslims and the Quraish agreed to give help.
After the successful negotiation they went to Ghatafan tribe and obtained their
support too. Some other tribes also agreed to give full support against the Muslims.
So ten thousand armed men under the command of Abu Sufyan marched towards
Madinah to uproot Islam and Muslims. When the Holy Prophet was informed, he
consulted his companions. Hazrat Salman Farsi advised to dig a trench because
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Madinah was safe on three sides due to population, impassable hilly tracks, thick
gardens and trees. The forth side on the Syrian root, the northern part of Madinah
was unsafe and accessible area for disbelievers. This suggestion was accepted by
Holy Prophet and all his companions. So all the Muslims with Holy Prophet started
digging the trench and completed it in a week. The dimensions of this trench were:
1 1
Length: 5.5 km, width: 42 meters, depth: 42 meters. The Jewish tribe living in
Madinah broke the treaty and came out against the Muslims and tried to help the
disbelievers. The hypocrites among the Muslim army, when they saw the dangerous
situation, asked permission from Holy Prophet to return on the excuse that their
homes were not safe. During digging some extra ordinary signs appeared as Hazrat
Jabir slaughtered a lamb and invited all the Muslims. All of them ate to their fill and
still there was spare food. Similarly while digging the trench all the companions failed
to break a strong rock and Holy Prophet broke it and he said “I have been given the
keys of Syria, Yemen and Sana’a. When the non-Muslim army reached there, they
became surprised and tried their best to cross it but failed. The siege lasted for a
month. So Allah’ help came one night and strong wind blew which overturned the
allies camp and forced them to retreat. Next day none of the disbelievers was seen
anywhere.
Effects:
 Islam spread rapidly among the neighboring tribes.
 The trade of the Quraish with Syria stopped.
 It was the last attack by the Makkans as he received the glad news that the
enemies of Makkah would not attack in future.
Lessons for Muslims in this battle:
 Success in war does not depend on numbers and weapons.
 If the Muslims remain firm on faith in God, nobody could harm and defeat
them.
 Muslims should remain strong, patient and hard working for their victory.
 Muslims should remain hopeful in time of difficulty as they were in this battle.
 Muslims should decide everything with consultation as Holy Prophet did.
 Muslims should get and use new skills as Holy Prophet used in this battle. So
science and technology are not against Islam.
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 Muslim must remain united and disciplined as they were disciplined in this
battle.
 Muslim leaders should also participate in any mission as Muhammad worked
like laborers with his companions
Banu Quraizah: 5 AH, 627 AD
During the battle of Ahzab they held negotiations with the Quraish and this greatly
endangered the Muslims who were on the defensive situation. The Prophet was,
therefore, compelled to take serious action against them. After the battle was over,
the Prophet marched with his army towards them and laid a siege to them. The siege
lasted for a month, so they decided to surrender. After this, the Jews of Banu
Quraiza demanded that their fate should be decided by Saad bin Muaz. He decided
the fate by the Law of Torat, so all the men about 700 were put to death, their
women and children were enslaved and their property was confiscated.
Sixth year of Hijrah:
Treaty of Hudaibiyah: (Zul Qa’da 6 AH, March 628 AD)

