Pcal 11 q2 1102 Final

Unit 11: Circular Functions
Lesson 11.2
Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function
Relationships
Contents
Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 2
Warm Up 2
Learn about It! 3

Right Triangles 3
Trigonometric Ratios 3
Special Right Triangles 4
Other Triangles 12
Law of Sines 12
Law of Cosines 19
Key Points 25
Key Formulas 25
Check Your Understanding 27
Challenge Yourself 28
Bibliography 29
Key to Try It! 29

Lesson 11.2
Solving Parts of a Triangle Using

Circular Function Relationships
Introduction
Surfing is one water activity that many Filipinos want to experience. The Philippines, being
an archipelago, has a lot of beaches. The best time and place to surf is affected by the
frequency and height of waves. Waves can be illustrated using sine and cosine functions.
This, among other interesting applications, makes circular functions a worthwhile topic.
In this lesson, we will discuss the relationship and some applications of circular functions to
triangles.
11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 1

Learning Objectives
DepEd Competencies
In this lesson, you should be able to do the
following: This lesson serves as an enrichment for
● Calculate the angles and sides of a right the following DepEd competencies:
• Illustrate the different circular
triangle using trigonometric ratios and the
functions
Pythagorean theorem.
(STEM_PC11T-llb-1).
● Solve for the missing measurements in a • Use reference angles to find exact
triangle using the sine law or the cosine values of circular functions.
(STEM_PC11T-llb-2).
law.
Warm Up
Angles and Sides 10 minutes
This activity will help you recall the Pythagorean theorem and an important rule about the
sum of the interior angles of any triangle.
Materials
● paper
● pen
Procedure
A. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 be the sides of a right triangle, with 𝑐 as the hypotenuse. Find the
unknown side.
1. 𝑎 = 11, 𝑏 = 60, 𝑐 = ?
2. 𝑎 = 12, 𝑏 = 35, 𝑐 = ?
3. 𝑎 = 19, 𝑏 = 180, 𝑐 = ?

B. Let 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 be the interior angles of a triangle. Find 𝑚∠𝐶 given 𝑚∠𝐴 and 𝑚∠𝐵.
1. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 18°, 𝑚∠𝐵 = 90°
2. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 104°, 𝑚∠𝐵 = 45°
3. 𝑚∠𝐴 = 101°, 𝑚∠𝐵 = 31°
Guide Questions
1. How were you able to solve for the missing side in Part A?
2. How were you able to solve for the missing angle in Part B?
3. How will you relate an interior angle of a triangle to its opposite side?
Learn about It!

In the previous lesson, circular functions were discussed in relation to the unit circle. In this
lesson, let us take a look at how circular functions are used in solving measures of sides of a
triangle.
How can we solve for the unknown side or angle of

a triangle using circular functions?
Right Triangles
Trigonometric Ratios
Consider a right triangle with an acute angle 𝜃, as illustrated below.
The circular functions sine, cosine, and tangent functions are used to represent trigonometric
ratios of the sides of a right triangle. The mnemonic SOH-CAH-TOA may be used.

(𝐎)𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝑺𝑶𝑯 → (𝑺) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 =
(𝐇)𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
(𝐀)𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝑪𝑨𝑯 → (𝑪) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
(𝐇)𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
(𝐎)𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝑻𝑶𝑨 → (𝑻) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
(𝐀)𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭
From these, we can derive the ratios for cosecant, secant, and cotangent.
𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 =
𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 =
𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
Regardless of the size of a right triangle, these trigonometric ratios remain the same.
Special Right Triangles

There are right triangles with ratios that can be calculated easily using the Pythagorean
theorem. Shown below are an isosceles right triangle and a 30°-60°-90° triangle.
Trigonometric ratios for angles in special triangles are listed in the following table.

𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽
1 √3 √3 2√3
30° 2 √3
2 2 3 3
45° √2 √2 1 1
√2 √2
2 2
√3 1 2√3 √3
60° √3 2
2 2 3 3
Let’s Practice!
Example 1
In the right triangle below, what is the measure of the hypotenuse?
Solution
Step 1: Identify the given values.
Let 𝑎 be the measure of the side adjacent to the 30°-angle.
𝜃 = 30°
𝑎=5

Step 2: Identify the measure of the hypotenuse.
We use the cosine ratio to solve for the hypotenuse. We let 𝑐 represent the
hypotenuse of the right triangle.
adjacent
cos 𝜃 =
hypotenuse
5
cos 30° =
𝑐
√3 5
=
2 𝑐
5
𝑐=
√3
2
(5)(2)
𝑐=
√3
10√3
𝑐=
3
𝟏𝟎√𝟑
Therefore, the hypotenuse measures units.
𝟑
1 Try It!
In the right triangle in Example 1, solve for the measure of the side opposite 30° using
the sine ratio.

Example 2
Find the measure of the side opposite the 45°-angle, given the right triangle below.
Solution
Let 𝑎 be the measure of the side adjacent to the 45°-angle.
𝜃 = 45°
𝑎 = 10
Step 2: Identify the measure of the opposite side.
We use the tangent ratio to solve for the opposite side. Let 𝑏 be the measure of
the side opposite to the 45°-angle.
opposite
tan 𝜃 =
adjacent
𝑏
tan 45° =
10
𝑥
1=
10
𝑥 = 10
Therefore, the measure of the opposite side is 𝟏𝟎 units.

2 Try It!
In the right triangle in Example 2, solve for the measure of the hypotenuse.
Example 3
Solve for the measures of sides 𝑎 and 𝑏, using the ratios for cosecant, secant, or cotangent.
Solution
Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 be the measures of the legs of the triangle, and 𝑐 be the measure of
the hypotenuse.
𝜃 = 60°
𝑐 = 12
Step 2: Apply a trigonometric ratio to solve for 𝑎.
Based on the given values, we can use the formula for the secant ratio to solve
for 𝑎.
hypotenuse
sec 𝜃 =
adjacent

12
sec 60° =
𝑎
12
2=
𝑎
12
𝑎=
2
𝑎=6
Step 3: Apply a trigonometric ratio to solve for 𝑏.
Based on the given values, we can use the formula for the cosecant ratio to
solve for 𝑏.
hypotenuse
csc 𝜃 =
opposite
12
csc 60° =
𝑏
2√3 12
=
3 𝑏
12
𝑏=
2√3
3
(12)(3)
𝑏=
2√3
𝑏 = 6√3
Therefore, side 𝑎 measures 𝟔 units long, and side 𝑏 measures 𝟔√𝟑 units long.

3 Try It!
Solve for the measures of sides 𝑎 and 𝑏, using the ratios for sine, cosine, or tangent.
Example 4
A Narra tree casts a shadow that is 225 ft long. Find the height of the tree if the angle of
elevation of the sun from the tip of the shadow is 30°.
Solution
Step 1: Illustrate the given situation.
Let 𝑥 be the height of the tree.

In the given figure, the shadow represents the side adjacent to the 30°-angle,
and the height represents the side opposite to the 30°-angle.
𝜃 = 30°
adjacent side = 225 ft
opposite side = 𝑥
Step 3: Apply a trigonometric ratio to solve for the unknown.
Based on the given values, we can use the formula for the tangent ratio.
opposite
tan 𝜃 =
adjacent
𝑥
tan 30° =
225
√3 𝑥
=
3 225
(225)(√3)
𝑥=
3
𝑥 = 75√3
Therefore, the height of the tree is 𝟕𝟓√𝟑 feet.
4 Try It!
The height of a post is 40 ft. Find the length of the shadow if the angle of elevation of
the sun from the tip of the shadow is 45°.

