UTS Midterm Reviewer

Understanding The Self
REVIEWER
Western and Eastern thoughts
 Confucianism - can be seen as a code of ethical conduct, of how one should properly act
according to their relationship with other people
 Self-cultivation - is seen as the ultimate purpose of life but the characteristics of a chun-tzu, a
man of virtue or noble character, is still embedded in his social relationships (Ho 1995).
 Taoism - is living in the way of the Tao or the universe. However, Taoism rejects having one
definition of what the Tao is, and one can only state clues of what it is as they adopt a free-
flowing, relative, unitary, as well as paradoxical view of almost everything.
 Buddhism - There are various groups who have adopted Buddhism; thus, you may find
differences in their teachings with our discussion but more likely, their core concepts remained
the same.
 Western perspective does not discount the role of environment and society in the formation of
the self but the focus is always looking toward the self.
 Western thought looks at the world in dualities wherein you are distinct from the other person.
 Eastern perspective sees the other person as part of yourself as well as the things you may
create, a drama in which everyone is interconnected with their specific roles.
 The Western culture is what we would call an individualistic culture since their focus is on the
person.
 Eastern or oriental persons look after the welfare of their groups and values cooperation.
 Westerners also emphasize more on the value of equality even if they see that the individual
can rise above everything else.
Physical and Sexual Self, Desease
 sex chromosomes of humans define the sex (female or male).

 secondary sexual characteristics. From childhood, we are controlled by our genetic makeup. It
influences the way we treat ourselves and others.
 The formation of male or female structures depends on the presence of testosterone.
 pseudohermaphrodites are formed who are individuals having accessory reproductive
structures that do not "match" their gonads.
 hermaphrodites are individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues.
 cryptorchidism. This condition usually occurs in young males and causes sterility (which is also a
risk factor for cancer of the testes) that is why surgery is usually performed during childhood to
solve this problem.
 phimosis, which is due to a narrowing of the foreskin of the male reproductive structure and
misplaced urethral openings.
 Puberty is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old.
 Male 13 years old puberty stage
 Female 11 years old puberty stage
 Infections are the most common problems associated with the reproductive system in adults.
 Escherichia coli which spread through the digestive tract; the sexually transmitted
microorganisms such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes virus; and yeast (a type of fungus).
 males, the most common inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and epididymitis, all
of which may follow sexual contacts in which sexually transmitted disease (STD) microorganisms
are transmitted.
 Orchiditis, or inflammation of the testes, is rather uncommon but is serious because it can
cause sterility.
 Orchiditis most commonly follows mumps in an adult male.
 Neoplasms are a major threat to reproductive organs.
 Tumors of the breast and cervix are the most common reproductive cancers in adult females.
 prostate cancer (a common sequel to prostatic hypertrophy) is a widespread problem in adult
males.
 Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive abilities in their late 20s.
 menopause, which occurs when females no longer experience menstruation.
 Erogenous zones refer to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual
arousal when touched in a sexual manner.
 Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity-solitary, between two persons, or in a group
that induces sexual arousal.
Types of Behavior
 solitary behavior involving only one individual, and there is sociosexual behavior involving more
than one person.
 Sociosexual behavior is generally divided into heterosexual behavior (male with female) and
homosexual behavior (male with male or female with female). If three or more individuals are
involved, it is, possible to have heterosexual and homosexual activity simultaneously (Gebhard,
P.H. 2017).
 Sociosexual Behavior Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior that
occurs between only one male and one female.
 Physical contact involving necking or petting is considered as an ingredient of the learning
process and eventually of courtship and the selection of a marriage partner.
 Petting may be done as an expression of affection and a source of pleasure, preliminary to
coitus.
 Coitus, the insertion of the male reproductive structure into the female reproductive organ, is
viewed by society quite differently depending upon the marital status of the individuals.
 Physiology of Human Sexual Response Sexual response follows a pattern of sequential stages or
phases when sexual activity is continued.
 Excitement phase - it is caused by increase in pulse and blood pressure; a sudden rise in blood
supply to the surface of the body.
 Plateau phase - it is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually
occurs.
 Sexual climax - it is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid increase in pulse rate
and blood pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the female
reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male.
 Resolution phase-it is the last stage that refers to the return to a normal or subnormal
physiologic state.
 Nervous System Factors The entire nervous system plays a significant role during sexual
response. The autonomic system is involved in controlling the involuntary responses.
 the efferent cerebrospinal nerves transmit the sensory messages to the brain.
 The hypothalamus and the limbic system are the parts of the brain believed to be responsible
for regulating the sexual response, but there is no specialized "sex center" that has been located
in the human brain.
 Sexual Problems Sexual problems may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in
origin. Any given problem may involve all three categories.
 Physiological problems are the least among the three categories.
 Ejaculatory impotence, which results from the inability to ejaculate in coitus, is uncommon and
is usually of psychogenic origin.
 Vaginismus is a strong spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female reproductive
organ so that penetration is painful or impossible.
 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections transmitted from an infected person to an
uninfected person through sexual contact. STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
 Chlamydia Rates of chlamydia are highest among adolescent and young adult females.
 Gonorrhea (men who have sex with men)
 Syphilis rates were consistently highest among persons aged 20 to 29 years old.
 Chancroid is caused by infection with the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi.
 Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United
States.
 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is among the most prevalent of sexually transmitted infections.
Although most infections are subclinical, clinical manifestations are characterized by recurrent,
painful genital and/or anal lesions.
 Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted protozoal infection associated with
adverse health outcomes such as preterm birth and symptomatic vaginitis.

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Understanding The Self

Western and Eastern thoughts

Physical and Sexual Self, Desease

 sex chromosomes of humans define the sex (female or male).

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