Once Holy Prophet saw a dream that he was entering the sacred mosque and was
performing Umra with his companions. When he informed some of his companions
about the dream, they became very happy and they decided to go to Makkah for
performing Umra. Holy Prophet with 1400 unarmed companions, in two sheets of
unsewn cloth (ihram) and 70 camels for sacrifice set out for Makkah. When the
Quraish was informed about the approach of Muslims, they held a meeting and
decided to resist their entry at any cost. They sent 200 horsemen under the
command of Khalid bin Waleed to stop the Muslims. So Holy Prophet stopped at
Hudaibiyah, a place at a distance of about 3 miles from Makkah. Quraish sent
Budail, Mikraz, Urwa bin Masud to inform the prophet about the decision of Quraish
and to advise them to go back this year without Umra. Holy Prophet sent Khrash bin
Ummayah as messenger but he was ill-treated. Then he desired to send Hazrat
Umar but he had personal enmity with the Quraish, so the decision was made about
Usman. The Quraish allowed him to perform Umra alone but he refused and said
“how is it possible that I avail of this opportunity while the Holy Prophet is denied of
it. So Hazrat Usman was detained for a long time and rumor broke out in Muslims
about the murder of Usman. Holy Prophet called his companions to take a pledge of
fight to take the revenge the blood of Usman. This oath is called Bait- e- Rizwan
(Pledge of God’ pleasure) because Allah said in the Holy Quran about this “Allah
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indeed was pleased with the believers, when they gave their pledge to you under the
tree”. This pledge is also called Bait-e-Shajarah because this pledge was done under
the tree. When the Quraish heard about this pledge they decided to negotiate with
Muslims. They sent Suhail bin Amr for reconciliation. After a prolonged debate the
treaty of Hudaibiyah was done. Hazrat Ali wrote it. The terms of this treaty were;
 There would be no war for ten years.
 Anyone who flees from Makkah to Madinah shall be returned but any Muslim
who flees to Makkah will not be returned to Muslims.
 Any tribe is free to join either party (Muslims or Makkans) as allies.
 Muslims will go back this year without Umra but may return next year and will
stay in Makkah for three days.
All the terms were disappointed and unfavorable for Muslims. So Hazrat Umar was
not happy over the terms. Yet the Holy Prophet accepted them with the command of
Allah. Allah said about this “verily, we have granted you a manifest victory”. So
animals were slaughtered, heads were shaved and ihrams were removed.
Effects and Importance:
 This treaty gave the time to Muslims to preach Islam more openly, confidently
without any fear of Makkan’s aggression.
 It gave the chance to disbelievers to study the Islamic way of life in peaceful
atmosphere. So a large number of non-Muslims accepted Islam as Khalid bin
Waleed who conquered Syria and Amr bin A’as who became the conqueror of
Egypt later.
 This treaty was a turning point in the struggle of Islamic revolution which laid
the foundation of later successes as the conquest of Khyber and Makkah.
 After this treaty he had secured position and he dispatched messengers to
rulers with invitation of Islam and many of them accepted Islam.
Seventh year of Hijrah:
Letters to the different kings and emperors: 7AH
The term of treaty of Hudaibiyah gave the time and opportunity to Prophet to extend
Islam outside of Arab peninsula. He wrote letters to different kings. Envoys were
chosen by the Prophet according to their qualities. In order to authenticate the
identification of his envoys, a silver seal was made which was engraved
“Muhammad, the messenger of Allah”.
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 King of Abyssinia:
His real name was Ashmah bin Al-Abjar, title was Negus. The message of Holy
Prophet was dispatched by Amr bin Umayyah. When Negus received the letter, he
touched it with his eyes, descended to the ground, confessed his faith in Islam and
wrote a letter for him. Negus died in Rajab 9 AH. The Prophet of Allah announced
his death and led his absent funeral prayer.
 King of Egypt:
His real name was Jaraij or Binyamin, famous with Cyrus or Maquqas. Hazrat Hatib
bin Abi Baltah was the messenger of Holy Prophet for him. Cyrus thought deeply and
read the contents of the letter carefully. He wrote the reply that “I have read your
letter and I already know that a prophet was due but I used to believe he would be
born in Syria. So, I am sending you two maids as presents, some clothing and an
animal for riding on”. Cyrus did not avail the opportunity but his presents were
accepted. First maid named Maria was married with Holy Prophet and the other
Syreen was married to Hassan bin Sabit. Hazrat Ibrahim, the son of Holy Prophet
was born from Hazrat Maria.
 King of Rome (Byzantines):
His name was Heraclius, title was Caesar, the letter was sent by Hazrat Dihyah bin
Khalifah Kalbi. The letter was read out to him and later he called Abu Sufyan bin
Harb to his court. Abu Sufyan was the leader of the Quraish and bitterest enemy of
Islam who came there for trade. Heraclius put some questions to Abu Sufyan about
Holy Prophet and was much impressed by what Abu Sufyan told him. Then
Heraclius said “If it is true, then the Prophet will soon govern the land under my feet.
I already knew that a prophet will arise but was not sure that he would be an Arab. If