Other Triangles
Law of Sines
The Law of Sines (also called sine law) states that the angles of any triangle are proportional
to the length of the corresponding opposite side.
Consider the following triangle.
By the law of sines, we have the following proportion.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪

= =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
Example 5
Given the following triangle, solve for 𝑎.

Solution
𝑚∠𝐴 = 120°
𝑚∠𝐵 = 30°
𝑏 = 22
Step 2: Apply the law of sines.
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
=
𝑎 𝑏
sin 120° sin 30°
=
𝑎 22
The angle 120° is in the second quadrant, whose reference angle is 60°. Thus,
√3
sin 120° has the same value as sin 60°. Thus, sin 120° = .
2
√3 1
2 = 2
𝑎 22
1 √3
𝑎 = (22) ( )
2 2
√3
𝑎 = (2)(22) ( )
2
𝑎 = 22√3
Therefore, 𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐√𝟑 units.
5 Try It!
In the triangle in Example 5, solve for 𝑐.

Example 6
Given the following triangle, find 𝑚∠𝐶.
Solution
𝑚∠𝐴 = 135°
𝑎 = 16
𝑐 = 8√2
Step 2: Apply the law of sines.
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐶
=
𝑎 𝑐
sin 135° sin 𝐶
=
16 8√2
The angle 135° is in the second quadrant, whose reference angle is 45°. Thus,
√2
sin 135° has the same value as sin 45°. Thus, sin 135° = .
2
√2
2 = sin 𝐶
16 8 √2
√2
(8√2) 2
sin 𝐶 =
16

1
sin 𝐶 =
2
Based on the figure, the angle 𝐶 is an acute angle. The acute angle in the first quadrant with
1
a sine value of 2 is 30°. Thus, 𝒎∠𝑪 = 𝟑𝟎°.
6 Try It!
Given the following triangle, find 𝑚∠𝐵.
Remember
The sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°.
Example 7
Solve for the measures of angle 𝐵 and side 𝑏.

Solution
𝑚∠𝐴 = 105°
𝑚∠𝐶 = 45°
𝑐 = 36
Step 2: Solve for 𝑚∠𝐵.
We can solve for 𝑚∠𝐵 since the sum of the interior angles in any triangle is 180°.
𝑚∠𝐵 = 180° − (𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐶)

= 180° − (105° + 45°)
= 180° − 150°
= 30°
Step 3: Solve for side 𝑏 using sine law.
sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
=
𝑏 𝑐
sin 30° sin 45°
=
𝑏 36
1 √2
2 = 2
𝑏 36
1
(2) (36)
𝑏=
√2
2
𝑏 = 18√2
Therefore, 𝒎∠𝑩 = 𝟑𝟎° and 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟖√𝟐 units.

7 Try It!
Solve for the measures of angle 𝐶 and side 𝑐.
Example 8
Carlo is walking by a park and sees a beautiful yellow kite. The string of the kite is 66 meters
with an angle of 75° from its holder Nikko. How far away are the two kids from each other, if
Carlo is looking at the kite at a 60° angle?
Solution
Step 1: Illustrate the problem and identify the given values.

𝑚∠𝐴 = 75°
𝑚∠𝐶 = 60°
𝑐 = 66 m
Step 2: Solve for 𝑚∠𝐵.
Remember that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
𝑚∠𝐵 = 180° − (𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐶)

= 180° − (75° + 60°)
= 180° − 135°
= 45°
Step 3: Solve for 𝑏 using the law of sines.
sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
=
𝑏 𝑐
sin 45° sin 60°
=
𝑏 66
√2 √3
2 = 2
𝑏 66
√2
(66) ( )
2
𝑏=
√3
2
𝑏 = 22√6
Thus, Carlo and Nikko are 𝟐𝟐√𝟔 meters away from each other.

8 Try It!
A helicopter is hovering over two buildings, as illustrated below. Determine the
distance between the two buildings.
Law of Cosines
The Law of Cosines (also called cosine law) states a relationship between the sides and an
angle of a triangle.
Consider the following triangle.