I were with him, I would have washed his feet”. A tense atmosphere was created by
the churchmen present at the court and he was ordered to leave. So the king did not
embrace Islam.
 King of Persia (Iran):
His real name was Khusro Pervez, title was Kisra. He was sent letter by Hazrat
Abdullah bin Huzaifah. Khusro was very proud emperor. On seeing the name of
prophet above his own name, he burst into anger and said “how dare a slave
address me like that”. He tore the letter into pieces and ordered the governor of
Yemen to present the new messenger before him. When Holy Prophet was reported
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about his reaction, he replied “Allah will rend and scatter his kingdom into pieces in
the same way that he tore my letter”. Later his son killed him and captured the
throne, but after sometime he drank poison and died.
 King of Damascus:
His real name was Al-Haris bin Abi Shimr Al-Ghassani and Holy Prophet sent Shuja
bin Wahab with letter. He heard the contents of the letter and said “who can dare to
dispose me of my country. I shall fight that prophet”. So in pride of power, he
rejected the invitation to embrace Islam.
 Kings of Oman and Bahrain:
The names of Oman kings were Jaifer and Abd, both sharing the kingship,
messenger was Hazrat Amr bin Al Aas. The name of Bahrain governor was Manzir
bin Sawa, messenger was Ibn Hazrami. All they accepted Islam.
Khyber Expedition: (Muharram 7AH, 629 AD)
The Banu Nazir and other Jewish tribes after being exiled from Madinah had settled
at Khyber, 70 miles away from Madinah. They were always plotting against Muslims.
They had the support of Ghatfan and hypocrites of Madinah. When they came to
know of the terms of Hudaibiyah, they took it as a sign of weakness and began to
make preparations for attacking Madinah. When Holy Prophet came to know of this,
he prepared 1400 men against the Jews of Khyber. After reaching Khyber, the
Muslims slept at night. The next morning when the Jews came out for work, they
were attacked. They took shelter in their fortresses. These were designed for
fighting. They were 20,000 and they hurled stones and showered arrows on the
Muslim army from their fortresses. The first to be conquered by Muslims was the
fortress of Naim. The strongest and best fortified was Qamus. So for this fortress the
fighting prolonged to 20 days. Each day they had to return without success. Until one
day Holy Prophet said “Tomorrow I will give the banner to the man who loves Allah
and his prophet and Allah and his prophet love him”. The next morning, all the
Muslims encircled the prophet hoping to be chosen as the next bearer of the banner.
But Holy Prophet called Hazrat Ali who was not present at that time because he had
some problems in his eyes. Holy Prophet applied his saliva to his eyes while praying
for his success. Hazrat Ali’ eyes were soon cured. He went out for fighting then a
proud warrior named Marhab (who is said to have moved a door by himself who
would have taken 40 to 50 men to move) came out but Hazrat Ali killed him in the
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first attack and was given the title of Lion of Allah by the Holy Prophet. Then a fierce
battle started in which the Jews were forced to surrender and the Muslims captured
the fort. The Jews requested the prophet to grant them peace. They were allowed to
stay in Khyber on the condition that they would live in peace and give half of the
produce of their land to the Muslims. Holy Prophet always used to send Hazrat
Abdullah bin Rawaha to get half produce from them.
Eighth year of Hijrah:
Battle of Mu’tah: 8 AH, 629 AD
Reason:
In 8 AH, 629 AD, the Holy Prophet sent Haris bin Umair with a letter for the ruler of
Basra, Shuahbil. When he arrived at Mu’tah, a village of Syria, Shurahbil made him
killed. So Holy Prophet decided to take revenge and punish him.
Events:
After this murder, Holy Prophet consulted his companions and decided that the
killing of an envoy is an act of war, so the Prophet dispatched an army of 3000 men
under Zaid bin Haris with detailed instructions regarding the chain of commanders.
When they listened about the Muslim’s advancement, Shurahbil collected one lac
army and Heraclius also sent one lac army. So the Muslims met two hundred
thousand strong army at Mu’tah. The Holy Prophet was shown the battle by Allah’s
power while he was in Madinah and he related the events as they happened
hundreds of miles away. Zaid bin Harisa, then Jafar Tayyar (the great flier, Zul
Janahain, because Holy Prophet said Allah gave him two wings in place of the two
hands he had lost in this battle), then Abdullah bin Rawaha were martyred in
succession and then Khalid bin Walid took the command. He planned to terrify the
enemy. He changed the places of warriors and troops. So the enemy assumed that a
fresh army had joined the Muslim army and they frightened. During this time, the
Muslims safely retreated to Madinah.
Effects:
The number of martyrs was twelve while the casualties of the Byzantines were large
in number. Although the Muslims were not satisfied with the result of the war but
their reputation in warfare threatened the non-Muslims when they came to know that
only 3000 men with simple equipment had fought so bravely against such a large
army.
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Conquest of Makkah: (January 630 AD, Ramzan 8 AH)

Reason:
After the Treaty of Hudaibiyah, the Khuza tribe joined the Muslims, while the Banu
Bakr tribe became an ally of the Quraish. One of the terms of treaty was that neither
party would fight an ally of the other party. In violation of this clause of the treaty, the
Quraish, along with the Banu Bakr attacked and killed the men of Banu Khuza. A
deputation of the Banu Khuza came to Holy Prophet and asked for his aid and
protection. The Holy Prophet promised to help them. Then he sent a message to the
Quraish offering them three alternatives:
 To pay compensation or blood money for the men of Banu Khuza.
 To dissolve their alliance with the Banu Bakr.
 To declare that the treaty of Hudaibiyah stood dissolved.
The Quraish took the third option. The Holy Prophet decided that there was no other
alternative but to fight against the Quraish. He, therefore, ordered preparation for
war. Later the Quraish became worried on their decision and sent Abu Sufyan for
renewing the treaty. Abu Sufyan proceeded to Madinah to request the Prophet for
renewing the Treaty and to repair it but Hazrat Muhammad refused. He approached
to different companions like Hazrat Abu Bakr, Hazrat Umar, but failed to get any
support.
Events:
The Holy Prophet left Madinah on the 10th of Ramzan 8 AH with an army ten
thousand. He maintained complete secrecy, to prevent Quraish from organizing an
alliance with their neighbouring tribes. The Muslims camped outside Makkah. The
Holy Prophet had ordered his followers to light up the torches. So the sight of so
many fires magnified the size of the Muslim army in the eyes of the Quraish, and
they were demoralized, over awed and completely unnerved. Abu Sufyan who was
spying out the land for the Quraish, was completely taken back and at this point, he
decided to submit to the Prophet. On the way to the Muslim camp, he met Abbas the
Prophet’s uncle, who took him under his protection, and brought him to the Holy
Prophet and he accepted Islam.
The Prophet divided his army into four groups and gave instructions to all that no
blood was be shed and they were not to fight unless they were attacked in which
case they should defend themselves. Before entering Makkah the Prophet
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proclaimed that who so ever remained in his house would be safe, whoever was in
Ka’ba would be safe and even those entered the house of Abu Sufyan would be
safe. Thus safety was guaranteed to virtually everyone, even the worst enemy of
Islam.
The Quraish who had never seen such a huge, well-armed and disciplined army
before, offered no resistances; but the unit under the command of Khalid bin Walid
was attacked by the tribesmen of Banu Bakr and also by some of the most hostile
Quraish. Khalid had, therefore, no option but to fight back. In this encounter twenty
eight men were killed. Then the Holy Prophet entered his native city as a conqueror.
The inhabitants expected revenge for their past misdeeds and they were totally
demoralized by the might of the Muslim army. The Holy Prophet however proclaimed
a general amnesty and said: “Today, there is no blame on you, there will be no
retribution; go, all of you are free”. Only a few well known miscreants were
sentenced to death but most of them were in the end forgiven. The forgiveness and
generosity shown by the Holy Prophet is unique in the history of conquests. In its
relief and surprise the whole population of Makkah embraced Islam. The Holy
Prophet ordered all the idols which were in the sanctuary of the Ka’abah to be
destroyed, saying:
“Truth has come; darkness has vanished away” and for the first time the Muslim’s
call for prayer was heard in Makkah. The Quran says regarding the conquest of
Makkah, “When comes the help of Allah and victory and you see people entering the
religion of Allah in throngs”.
Effects:
 The Muslims recovered their native homeland.
 The Muslims purified Ka’abah of idols.
 The Muslims conquered the economic, cultural, political, spiritual, social and
international centre of Arabia.
 Many people accepted Islam in groups as the next year is called “The Year of
Delegations”.
 The Holy Prophet pardoned every one and showed that he was sent as a
mercy for the whole world.
 The Holy Prophet, for the first time appointed someone as the governor of
Makkah, and went back to Madinah.
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 The whole Arabia came under the control of the Muslims.