By the law of cosines, we have the following equations.
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
Example 9
Given the following triangle, solve for 𝑐.
Solution
𝑚∠𝐶 = 60°
𝑎 = 18
𝑏 = 14
Step 2: Apply the law of cosines.
𝑐 2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝑐 2 = 182 + 142 − 2(18)(14)(cos 60°)
1
𝑐 2 = 324 + 196 − (504) ( )
2
𝑐 2 = 520 − 252
𝑐 2 = 268
𝑐 = 2√67

Therefore, 𝒄 = 𝟐√𝟔𝟕 units.
9 Try It!
Given the following triangle, solve for 𝑏.
Example 10
Solution
𝑚∠𝐴 = 150°
𝑏=3
𝑐=4

Step 2: Apply the law of cosines.
𝑎 2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐴
𝑎 2 = 32 + 42 − 2(3)(4)[cos(150°)]
The angle 150° is an angle in the second quadrant whose reference angle is 30°.
Thus, cos 150° has the same value as cos 30°, but it will be negative since cosine
√3
is negative in the second quadrant. Thus, cos 150° = − 2
.
𝑎 2 = 9 + 16 + 12√3
𝑎 2 = 25 + 12√3
𝑎 = √25 + 12√3
Therefore, 𝒂 = √𝟐𝟓 + 𝟏𝟐√𝟑 units.
10 Try It!

Example 11
A land surveyor would like to measure the length of a lake from his point of view. Solve for
the length of the lake using the measurements acquired by the land surveyor, as shown
below.
Solution
𝑚∠𝐴 = 30°
𝑏 = 3.8 mi
𝑐 = 2.5 mi
Step 2: Solve for 𝑎 using the law of cosines.
𝑎 2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
𝑎 2 = 3.82 + 2.52 − 2(3.8)(2.5)(cos 30°)
√3
𝑎 2 = 14.44 + 6.25 − (19) ( )
2
19√3
𝑎 2 = 20.69 −
2
19√3
𝑎 = √20.69 −
3

Thus, the lake is approximately 2.06 miles long.
11 Try It!
Arya went on an island-hopping on three islands, as illustrated below. How far is
Island C from Island A?
When can we use the law of cosines?

Key Points
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● In solving for the measures of the sides of a triangle, we can use the trigonometric
ratios, the Pythagorean theorem, the special right triangle theorems, and the
Laws of Sines and Cosines.
● The Law of Sines states that the angles of any triangle are proportional to the length
of the corresponding opposite side.
● The Law of Cosines states a relationship between the sides and an angle of a triangle.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Formulas
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Concept Formula Description
Pythagorean 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 Use the Pythagorean

Theorem theorem when solving for a
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the legs, and 𝑐 side of a right triangle, given
is the hypotenuse. the other two sides.
Trigonometric opposite Use these trigonometric

sin 𝜃 =
Ratios hypotenuse ratios when solving for an
unknown side or angle of a
adjacent
cos 𝜃 = triangle.
hypotenuse
opposite
tan 𝜃 =
adjacent
hypotenuse
csc 𝜃 =
opposite
hypotenuse
sec 𝜃 =
adjacent

adjacent
cot 𝜃 =
opposite
Law of Sines sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 Use this formula when an

= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 angle and its corresponding
side is given with another
angle or side.
Law of Cosines 𝑎 2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 Use this formula when three

sides or two sides and an
𝑏2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵 included angle are given.
𝑐 2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Check Your Understanding
A. Find the six trigonometric ratios with respect to angle 𝜃 in the

given figure.
1. sin 𝜃
2. cos 𝜃
3. tan 𝜃
4. csc 𝜃
5. sec 𝜃
6. cot 𝜃
B. Solve the indicated sides and angles in the triangle below.
1. 𝑚∠𝐶𝐴𝐵
2. 𝐴𝐵
3. 𝐴𝐶
4. 𝐵𝐶