 Allah’s promise proved true that after the battle of trench the Makkans would
not attack the Muslims and with the conquest of Makkah their chances of
attacking Madinah vanished forever.
Battle of Hunain and Siege of Taif: 8 AH, 630 AD
Reason:
Conquest of Makkah was shocking for the neighbouring pagan tribes and they were
looking for an opportunity to undo the efforts of the Holy Prophet. The two warring
(best archers) and brave tribes of Hawazan and Banu Thaqeef of Taif collected a
large army for attacking the Muslims.
Events:
After the conquest of Makkah, Holy Prophet stayed in Makkah for fifteen days.
During this stay, he received reports about the preparation of two tribes Hawazan
and Banu Thaqeef under the command of Malik bin Auf. Therefore, he postponed his
departure for Madinah and made preparation for meeting this new challenge. He
proceeded against them with an army of 12000 Muslims, ten thousand of which had
come from Madinah and two thousand were new converts to Islam. At first the
strength of Non-Muslims was 4000, but later it was increased and became 20000.
This army was well equipped, accompanied by their families, with wealth and with
their livestock; they were to fight till death. Probably the enemy had received reports
of the route to be followed by the Muslim army. So they posted archers in secret
places and made a surprize attack on the Muslims while they were passing through
a narrow valley near Hunain. As a result, Muslims began to retreat in disorder. The
Holy Prophet and his companions called the retreating men to return. The Muslim
army responded to the call and the Holy Prophet rallied his forces. Thus within no
time, the defeat was changed into victory. As Allah said in the Holy Quran, “Allah has
blessed you with His help on many battlefields, and on the day of Hunain, when you
were proud of your great number, then it didn’t help you at all”. In this battle four
Muslims were martyred and 70 non-Muslims were killed. The Muslim army took six
thousand prisoners of war, twenty four thousand camels and forty thousand goats.
Siege of Taif:
The leader of opposing army, Malik bin Auf managed to escape and along with a
great many soldiers, sought refuge in the fortress of Taif. So the Muslim army under
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the Prophet’s own leadership besieged that city. This siege continued for nearly forty
days, during which both armies exchanged heavy fire. Then after consultation with
the companions, the Holy Prophet lifted the siege from Taif and moved back, seeing
that the fortress was well stocked and protected. He left them and the people of this
city later approached him in Madinah to accept Islam.
Ninth year of Hijrah:
Tabuk Expedition: 9 AH, 631 AD
Reason:
In the 9th year of the Hijrat the Holy Prophet received information that the Roman
Emperor, Heraclius had organized a huge army and this force was commanded by
the emperor himself. So the Holy Prophet, therefore, ordered that preparations be
made to meet this challenge.
Events:
At that time there was famine in Hejaz and scarcity of water in Madinah and the
surrounding areas. It was also the time for the ripening of fruits and plucking of
dates. Moreover, the arms and equipments for fighting the large army of the Roman
were not available. The weather was very hot and it was very long journey. For these
reasons, the Tabuk expedition is called “Expedition of Straitness”. The Holy Prophet
made an appeal for donations and subscriptions. On this occasion, Hazrat Usman
gave one thousand gold dinars and three hundred camels laden with grains. Hazrat
Umar contributed half of all his cash, household goods and cattle and Hazrat Abu
Bakr donated everything that he had. The Muslim ladies too gave their ornaments as
donations. However many hypocrites and other Arabs made excuse for not
accompanying the Muslim army and they tried their best to misguide the Muslims.
The Holy Prophet left Madinah with an army of thirty thousand men and encamped
at Tabuk. The strength of the army demoralized the Roman who dispersed without
any fighting. The Holy Prophet stayed at Tabuk for twenty days, during which a
number of tribes came to the Holy Prophet and embraced Islam.
When the Holy Prophet returned to Madinah, those who had not joined the
expedition came to make their excuses. Three true believers (Ka’ab bin Malik,
Murara bin Rabi, Hilal bin Umayya) however admitted their mistake. They were
pardoned by Allah while the others were condemned by the Holy Quran. As Allah
said: “And the three whose matter was deferred until when the earth was straitened
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for them despite all of its vastness”. The Tabuk expedition was the last military
expedition in which the Holy Prophet personally took part.
Tenth year of Hijrah:
Last sermon of the Holy Prophet: 632 AD, 10 AH
In the tenth year of Prophet declared his intention to go for pilgrimage and the
Muslims started to prepare for the journey. When news of it spread outside Madinah,
people flocked to the city wanting to go on pilgrimage with the Holy Prophet. The
Prophet left Madinah on Saturday, 25 Zul Qa’da after offering the prayer of Zuhr.
Before the prayer, in a sermon, he explained the essentials of putting of Ihram. As he
departed he recited the Talbiyah. The party reached Makkah on the 4 th of Zul Hajj
and went straight to the Masjid-e-Haram and performed Tawaf of the Ka’ba and the
Sayi. He stayed in Makkah for four days and on the 8 th, the Day of Tarwiyah, he
made for Mina with his companions and spent the night there.
At sunrise on 9th, he left Mina and made for Arafat followed by all the pilgrims. Then
he delivered his farewell sermon near Jabal e Rahmat, the Mount of Mercy, in the
plain of Arafat to over 1, 00,000 believers. Rabi bin Umayyah was repeating his
words so that all could hear. The sermon is the ultimate charter of human rights, and
the final message to his Ummah. The contents of that sermon are as follows:
 Sacredness of blood, property and honour:
O’ people! Listen to my words, because I do not know whether I shall meet you after
this year at this place or not. Your blood, your property and your honour are as
sacred as this day, this month and this city.
 No usury and no revenge:
Keep in mind, O’ people! All the practices of the days of ignorance now under my
feet. The blood revenge of the days of ignorance has been uprooted. Usury is
forbidden and for this I make a beginning by remitting the interest that Hazrat Abbas
was to receive. Bear witness that this interest has been totally remitted.
 Rights of women:
O’ people! Fear Allah regarding the treatment of women. You must respect their
rights and they should not commit acts of indecency and if at anything they do so,
you have the authority to chastise them, but not severely. If, they refrain from
indecency and unlawful practices and are faithful to you, feed them and provide them
with clothes properly.
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 Brotherhood and equality:

“You know that every Muslim is brother of another Muslim. You are all equal. Nobody
has superiority over other except by piety and good action”.
 Rights of slaves:
“And your slaves see that you feed them such food as you eat and cloth them with
what you wear ……..”.
 Day of Judgement:
“Remember, one day you will appear before Allah and answer for your deeds. So
beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am gone”.
 Importance of Holy Quran and Sunnah:
Verily, I have left among you two things, the Quran and my Sunnah, and if you follow
these you will never go astray.
 Finality of Prophet hood:
“O’ people! There will be no prophet after me and likewise there will no nation after
you”.
 Performance of Pillars of Islam:
“I advise you to worship Allah, to say the obligatory five times prayers, fast in the
month of Ramzan and offer the Zakat on your provisions willingly. I advise you to
perform the pilgrimage to the Holy House of Allah and obey those who are in charge
of you. Then, you will be permitted to enter paradise”.
Then the Prophet asked that if you are asked about me, what are you going to say?
They all replied, “We bear witness that you have rightly conveyed the message of
Allah and fulfilled your mission”. He then raised his fore finger towards the sky and
moved it down towards the people saying, “O’ Allah bear witness”. And the Holy
Prophet repeated it thrice. As soon as, the Holy Prophet had completed his speech,
the following verse of the Holy Quran was revealed to him.
“This day I have perfected your religion for you. Completed my favour upon you and
have chosen for you Islam as your religion”. After the sermon, he said his Zuhr and
Asr prayers combined. After the sunset he left for Muzdalifah. In Muzdalifah, the
Prophet offered Maghrib and Isha prayers combined and slept until morning. Then
he went to Mina and performed Rami of the Jamarat-ul-Aqabah. The Prophet went to
the place of sacrificing at Mina and sacrificed sixty three camels, one for each year
of his life. After this he shaved his head. Then he rode to Makkah for performing
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Tawaf-e-Ziyarat. Then he spent three days in Mina to perform the ritual stoning of
Satan. After completion of pilgrimage, he returned to Madinah.
Importance of this sermon:
This sermon is a charter of human rights. It is final message of last Prophet to
humanity. It is essence of preaching done by Holy Prophet during his life. It explains
basic duties of Islam. It bans use of usury in business transactions. This sermon
declares Quran and Sunnah as final source of guidance. It confirms the finality of
prophet hood.
Eleventh year of Hijrah:
Death:
Soon after his return to Madinah the Prophet fell ill with headache and fever. He
remained sick for about two weeks. On the fifth day of his illness he retired to the
apartment of Hazrat Aisha. During this illness, he appointed Hazrat Abu Bakr to lead
the prayers. On the last day of his life, the Prophet came in the mosque supported by
his attendants, and joined the congregational prayer behind Abu Bakr. Then he
begged forgiveness and exhorted them to follow the path of Allah. Then he advised
the Muslims to be careful about the rights of Ansar and to treat them well. The
prophet died on Monday, June 8, 632 AD, 12th Rabbiul Awwal, 11th AH. The Prophet
was buried in the same place where he died; in the house of Hazrat Aisha. His
funeral prayers were performed in batches. His family members including Hazrat Ali
and Hazrat Abbas lowered him in his grave for eternal rest.
Relationship of the Holy Prophet with Jews
In early days of migration to Madinah:
There were three Jewish tribes in Madinah, Banu Qainqa, Banu Nazir and Banu
Quraizah. Banu Qainqa was mainly goldsmiths and other two tribes were
agriculturists. The Holy Prophet was quite aware of the importance of the Jews in
Madinah and was hopeful of winning them over through peaceful invitation to Islam,
which had many things in common with the Jews and the Christians as they were
declared by the Quran as the Ahl e kitab(the people of book). With this hope, he
included them in the Charter of Madinah and they were declared as a single
community or Ummah, complete religious freedom was granted to them and they
were given equal rights. The Holy Prophet tried his best to make them friend but the
Jews gradually distanced with themselves from him and they always remained
hostile towards him.
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 Banu Qainqa: 624 AD,2 AH
Some Jews of Banu Qainqa insulted a Muslim woman while she was shopping on a
Jew’s shop. A Muslim, who was there, got enraged and killed the Jew but was
himself also killed by a group of the Jews. When the matter was brought to the
Prophet, he raised an army and laid siege to Banu Qainqa’s residences. The siege
lasted for 15 days and finally the Jews surrendered. They were forced to leave
Madinah taking their wives and children within three days. They migrated to Syria.
 Banu Nazir: 4 AH, 625 AD
The Holy Prophet met with some of the companions at Banu Nazir’s settlements
regarding the payment of blood money to Banu Amir. They asked the Prophet to wait
under the wall of their stronghold. The Prophet was divinely informed of their design
to kill him by rolling of a big stone from above the wall, so he left for Madinah. The
Prophet went to Mosque and told his companions about this. Then he sent an
ultimatum asking them to leave Madinah within 15 days. Upon their resistance, the
Prophet laid siege to their strongholds. After 15 days siege they began to leave
Madinah for Khyber.
 Banu Quraizah: 5 AH, 627 AD
During the battle of Ahzab they held negotiations with the Quraish and this greatly
endangered the Muslims who were on the defensive situation. The Prophet was,
therefore, compelled to take serious action against them. After the battle was over,
the Prophet marched with his army towards them and laid a siege to them. The siege
lasted for a month, so they decided to surrender. After this, the Jews of Banu
Quraiza demanded that their fate should be decided by Saad bin Muaz. He decided
the fate by the Law of Torah, so all the men about 700 were put to death, their
women and children were enslaved and their property was confiscated.
 Khyber Expedition: 7 AH, 629 AD
Most of the Jews expelled from Madinah took shelter at Khyber. Here they began to
plot against the Muslims in cooperation with the tribes. So later the Khyber was also
conquered and they were allowed to remain there by contributing a half share of their
produce to the Islamic government.
Relationship of the Holy Prophet with Hypocrites:
The hypocrites who had apparently accepted the faith but were the enemies of Islam
from the core of their hearts. The Holy Quran mentioned them as “Those whose
heart is diseased” (5:51).
Beginning of Hypocrisy: Before the arrival of the Prophet in Madinah, Abdullah bin
Ubayy of Khazraj tribe had gained prominence and he strong wished to become the
chief of the Madinite politics with the help of his Jewish allies. He was therefore,
67
greatly perturbed over the arrival and subsequent rise of the prophet. He
continuously intrigued with the chiefs of Makkah to wage war against the Muslims.
Some of their conspiracies are mentioned here.
 These hypocrites, mainly during the first five years of the Hijrah, were
engaged in weakening the prophet’s position by verbal arguments and
criticizing the Quran, especially some of the most recent revelations.
 In the battle of Uhad the hypocrite party tried to find excuses of not
participating in the battle and their leader deserted the Muslim army with his
300 men.
 They made lame excuses and deserted Muslims when they were in need of
help in the battle of Trench and tried to help the people of Makkah.
 After the battle of Trench, their leader was in secret contact with the Jews who
had been exiled from Madinah, to inform them of the movement of the
Muslims.
 Abdullah bin Ubayy even made a malignant effort by scandalizing the
Prophet’s wife Ayesha until her innocence was declared by the Quranic
verses.
 Abdullah bin Ubayy built a mosque outside Madinah, where, he used to hold
meetings against the Holy Prophet. When Allah revealed verses against this
house of conspiracy, which the hypocrites called a mosque, it was demolished
and burnt by the order of the Holy Prophet. Soon after the Tabuk Expedition,
Abdullah fell ill and died. With his death, many of the hypocrites repented and
turned to the genuine faith.
 The attitude of the Prophet towards the hypocrites was not very strict,
although Allah had identified them all to the Prophet and this he had shared
with his close companion Huzaifa bin Yaman. The major reason was that if he
had taken punitive action against them his repute might have been damaged
for turning against his own people. So he acted in a wise way to let hypocrites
die their own death.
Muslim State and their relations with other states
The guiding principles about the foreign policy of a Muslim state were laid down by
the Holy Quran, implemented by the Holy Prophet between 622 AD and 632 AD and
finalized by the Rightly Guided Caliphs from 632 AD to 661 AD.
Basic Rules:
 The international relations of a Muslim state are based upon respect for other
people’s interests and rights of life, honour and property. As Allah said: “And
indeed we have honoured the Children of Adam”.
 The foreign relations of Muslim states with other states are based upon justice
both in peace and war. As Allah said: “And let not the enmity and hatred of
others make you avoid justice”.
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 The Islamic state has been enjoined to follow the terms of the agreement. As
Allah said: O you who believe! Fulfill your obligations”.
 Muslims are instructed to give full freedom of religion and their places of
worship should be protected by Islamic state. As Allah said: “There is no
compulsion in Islam”.
 Muslims are instructed not to mutilate dead bodies, not to destroy crops and
fruit trees, houses and of worship, not to kill women, children and old people
and not to torture war prisoners.
Examples from Holy Prophet’s life:
During a period of ten years in Madinah, the Holy Prophet had to fight several wars
with the unbelievers of Makkah. The number of unbelievers killed in these wars was
over two hundred. This was an example for contemporary rulers to avoid
unnecessary bloodshed. Holy Prophet was a symbol of peace, so, he signed a ten
years truce with the blood thirsty enemies, which is called “Treaty of Hudaibiyah” in 6
AH. He did so, even though the circumstances as well as the terms of treaty were
apparently not in favour of his fellow Muslims. In 9 AH, a delegation of six tribal
chiefs from the Banu Thaqeef, perhaps the most obstinate of all the Arab tribes
visited Madinah. A treaty was drafted between them and they were granted fully
protection by the Muslims.
Hazrat Abu Bakr:
During the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr, when the kingdom of Hira, in Iraq fell to the
Muslim army, the Muslim commander, Khalid bin Waleed signed the famous treaty of
Hira. The treaty granted full civic and religious protection to them.
Hazrat Umar:
During the caliphate of Hazrat Umar set the noblest precedents in the entire world
history. Hazrat Umar signed the treaty with the rulers of Jerusalem under which they
were granted complete security of their life and property. Their places of worship
were secured and remained intact. All the people were allowed to follow their religion
freely. When he entered Jerusalem as a victor he refused to offer prayer inside the
church because he did not want to set a trend for his successors to forcibly convert
the worship places of non-Muslims into mosques.
The Holy Prophet as a Model of Excellence
The Holy Prophet is the greatest reformer in the entire history of the world. He was
blessed with the attributes of mercy, tolerance, forgiveness, love, compassion,
truthfulness, piety, righteousness and steadfastness to the degree of perfection. The
Quran bears witness to these great qualities of the Prophet at many places. As Allah
said: “And you stand on an exalted standard of character”. Some of his qualities are
mentioned below.
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 Honesty and Truthfulness:
The Holy Prophet proved by his examples that he was the most honest and truthful
person, and all the people of Makkah acknowledged this fact. Due to his honest and
fair dealings with people, he came to be known as Al Sadiq and Al Amin (the truthful
and trustworthy). When he was told to preach Islam openly, he gathered the Quraish
near the mount of Safa and asked them: “O Quraish! If I say that an army is
advancing on you from behind the mountain, would you believe me?” They all
replied! Yes, because, we have never heard you tell a lie”. Even Abu Jahl, his
bitterest enemy often said: “Muhammad, I do not say that you are a liar, but what you
say I do not think right”. Abu Sufyan, the chief of the Quraish accepted his
truthfulness in the court of Roman king that he had never told a lie. The Holy Prophet
practiced honestly and truthfulness in his life and preached it to others.
 Mercy and forgiveness of the Holy Prophet
He set several examples of forgiveness and amnesty in his life. The Holy Quran
endorses this fact as: “We sent you not but as a mercy for all the creations”.(21:107)
Throughout his life he faced utmost and worst kind of opposition and inhuman
persecution but he would never curse his enemies. An old woman would throw
garbage upon him whenever he passed her way. One day, when the Holy Prophet
did not come across her, inquired and came to know that she was ill. He went to
meet her and asked about her health! She was so embarrassed and accepted Islam.
Similarly the event of Taif and the conquest of Makkah are clear examples of his
mercy and forgiveness.
 Steadfastness and patient perseverance
The Holy Prophet was tortured and teased both physically and mentally but he
remained unshaken in his faith. He was mocked by his own uncle Abu Lahab and
other Makkan chiefs, over the death of his son and this saddened him but his faith
was bound to be strengthened. The Quraish approached the uncle of the Prophet,
Abu Talib and asked him to pressurize his nephew to abandon his mission. The
Prophet reply, however, was even more frustrating for them when he said: “O my
uncle! If they place the sun on my right hand and the moon on my left hand, and ask
me to stop preaching the word of God to the people, I shall never accept what they
say until God has made me victorious or I perish therein”. The Quraish changed their
strategy and sent Utbah bin Rabiah to negotiate with the Prophet and offer him
marvelous worldly attractions, chiefdom of Makkah, immense wealth or marriage
with the most beautiful woman. Utbah, too, was disappointed when the Prophet flatly
refused all the offers. Then he had to bear the hardships of Shi’b of Abu Talib for
three years and gave the best examples of steadfastness and patience.
70
 Dynamic leadership and superb administration
Another wonderful quality of the Holy Prophet was his leadership and administration.
He remained calm yet steadfast in the hostile environs of Makkah and then he
established his worth as a successful and strong leader at Madinah. He, for
example, managed to unite the mutually hostile tribes of Aus and Khazraj on the one
hand and the Muslims and the Jews on the other. He established a new kind of
brotherhood between the Muhajireen and Ansar. His great success was to foil the
attempt of the allies to win over the Jews of Banu Quraiza during the siege of
Madinah in 5 AH. In spite of his own genius he was in the habit of consulting his
Shoora, the body of his advisors, on all important occasions. The Prophet took
special care of the rights and protection of the non-Muslim citizens of the Republic of
Madinah. They were never forcibly recruited in the Muslim army and they just they
had to pay a nominal tax in return for the security provided to them by the Muslim
government. The Prophet set several examples of dispensing justice without any
prejudice or discrimination. The Prophet, in many instances, gave strong rulings
even against some of the noted companions.