C. Sketch a triangle with 𝑚∠𝐴 = 30°, 𝑚∠𝐵 = 120°, and side 𝑐 = 50
units, which is opposite to angle 𝐶. Solve for the measure of the
other parts of the triangle as well.
D. Sketch a triangle with side 𝑎 = 60 units, which is opposite to angle

𝐴, and angles 𝐵 and 𝐶 where 𝑚∠𝐵 = 30° and 𝑚∠𝐶 = 60°. Solve for
the measure of the other parts of the triangle as well.
Challenge Yourself
Answer the following questions.
1. Why are the trigonometric ratios not affected by the size of the right triangle?
2. Camille and Alice went home from Carl’s house. Camille walked 8 meters north, while
Alice walked a few blocks east of Carl’s house. If the included angle at Camille’s house
is 60°, how far is Alice’s house from Camille’s house?
3. Stations A and B received a call about a crime located at 45° northeast of station A.
Station B is 13 miles away from the crime, which is 60° northwest from it. Will the police
from station B arrive ahead of the police from station A, assuming that they responded
to the call and go to the crime scene at the same speed? Explain your answer.
4. A triangular lot has sides of lengths 25 m, 32 m, and 44 m. What is the measure of its
largest angle?
5. A parallelogram has sides three units and six units long, and an interior angle that
measures 60°. What are the lengths of its diagonals?

Bibliography
Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.
Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.
Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.
Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.
Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach.
Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.
Key to Try It!

5√3
1. 3
2. 10√2
25 25√3
3. 𝑎 = 2
;𝑏 = 2
4. 40 ft
5. 22 units
6. 𝑚∠𝐵 = 45°
15√6
7. 𝐶 = 120° ; 𝑐 = 2
8. 50√6 meters
9. √149 − 70√2 or approximately 7.07
10. √202 + 99√3 or approximately 19.33

11. 20√19 miles

Pcal 11 q2 1102 Final

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Unit 11: Circular Functions

Learn about It! 3

Check Your Understanding 27

Key to Try It! 29

Solving Parts of a Triangle Using

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 1

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 2

Learn about It!

How can we solve for the unknown side or angle of

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 3

Special Right Triangles

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 4

Let 𝑎 be the measure of the side adjacent to the 30°-angle.

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 5

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 6

Let 𝑎 be the measure of the side adjacent to the 45°-angle.

Step 2: Identify the measure of the opposite side.

Therefore, the measure of the opposite side is 𝟏𝟎 units.

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 7

Step 2: Apply a trigonometric ratio to solve for 𝑎.

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 8

Step 3: Apply a trigonometric ratio to solve for 𝑏.

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 9

Let 𝑥 be the height of the tree.

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 10

Step 3: Apply a trigonometric ratio to solve for the unknown.

Therefore, the height of the tree is 𝟕𝟓√𝟑 feet.

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 11

Consider the following triangle.

By the law of sines, we have the following proportion.

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 12

Step 2: Apply the law of sines.

Therefore, 𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐√𝟑 units.

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 13

Step 2: Apply the law of sines.

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 14

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 15

Step 2: Solve for 𝑚∠𝐵.

𝑚∠𝐵 = 180° − (𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐶)

Step 3: Solve for side 𝑏 using sine law.

Therefore, 𝒎∠𝑩 = 𝟑𝟎° and 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟖√𝟐 units.

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11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 17

Step 2: Solve for 𝑚∠𝐵.

Remember that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

𝑚∠𝐵 = 180° − (𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐶)

Step 3: Solve for 𝑏 using the law of sines.

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Consider the following triangle.

11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 19

Step 2: Apply the law of cosines.

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11.2. Solving Parts of a Triangle Using Circular Function Relationships 21

Therefore, 𝒂 = √𝟐𝟓 + 𝟏𝟐√𝟑 units.

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Step 2: Solve for 𝑎 using the law of cosines.

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When can we use the law of cosines?

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