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1

Notes for o’ LeveL

Prophets and their character:

The prophet hood of Hazrat Muhammad is distinguished in many ways:

Effects of the belief in prophet hood on Muslim’s life:

Belief in Predestination or Divine Decree

Holy Prophet and Decree:

Some effects of this belief on Muslim’s life:

Belief in Life after death

Alam e Barzakh and Qiamat e Sughra:

The Day of Judgment:

No injustice will be done on that day. There will be no bargaining, no friendship or

Effects of this belief:

Allah’s relationship with the created world:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

Allah’s relationship with His Messengers:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

The main theme (s) of this passage:

The importance of this theme in a Muslim’s life today:

Points related to passages

Passage no: 1 Surah Al Baqarah (2.255)

1. The Only God: “There is no God but He”.

Passage no: 4 Surah Al-Shoora (42.5-6)

Passage no: 5 Surah Al-Ikhlas (112)

Passage no: 6 Surah Al-Fatiha (1)

1. Making insignificant very significant: “Created man out of a clot of congealed

Points related to Allah’s relationship with His Messengers with references

Passage no: 11 Surah Al-Baqarah (2.30-37)

1. Abundance of blessings: “To you have we granted abundance”.

Biography of Holy Prophet ‫( ) ﷺ‬Life in Makkah)

Importance of these pledges:

 The successful experience of migration to Abyssinia opened a door for

 This migration opened a door of victories and achievements of Islam.

Life in Madinah (622 AD to 632 AD)

Brotherhood between Emigrants and Helpers: 1st AH

The Muslims in Madinah belonged to two categories.

strengthened the ties of brotherhood. According to this Muslim brotherhood, the

 Prominent leadership of the Quraish was killed in the battle of Badr.

Third year of Hijrah:

Fourth year of Hijrah:

Sixth year of Hijrah:

Treaty of Hudaibiyah: (Zul Qa’da 6 AH, March 628 AD)

Conquest of Makkah: (January 630 AD, Ramzan 8 AH)

 The whole Arabia came under the control of the Muslims.